歐洲文化入門復習指南1-4章

歐洲文化入門復習指南1-4章歐洲文化入門復習指南1-4章歐洲文化入門復習指南1-4章資料僅供參考文件編號：2022年4月歐洲文化入門復習指南1-4章版本號：A修改號：1頁次：1.0審核：批準:發(fā)布日期：DivisionOne:GreekCultureandRomanCulture(Europeancultureismadeupofmanyoftheseelementsareconsideredtobemoreenduringandtheytheyare:theGreco-Romanelement,andtheJudeo-Christianelement.)I.GreekCultureHistoricalContext1).InamoreremoteperiodofGreekhistory,probablyaround.,awarwasfoughtbetweenGreece（希臘）andTroy(特洛伊）2).Greekculturereachedahighpointofdevelopmentinthe5thcentury.WhatmarkedthehighpointofdevelopmentinGreekcultureinthe5thcentury.1).ThehighpointofdevelopmentinGreekculturewasmarkedby(a)thesuccessfulrepulseofthePersianinvasionearlyinthe5thcentury.,(b)theestablishmentofdemocracyand(c)theflourishingofscience,philosophy,literature,artandhistoricalwritinginAthens（雅典）.2).The5thcentury.closedwithcivilwarbetweenAthensandSparta（斯巴達）inGreece.3).Inthesecondhalfofthe4thcentury.,allGreecewasbroughtundertheruleofAlexander,KingofMacedon（馬其頓王國）.4).In146.theRomansconqueredtheGreece.2.SocialandPoliticalStructureWhatwerethemainfeaturesofancientGreeksociety1).Athenswasademocracy,whereonlytheadultmalecitizenshadtherights.2).TheeconomyofAthensrestedonanimmenseamountofslavelabor.3).TheGreekslovedsports.Onceeveryfouryears,theyhadabigfestivalonOlympusMountwhichincludedcontestsofsports.4).Revisedin1896,theGameshavebecometheworld’sforemostamateursportscompetition.3.Homer(about700B.C.)（荷馬）WhatdidHomerdo1).AncientGreeksconsideredHomertobetheauthoroftheirepics:theIliad《伊利亞特》andtheOdyssey《奧德賽》.2).Homerprobablylivedaround700.3).TheIliadandtheOdysseyarenotabouteventsofHomer’sowntime,butaboutgreatmenandwarsaboutaremoterage,probablyintheperiodof1200—1100.Iliad1).TheIliaddealswiththeallianceofthestatesofthesouthernmainlandofGreece,ledbyAgamemnon（阿伽門農）intheirwaragainstthecityofTroy.2).TheheroesareHector（赫克托耳）ontheTrojansideandAchilles（阿喀琉斯）andOdysseus（奧德修斯）ontheGreek.3).Inthefinalbattle,HectorwaskilledbyAchillesandTroywassackedandburnedbytheGreeks.Odyssey1).TheOdysseydealswiththereturnofOdysseusaftertheTrojanwartohishomelandIthaca（伊薩卡島）.2).TheOdysseydescribesmanyadventuresOdysseusranintoonhislongvoyageandhowhewasreunitedwithhisfaithfulwifePenelope（珀涅羅珀）.WhyisHomerimportantinEuropeanliterature1).Countlesswritershavequoted,adapted,andborrowedfromandotherwiseusedHomersepics.2).Intheearlypartofthe19thcentury,inEnglandalone,threeRomanticpoets(Byron,ShelleyandKeats)expressedtheiradmirationofGreekcultureinworkswhichhavethemselvesbecomeclassics.3).Inthe20thcentury,thereareHomericparallelsintheIrishmanJamesJoyce’smodernistmasterpieceUlysses.1.LyricPoetry1).Ofmanyofthelyricpoetsofthe(Greek)time,twoarestilladmiredbyreaderstoday:Sappho（薩福）andPindar（品達）.2).Sapphowasawomanpoetnotedforherlovepoemsofpassionateintensity.3).Pindarisbestknownforhisodescelebratingthevictoriesattheathleticgames,suchasthe14Olympianodes.2.Drama1).Earlyintheirremotepast,theGreeksstartedtoperformplaysatreligiousfestivals.2).Outofthesereligionsapowerfuldramadevelopedinthe5thcentury.3).Performancesweregiveninopen-airtheatres,withtheaudiencesittingonstonebenchesandlookingdownatthestagefromthreesides.Outstandingdramatists1).TheoutstandingdramatistsofancientGreecewereAeschylus（埃斯庫羅斯）,Sophocles（索?？死账梗?Euripides（歐里庇得斯）andAristophanes（阿里斯托芬）.A.Aeschylus(525—.)a.Aeschylusisnotedforhisvividcharacterportrayalandmajesticpoetry.b.AeschyluswroteplayssuchasPrometheusBound《被縛的普羅米修斯》,Persians《波斯人》andAgamemnon《阿伽門農》.B.Sophocles(496—.)a.SophocleswastheauthorofplayslikeOedipustheKing《奧狄普斯王》,Electra《伊萊克特拉》andAntigone《安提戈涅》.b.OedipustheKingisthestoryofamanwhounknowinglycommittedaterriblesinbykillinghisfatherandmarryinghismother.c.TheAustrianpsychiatristSigmundFreud’sterm“theOedipuscomplex”（奧狄普斯情結）wasalsoderivedfromSophocles’splay.C.Euripides(484—.)a.EuripideswrotemainlyaboutwomeninsuchplaysasAndromacheMedeaandTrojanWomen.b.Euripidesmaybecalledthefirstwriterof“problemplays”.D.ComedyAristophanes(about450—.)1).AristophaneswrotesuchplaysasFrogs《蛙》,Clouds《云》,Wasps《黃蜂》andBirds《鳥》.6.HistoryA.Herodotus(484—.)希羅多德a.Herodotusisoftencalled“FatherofHistory”.b.HerodotuswroteaboutthewarsbetweenGreeksandPersians.B.Thucydides(about460—.)修昔底德a.ThucydidestoldaboutthewarbetweenAthensandSpartaandbetweenAthensandSyracuse,aGreekstateontheislandofSicily（西西里島）.7.PhilosophyandScienceScientistsA.Pythagoras(about500畢達哥拉斯a.Pythagoraswasthefounderofscientificmathematics.b.ToPythagorasandhisschoolweowetheabstractconceptionsunderlyingmathematics—point,line,magnitude,surface,body—andthefirsttheoryofproportion.B.Heracleitus(about540—480.)赫拉克利特a.Heracleitusbelievedfiretobetheprimaryelementofuniverse,outofwhicheverythingelsehasarisen.b.Heracleitusheldthetheoryoftheminglingofoppositesandbelieveditwasthestrifebetweentheoppositesthatproducedharmony.c.Tohim,"allisflux,nothingisstationary."Healsosaid:"Youcannotsteptwiceintothesameriver;forfreshwatersareeverflowinginuponyou.Thesunisneweveryday."C.Democritus(about460—370B.C.)德謨克利特a.Democritusspeculatedabouttheatomicstructureofmatter.Hewasoneoftheearliestexponentsofatomictheory.b.HewasoneoftheearlistphilosophicalmaterialistsandMarx'sfirstpublishedworkwasastudyofDemocritus.D.Euclid(3rdcentury.)歐幾里得a.Euclidisevennowwell-knownforhisElements《幾何原本》,atextbookofgeometry,perhapsthemostsuccessfultextbookeverwritten,becauseitwasinuseinEnglishschoolsuntiltheearlyyearsofthe20thcentury.E.Archimedes(287—212.)阿基米德a.Archimedesdidimportantworknotonlyingeometry,butalsoinarithmetic,machanics,andhydrostatics.b.Hediscoveredthatwhenabodyisimmensedinwateritslossofweightisequaltotheweightofthewaterdisplaced.c.Toillustratetheprincipleofthelever,Archimedesissaidtohavetoldtheking:“Givemeaplacetostand,andIwillmovetheworld.”PhilosophersA.Socrates(about470—399.)蘇格拉底a.WeknownSocrateschieflythroughwhatPlatorecordedofhiminhisfamousDialogues.b.ThemethodofargumentSocratesusedinexposingfallacieshascometobeknownasthedialecticalmethod（iethemethodofargument,byquestionsandanswers.).c.In399BC,attheageofseventySocrateswasputontrialonachargeof“injuringthecity”bynotacknowledgingitsgodsandcorruptingtheyoung.ThistrialwasrecordedbyPlatointhedialogue“TheApologyofSocrates”.B.Plato(about428—348B.C.)柏拉圖a.Plato’sDialogues《對話錄》areimportantnotonlyasphilosophicalwritingbutalsoasimaginativeliterature.b.OftheDialoguesPlatowrote,27havesurvived,includingtheApology《申辯》,Symposium《會飲篇》或譯為《饗宴篇》,andtheRepublic《理想國》.c.Plato’sApologywasaboutSocrates’defenseofhimselfatthetrial.d.Plato’sSymposiumdealtwithbeautyandlove.e.Plato’sRepublicwasabouttheideastateruledbyaphilosopherbutbarringpoets.f.Plato’scomprehensivesystemofphilosophydealtwith,amongotherthings,theproblemofhow,inthecomplex,ever-changingworld,menweretoobtainknowledge.g.ThereplyPlatogave(totheproblemofhowmenweretoobtainknowledge)was:menhaveknowledgebecauseoftheexistenceofcertaingeneral“ideas”,likebeauty,truth,goodness.h.AccordingtoPlato,onlysuch“ideas”asbeauty,truth,goodnessarecompletelyreal,whilethephysicalworldisonlyrelativelyreal.i.Plato’sphilosophyiscalledIdealismbecauseinhissystemofphilosophyonlysuch“ideas”asbeauty,truthandgoodnessareregardedascompletelyrealwhilethephysicalworldisregardedasonlyrelativelyreal.C.Aristotle(384—322B.C.)亞里士多德a.OfAristotle’snumerousworks,thefollowingareperhapsstillimportanttoscholarsandgeneralreadersalike:Ethics《倫理學》,Politics《政治學》,Poetics《詩學》,andRhetoric《修辭學》.b.Aristotle’sEthicswasanintroductiontomoralphilosophy.c.Aristotle’sPoeticswasatreatiseonliterarytheory.d.Aristotle’sRhetoricdealtwiththeartofpersuadinganaudience.InwhatwayorwaysdidAristotledifferfromhisteacherPlato1).Foronething,Aristotleemphasizeddirectobservationofnatureandinsistedthattheoryshouldfollowfact.ThisisdifferentfromPlato’srelianceonsubjectivethinking.2).Also,Aristotlethoughtthat“form”(=idea)andmattertogethermadeupconcreteindividualrealities.Here,too,hedifferedfromPlatowhoheldthatideashadahigherrealitythanthephysicalworld.WhatisAristotle’smostinfluentialwritingtostudentsofliterature1).Tostudentsofliterature,Aristotle’smostinfluentialofwritingisPoetics.D.ContendingSchoolsofThoughta.TheSophists詭辯派1).ThemosteminentoftheSophistswasProtagoras（普羅塔格拉）,bornabout500B.C.Heischieflynotedforhisdoctrine“manisthemeasureofallthings”.b.TheCynics犬儒派1).Theword“cynic”means“dog”inGreek.2).TheCynicsgottheirnamebecauseDiogenes（第歐根尼）(about412—323.),oneoftheirleaders,decidedtolivelikeadog.3).Diogenesrejectedallconventions.4).Diogenesadvocatedself-sufficiencyandextremesimplicityinlife.5).Diogenesproclaimedhisbrotherhoodnotonlywiththewholehumanrace,butalsowithanimals.6).Ontheotherhand,Diogeneshadnopatiencewiththerichandpowerful.7).AstoryhasitthatAlexandertheGreatvisitedhimandaskingifhewantedanyfavor,Diogenesreplied:“Onlystandoutofmylight”.c.TheSceptics懷疑派1).TheScepticsfollowedPyrrhon（皮朗）,whoheldthatnotallknowledgewasattainable.d.TheEpicureans伊壁鳩魯派1).TheEpicureansweredisciplesofEpicurus(about341—270.),whobelievedpleasuretothehighestgoodinlife,butbypleasurehemeant,notsensualenjoyment,butfreedomfrompainandemotionalupheaval,whichhethoughtcouldbeattainedbythepracticeofvirtue.e.TheStoics斯多葛派1).TotheStoics,themostimportantthinginlifewasnot“pleasure”,but“duty”.2).ThechiefStoicwasZeno（齊諾）.3).Zenobelievedthatthereisnosuchthingaschance,andthatthecauseofnatureisrigidlydeterminedbynaturallaws.4).Inthelifeofanindividualman,Zenobelievedthatvirtueisthesolegood.8.Art,Architecture,SculptureandPotteryA.Arta.GreekartisavisualproofofGreekcivilization.b.AswefollowtheadvancesofGreekcivilization,wefindhowartevolvedfromthearchaicperiodtotheclassicalperiodwhichmarkeditsmaturity.B.ArchitectureParthenon帕臺農神廟a.ThemostimportantofthetemplestheancientGreeksleftusisParthenon,whichhasalwaysbeenagreattouristattractionforpeopleallaroundtheworld.b.ParthenonisthemostperfectofalltheGreekstemples,240feetlongand110feetwide.Itisarectangularstructurewithevenlyspacedlinesofcolumnsaround.ThethreestylesofGreekarchitecturea.Greekarchitecturecanbegroupedintothreestyles:theDoricstyle,IonicstyleandCorinthianstyle.C.Sculpturea.DiscusThrowerb.VenusdeMilo《斷臂維納斯》，也稱《米洛的維納斯》c.Laocoongroup1).VenusdeMiloisthemostfamousofallthesculpturesofVenus,discoveredintheislandofMiloin1820.Itsbrokenarmshavelongbeenthefocusofdiscussioninartisticcircles.ThisancientGreeksculpturehasbeenlookeduponasasymbolofbeauty,graceandhealth,apersonificationofvitalityanddignity.2).LaocoonwasapriestofTroywhowarmedtheTrojansagainstGreekattack.Hewasmadetosufferaslowdeathandkilledbyserpentswithhissonsbecauseofthis.ThissculptureisknownforitssuccessfuldepictionoftheexpressionsofLaocoon’sface—fear,sympathyandterror.D.Potterya.TheflouringoftheGreekpotterywasaresultofdomesticneedsandneedsforforeigntrade.9.Impact1).RediscoveryofGreekcultureplayedavitalpartintheRenaissanceinItalyandotherEuropeancountries.2).KarlMarx,oncewroteabouttheGreeks:“Whyshouldn’tthechildhoodofhumansociety…exerciseaneternalcharm,asanagethatwillneverreturn”A.SpiritofInnovationa.TheGreeksinventedmathematicsandscienceandphilosophy;theyfirstwrotehistoryasopposedtomereannals;theyspeculatedfreelyaboutthenatureoftheworldandtheendsoflife,withoutbeingboundinfettersofanyinheritedorthodoxy.B.SupremeAchievementa.TheGreeksachievedsupremeachievementsinnearlyallfieldsofhumanendeavor.C.LastingEffecta.TheGreekssetanexamplebytheboldefforttheymadetounderstandtheworldbytheuseofhumanreason.II.RomanCulture1.RomansandGreeksa.TheburningofCorinthin146.markedtheRomanconquestofGreece,whichwasthenreducedtoaprovinceofRomanEmpire.b.LatinwastheofficiallanguageofthewesthalfoftheRomanEmpire,Greekthatoftheeasternhalf.WhatdidtheRomanshaveincommonwiththeGreeksAndwhatwasthechiefdifferencebetweenthema.TheRomanshadalotincommonwiththeGreeks.b.BoththeRomansandGreekshadtraditionsrootedintheideaofthecitizen-assembly,hostiletomonarchyandtoservility.c.Theirreligiousarealikeenoughformostoftheirdeitiestobereadilyidentified—GreekZeuswithRomanJupiter,GreekAphroditewithromanVenus,andsoon—andtheirmythstobefused.d.Theirlanguagesworkedinsimilarways,andwereultimatelyrelated,bothbeingmembersoftheIndo-EuropeanlanguagefamilywhichstretchesfromBangladeshtoIceland.e.Therewereonebigdifference.TheRomansbuiltupavastempire;theGreeksdidn’t,exceptforthebriefmomentofAlexander’sconquests,whichsoondisintegrated.2.Romanhistory1).Theyear27.dividedthehistoryofRomeintotwoperiods.2).Before27.Romehadbeenarepublic.ThetwoimportantcontributionsmadebytheRomanstoEuropeanculturei.ThePaxRomanaii.RomanLaw1)Theemperorsreliedonastrongarmy—thefamousRomanlegions—andanefficientbureaucracytoexerttheirrule,whichwasfacilitatedbyawell-developedsystemofroads.ThustheRomansenjoyedalongperiodofpeacelastingtwohundredyears,aremarkablephenomenoninhistoryknownasthePaxRomana.2).AnotherimportantcontributionmadebytheRomanstoEuropeanculturewasRomanLaw.ThedeclineoftheRomanempire1).Theempirebegantodeclineinthe3rdcentury,increasinglytroubledbytheinroadsofnortherntribessuchastheGoths.2).InthefourthcenturytheemperorConstantinemovedthecapitalfromRometoByzantium,andrenameditConstantinople(modernIstanbul).3).After395,the(Roman)empirewaspermanentlydividedintoEast(theByzantiumEmpire)andWest.4).In476thelastemperoroftheWestwasdeposedbytheGothsandthismarkedtheendoftheWestRomanEmpire.5).TheEastRomanEmpirecollapsedwhenConstantinoplefelltotheTurksin1453.3.LatinLiteratureA.Prosea.MarcusTulliusCicero馬庫斯·圖留斯·西塞羅b.JuliusCaesar尤利烏斯凱撒Cicero1).MarcusTulliusCicerowasnotedfororatoryandfinewritingstyle.2).Cicero’slegalandpoliticalspeechesaremodelsofLatindiction.3).Cicero’seloquent,oratoricalmannerofwriting,describedasCiceronian,hashadanenormousinfluenceonthedevelopmentofEuropeanprose4).Inhisprivateletters,however,Ciceroappearsasadifferentstyle,farlessrhetorical,butcolloquialandintimate.Caesar1).JuliusCaesarwasanotherandmoresuccessfulgeneralwhobecamedictatorinRomeforafewyearsuntilhewasassassinated.2).Caesarrecordedwhathedidandsawinthevariousmilitarycampaignshetookpartinandthesewritings,collectedinhisCommentaries,aremodelsofsuccinctLatin.B.Poetrya.Lucretius盧克萊修b.Virgil維吉爾Lucretius1).LucretiuswrotephilosophicalpoemOntheNatureofThings《論自然之本質》toexpoundtheideaofEpicurustheGreekatomist.Virgilandhisepic,theAeneid維吉爾與其史詩《埃涅阿斯紀》1).Virgil,thegreatestofLatinpoets,wrotethegreatepic,theAeneid.2).TheAeneidtellsthestoryofhowAeneas,oneoftheprincesofTroy,escapedfromthatburningcitywhenitfelltotheGreeks,tocarryontheTrojancauseinanewplace,Rome.WhydowesayAeneasisatrulytragichero1).AeneaswasatrulytragicherobecausetofulfillhishistoricmissionoffoundingthefirstRomanrepublichehadtobetraythegreatpassionofhislife,hisloveforDido,queenofCarthage.Whilehegainedanempire,helostsomethingnoempirecouldcompensate,happinessinlife.2).ThereisintheAeneidalingeringnoteofsadness,whichmakesallthemorepoignant.4.Architecture,PaintingandSculptureA.Architecturea.ThePantheon萬神廟b.PontduGard加德橋輸水道c.TheColosseum古羅馬圓形大斗獸場1).ThePantheonisthegreatestandbestpreservedRomantemple,whichwasbuiltin27B.C.andreconstructedinthe2ndcenturyA.D.Itisaround,domedformandhastheworld’sfirstvastinteriorspace.2).PontduGardisanexceptionallywell-preservedaqueductthatspansawidevalleyinsouthernFrance.3).TheColosseumisanenormousamphitheatrebuiltinthecentreofRomeinimperialtimes.Amasterpieceofengineering,itheldmorethan5,000spectators.Itsinterioristwo-thirdsofamileround.B.PaintingWallpaintingsfromPompeiiandothertownsnearNaplesi.TheLadyMusicianandYoungGirlii.TheMaidenGatheringFlowersiii.TheLandscape1).RomanpaintingwasstronglyinfluencedbytheartofGreece,Unfortunatelymuchofthepaintingnolongerexists.2).Thereare,however,somewall-paintingsfromPompeiiandothertownsnearNaples.C.Sculpturea.ConstantinetheGreatb.SpoilsfromtheTempleinJerusalemc.She-wolf1).She-wolfisastatuewhichillustratesthelegendofthecreationofRome.DivisionTwo:TheBibleandChristianity

I.GeneralIntroduction

1.Amongallthereligionsbywhichpeopleseektoworship,

Christianity

isthebyfarthemostinfluentialintheWest.

2.ThecloserelationshipbetweenJudaism(猶太教）andChristianity（基督教）

(1).ItwastheJewishtraditionwhichgavebirthtoChristianity.

(2).BothJudaismandChristianityoriginatedin

Palestine(巴勒斯坦）.

3.Hebrews(希伯來人)

(1).TheancestorsoftheJewsweretheHebrews.

(2).Hebrewsmeans“wanderers”.

(3).Some3,800yearsagotheHebrewswanderedthroughthedesertsoftheMiddleEast.

(4).TheHebrewsweretravelingmerchants.

(5).ThehistoryofHebrewswashandeddownorallyfromonegenerationtoanotherintheformoffolktalesandstories,whichwererecordedlaterin

theOldTestament《舊約》,whichstilllaterbecamethefirstpartoftheChristianBible.

4.WhatwastheHebrews’majorcontributiontoworldcivilization

TheHebrews’majorcontributiontoworldcivilizationwasJudaism.II.TheOldTestament

(1).

TheBible《圣經》isacollectionofreligiouswritingscomprisingtwoparts:

theOldTestament《舊約》and

theNewTestament《新約》.

(2).TheOldTestamentisaboutGodandLawsofGod.

(3).TheNewTestamentisaboutthedoctrineofJesusChrist.1.

ThePentateuch《摩西五經》，《舊約全書》的前五卷

(1).Theoldestandmostimportantofthe39booksof

theOldTestament

arethefivebooks,calledPentateuch.

(2).ThefirstfivebooksoftheOldTestamentare

Genesis《創(chuàng)世記》又譯《創(chuàng)世紀》,Exodus《出埃及記》,

Leviticus《利未記》,

Numbers《民數(shù)記》and

Deuteronomy《申命記》.

(3).

Genesis

isareligiousaccountoftheoriginoftheHebrewpeople,includingtheoriginoftheworldandman,thecareerofIsaacandthelifeofJacobandhissonJoseph.

(4).

Exodus

isareligioushistoryoftheHebrewsduringtheirflightfromEgypt,theperiodwhentheybegantoreceiveGod’sLaw.

(5).

Leviticus

isacollectionofprimitivelaws.

(6).

NumbersisacombinationoftheaccountoftheflightfromEgyptwithtwocensusesabouttheExodus.

(7).

Deuteronomy

isaboutthefinalwordsofMoses（摩西《圣經》故事中猶太人古代領袖）tohispeople,restatinghisordersandfiftyyears’experiencesasaleader.

(8).Inthebeginning,saystheBible,Godcreatedtheheavenandearth.

(9).Whentheworldwasformed,Godcreatedmanandwoman—AdamandEve.

A.TheFallofMan

a.Adam(亞當）andEve（夏娃）livedinperfecthappinessintheGardenofEden（伊甸園）.Butatthetemptationoftheserpentoneday,EvepickedthefruitfromtheforbiddentreeandshareditwithAdam.Immediatelyafterwards,theyweredrivenfromParadiseandwentforthintotheworld.

Thegreatflood

1).Formanyhundredyearsthefamilyofmanmultipliedandspreadovertheearth.BecauseAdamandEvehaddisobeyedGodandpassedontheknowledgeofwickedness,manbecamemoreandmorecorrupt.Consequently,Goddecidedtoputanendtothisbydestroyingalllifeonearthinagreatflood.

B.Noah’sArk諾亞方舟

a.Therewas,however,onegoodman,Noah,whostillrememberedGodandtriedtobeatpeacewithhisconscience.SoGodspoketoNoahaboutHisintentionandtoldhimtobuildanarktoprotecthimandhiskinsfromthewaters.NoahfollowedGod’sinstruction.

Abraham阿伯拉罕(相傳為希伯來人的始祖)

(1).Asthelegendgoes,around1900.therelivedadescendentofNoahinUr（烏爾）bythenameofAbraham.

(2).GodtoldtoAbrahamthathimandhispeopleshouldnotworshipsomanydivinitiesastheirneighborsdidbuttoobeyandworshiphim,Yahweh,astheonlytrueGod.Andasareward,GodpromisedthemthelandofCanaan（迦南(《圣經》故事中稱其為上帝賜給以色列人祖先的"應許之地",是巴勒斯坦,敘利亞和黎巴嫩等地的古稱)）.Thus,AbrahamledtheHebrewstothePromisedLand,whichroughlycorrespondstothepresent-dayPalestine.

Hebrewslavery

(1).Unfortunatelyaseriousdroughtoccurredabout1,800.,whichdrovetheHebrewstoEgypt.

Exodus

(1).Around1,300.Moses,thefamousHebrewleader,wenttoseethepharaohofEgypt,tellinghimthatYahwehwantedthepharaohtoendHebrewslaveryandlettheHebrewsleaveEgypt.WiththisbegantheExodus,whichlastedfortyyears.

C.TenCommandments十誡(上帝在西奈山上給摩西的十條戒律，是摩西律法的基礎)

a.ThefortyyearsinthewildernessinandaroundthegreatdesertmadetheHebrewstoughandstrong,weldingthemintoagreatnation.WhenthewanderingtribesleftthedesertandenteredthemountainousSinai(西奈山）,MosesclimbedtothetopofthemountaintoreceiveGodmessage,whichcametobeknownastheTenCommandments.2.TheHistoricalBooks

BookofJoshua《約書亞記》

BookofJudges

《士師記》

BooksofSamuel(IandII)《撒母耳記》上、下

BooksofKings(IandII)《列王記》上、下

BooksoftheChronicles(IandII)《歷代記》上、下

BookofEzra《以斯拉書》

BookofNehemiah

《尼希米記》

(1).TheHistoricalBooksoftheOldTestamentwerewrittensometimebetween800.and500B.C.,dealingwiththehistoryoftheHebrewpeoplefromtheirentryintoPalestinearound1,200.tillthefallofPalestineintothehandsofAssyrians(亞述人）andChaldeans(迦勒底人）in586.

(2).ThefirstkingtounitetheHebrewswasawarrior-farmernamedSaul(掃羅).

(3).SaulwassucceededbyDavid,ashepherdboy.

(4).DavidkilledthePhilistine(腓力基人)giantGoliath（歌利亞）,ralliedtheHebrewtribesagainsttheenemyandestablishedhispoliticalandreligiouscapital,Jerusalem.

(5).Davidwasalsoknownasagreatpoetandmusician.HeissaidtohavecomposedagreatmanyPsalmsrecordedintheOldTestament.

(6).David’sson,KingSolomonafterhim,wasknownforhiswisdomandwealth.3.ThePoeticalBooks

A.

BookofJob《約伯書》

B.

BookofPsalms《詩篇》

C.

Proverbs《箴言》

D.

Ecclesiastes《傳道書》

E.

SongofSolomon《雅歌》

a.

TheBookofJob

isapoeticdrama.

b.

TheBookofPsalms

isacollectionof150poeticpieces,thechiefhymnaloftheJews.

c.

Proverbs

isacollectionofmoralmaximsorsayingsofpracticalnature.

d.

Ecclesiastes

isacollectionofsayingsaboutthepurposeoflife.

e.

SongofSolomon

isacollectionoflovepoems,depictingeverydaylifeinthecountryside.4.TheProphets

A.

Amos《阿摩司書》

B.

Jeremiah《耶利米書》

C.

TheBookofDaniel《但以理書》

a.Amoswasashepherdlivingaround800.whowitnessedtheexploitationofthepoor,andcorruptioninthecourtsofjustice.HewarmedhispeopleofthecominginvasionbyAssyria亞述(西南亞洲底格里斯河流域的古國)andEgyptandwasaccusedofplottingrevolution.

b.JeremiahlivedthroughthefallofJerusalemin590B.C.Hehadaverytragictaletotell.

c.

TheBookofDaniel,whichappearedintheearlydaysof169B.C.whentheJewsrevoltedagainsttheSyrianKingAntiochus,isastorydescribinghowDanielandhisfriendsweretakenprisonertoBabylonafterthefallofJerusalemandhowtheyrefusedtocompromisetheirfaith.HowtheOldTestamentcameintobeing

(1).WhileinBabyloninthe6th

centuryB.C.,theHebrews,nowknownasJews,formedsynagoguestopracticetheirreligion.

(2).AstheJewsvaluedtheirownheritageandlearning,someofthembegantoworkonHebrews’laws,sayingsandstoriesofthepast.AndthestudyofthesesacredwritingsgrewtobeacommunalactivityfortheJewsinexile.

(3).WhentheJewswereatlastallowedtoreturntotheirhomelandafter70years,thereturneesstartedatoncetorebuildJerusalemandthetemples.

(4).UnderthefamousscholarEzra,theywrotedownthelawsofMosesinfivebookscalledTorahorPentateuchintheChristianBible.OtherwritingswereaddedlatertomaketheOldTestamentoftheBible.III.TheRiseofChristianity

(1).TheearlyChristians’notionofdivinecreation,theirconcern