中學英語語法精典總結(jié)

中學英語語法精典總結(jié)1.賓語從句:1.主句若是一般現(xiàn)在時,從句根據(jù)實際情況用適當時態(tài)。Hesays(thathewillhaveawalksoon.Theteacheraskswhoisthecleverestintheschool.Iwanttoknowwhocameherelatethismorning.2.主句若是一般過去時,從句也要用過去時。HewonderedifIwouldcome.Shetoldmethathersonhadgotwell.ShesaidthatshelikedwatchingTV.WethoughtJimwaswrong.3.無論主句是何時態(tài),從句若表客觀真理,要用一般現(xiàn)在時。Mr.Lisaidthemoonissmallerthantheearth.4賓語從句無論有何引導詞,都要用陳述句語序。CouldyoutellmewhenyouwillgetbacktoWuhan?(不是willyouDoyouknowwhichsweatersheiswearing?(不是isshe2.狀語從句:1主句若是一般將來時、祈使句或含不表過去的情態(tài)動詞等,則if(如果,unless(除非,when(當…的時候,assoonas(一…就…,before,after,until,till,as(當…的時候所引導的狀語從句用一般現(xiàn)在時。Youmaytakearestwhenyoufinishdoingyourwork.IwillcallyouupifIleaveforShanghainextweek.Waitforyourbrotheratthebusstationuntilhearrives.2而主句若是一般過去時,從句也要用過去時,如:IwouldgivethemoneytothecharityifIhadamilliondollars.Whenhegottothepark,hisclassmateshadleft.Mysonrantowardsmeassoonashesawmeonthestreet.3.定語從句:關(guān)系代詞who只指人,which只指物。that既可指人又可指物。whose后必須跟有名詞,既指人,也可指物。關(guān)系詞作主語時,不可省略,作賓語時可省略。whom只指人,只作賓語。關(guān)系副詞where指“在那里”,when指“在那時”。Sheisagirlwho/thatisbeautilandkind-hearted.Sheisagirl(who/whom/thatIknowverywell.Thatboywhosehairisverylongismybrother.(所屬Thegirlwhoistallismysister./Iownabikewhosepriceishigh.Iboughtawatch(which/thatIpaid100yuanfor.(指物Ipreferaplacewhich/thatiscleanandquiet.IpreferaplacewhereIcanliveaquietlife.(在這兒Ishallneverforgetthedaywhenaboyhelpedmefindmydog.4.wish和hope:1wish可接todosth./sbtodosth./that從句.IwishtospendmysummerholidayinQingdao.IwishyoutojoinmypartythisSunday.Iwish(thatIcouldbeascientist.2hope接todosth.或that從句.但不接sbtodosth.Ihopetoreceivealetterfromyousomeday.Ihope(thateverythinggoeswell./Ihopeyouwillgetwellsoon.5.thanksfor和thanksto:Thanksforyourhelpingmewiththework.(表達對對方為自己做了某事的感謝,后無補充的結(jié)果。Thankstoyoursuggestion,Ididn’tmakesuchmistakes.(表達感謝由于某方所做的有利的事,出現(xiàn)了后面的結(jié)果。6.感官動詞用法之一:see,hear,listento,watch,notice,feel等詞,后接賓語,再接動詞原形/動詞ing,分別表示全過程和正在進行。句中有頻率詞時,以上的詞也常跟動詞原形。IheardsomeoneknockingatthedoorwhenIfellasleep.(正進行Iheardsomeoneknockatthedoorthreetimes.(聽的是全過程Ioftenwatchmyclassmatesplayvolleyballafterschool.(頻率詞若以上詞用于被動語態(tài),后面原有動詞原形改為帶to不定式:Wesawhimgointotherestaurantwithhiswife.→Hewasseentogointotherestaurantwithhiswife.7.感官動詞用法之二:look,sound,smell,taste,feel可當系動詞,后接形容詞。Helooks.Itsoundsgood.Theflowerssmellbeautil.Thesweetstastesweet.Thesilkfeelssoft.Ifelttired.這些動詞不用于被動語態(tài)。Thesweetsaretastedsweet.是錯誤的。注意:如果加介詞like,則后不可接形容詞,而接名詞或代詞:Helookslikehismother.Thatsoundslikeagoodidea.Itsmellslikeaflower.Ittasteslikesalt.8.find和think部分用法:+賓語+賓語補足語。(代替賓從賓補有以下情況:1.名詞短語,Johnfoundhissonacleverboy.2.形容詞短語,Mrs.Smiththinksherhusbandkindoflazy.3.有時賓補后可接帶to不定式,Ifoundithardtofoolthegirl.9.wouldlike/want/feellike:1wouldlike,和want類似:

都可接名詞短語:Iwouldlike/wantanotherthreedesks.

都可接帶to不定式:Iwouldlike/wanttogooutforawalk.

都可接sb,然后再跟帶to不定式:Iwouldlikeyoutogivemeahand.2feellike:

后也可接名詞短語:Doyoufeellikesometea?

后若接動詞,須用動詞ing形式:Doyoufeellikehavingawalk?Idon’tfeellikedrinkingtea.【feellike常用于疑問句或否定句中?！?0.詞序易錯的短語:1形容詞修飾不定代詞或不定副詞,形容詞在后面。Isthereanythingdeliciousinthefridge?Nothingserious.Thereissomethingwrongwiththecomputer.Iwanttogosomewherewarm.2else修飾疑問詞和不定代詞、不定副詞,也放在后面。Whatelsecanyouseeinthepicture?Whoelseisintheroom?Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?Whereelsecanyouseeit?3enough修飾形容詞和副詞,enough放在后面。Thissweaterischeapenough.Nemoisoldenoughtowork.Heranfastenoughtocatchupwiththedog.11.對“評價”、“天氣”的提問之區(qū)別:1Whatdoyouthinkof…?=Howdoyoulike…?“你對…怎么看?”(How…?句中有l(wèi)ike,是動詞。2What’stheweatherlikein…?=Howistheweatherin…?“…的天氣什么樣?”(What…?句中有l(wèi)ike,是介詞“像”。12.take,cost,pay,spend區(qū)別:1It+take+sb+sometime+todosth.Ittookushalfanhourtocutdownthetree.2物+cost+sb+錢:Thebagcostmethirtyyuan.(cost,cost,cost若cost后無sb,則譯作“價錢是”:Thebagcosts30Yuan.3人+pay+sb+錢+forsth:Ipaidtheseller200Yuanforthebike.(pay,paid,paid.(pay后所加內(nèi)容可視具體情況取舍。4人+spend+時間/錢+onsth/(indoingsth.Thegirlspenttwohours(insearchingtheInternet.Thegirlalwaysspendsmuchmoneyonherclothes.spend有時可指“度過”:spendholiday/weekends/winter13.雙賓結(jié)構(gòu):pass/give/teach/offer/lend/send/sell/call/show/buy/ask/tell/build等可加雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)。即后接sb+sth.其中pass,give,offer,lend,send,sell,show等可接sth+tosb.buy,build等可接sth+forsb.另外,若sth是代詞時,不用雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)。Pleasepassittome.14.部分詞作連詞與介詞:(連詞接句子,介詞接名詞或代詞Keepcarelwhenyouarelisteningtotheteacher.(連詞Keepcarelwhenlisteningtotheteacher.(介詞類似的,while,than,before,after,as,since,until等。如:I’llwaituntilIhearfromher.(連詞I’llwaituntilnextFriday.(介詞15.動詞ed與動詞ing作形容詞用法之一:1.動詞ed作形容詞:表示被動或已發(fā)生,常作定語。TheboynamedPeterismyfriend.那個叫做彼得的男孩是我的朋友。劃線部分起修飾作用,下同。He’seatingfriedchicken.他在吃炸雞。Thereisnotimeleft.IhavereadanovelwrittenbyLuXun.我讀了一部魯迅寫的小說。Helivesinahousebuilttwentyyearsago.2.動詞ing作形容詞:表示正進行或功能,常作定語。theingboy,arunningbus,therisingsun,abusrunningontheroad,theboyinginthecorner(正進行asittingroom,thesleepingcar,thebathingsuit(功能16.動詞ed與動詞ing作形容詞用法之二:和心理感受有關(guān),但ed修飾人,ing常修飾物。Ifilmis!/Iwanttogotoaplace17.動詞ing和帶to不定式作主語:Tobeateacherismydream.Workinghardbringsyousuccess.Takingcareofourenvironmentisveryimportant.Toplanttrees(謂語用單數(shù)Readingbooks謂語用單數(shù)Listeningandwriting謂語用復數(shù)18.later/after/ago/before:1later“…時間后”結(jié)構(gòu):時間段+later常用于一般過去時。fivedays(later單獨在句尾,常用于將來時:I’llseeyoulater.2after“…時間后”結(jié)構(gòu):after+時間段,常用于一般過去時,和1相同。fivedays.(after也可加句子:I’llsendyouaneIgethome.hehadsearchedtheInternetforthirtyminutes.3ago“…時間前”結(jié)構(gòu):時間段+ago,用于一般過去時。fourweeks(since+時間段+ago,主句用現(xiàn)在完成時4before單獨放在句尾,常用現(xiàn)在完成時:“以前”(若是時間段+before,則常用過去完成時,譯為“…時間前”:twoweeksanhour19.四季:spring春;summer夏;autumn秋;winter冬;season季20.月:January,一月;February,二月;March,三月;April,四月;May,五月;June,六月;July,七月;August,八月;September,九月;October,十月;November,十一月;December,十二月。21.星期:Sunday,星期日;Monday,星期一;Tuesday,星期二;Wednesday,星期三;Thursday,星期四;Friday,星期五;Saturday,星期六。Sunday為第一天,Saturday為最后一天。22.“也”:either,用于否定句的末尾。also,通常挨著動詞,少用于句尾。too,通常在句尾,前常有逗號。aswell,只用于句尾。注意:后三個詞都不用于否定句。23.帶to不定式用法之一:帶to不定式有邏輯賓語在前時,to后動詞用及物動詞,不及物時需加介詞。TheapplesaretootallThezoo24.(alittle/(afew:1few,little“幾乎沒有;少”否定詞。few加可數(shù)名詞復數(shù),little加不可數(shù)名詞。2afew“一些”肯定詞,加可數(shù)名詞復數(shù);alittle“一些;一點”也是肯定詞,加不可數(shù)名詞。3另外,在too,very,so等詞后用few,little;在only,just,still等詞后用afew,alittle.而quiteafew/alittle譯為“很多”25.及物動詞+副詞:puton/off/away/up/down/out;breakoff/down;turnon/off/up/down;getback;useup;giveaway/out/up/back;tryout/on;ring/callup;letdown;cleanup/out;setup;thinkup;handin/out;fixup;workout;;dressup;pickup;helpout;keepoff/out/downcutdown;writedown;wakeup(叫醒;takeoff/away;sellout;lookup/over;eatup;throwaway/off賓語是名詞時,可放在中間或后邊,是代詞時只放在中間。26.as……as用法:1和…一樣…Hisroomisasbigasmine.HerunsasfastasI/me.2as…aspossible/sbcan“盡可能…”Wewentthereassoonaspossible.我們盡可能快地去了那兒。Listentotheteacherascarefullyyoucan.3有些短語有幾個意思:assoonas和…一樣快;一…就…;asmuchas和…一樣多;多達;aslongas和…一樣長;長達;只要;aswellas和…一樣好;和…一樣;asfaras遠達;就…來說;27.prefer用法:prefersth/doingsthtosth/doingsth比起…更喜歡…prefertodosthratherthandosth寧愿…也不愿…prefertodosth/preferdoingsth更喜歡做某事28.some-,any-,every-用法:1some-“某~,一些~”,用于肯定的陳述句中。若用于疑問句中表示期待對方肯定的回答或表示請求或建議.Whynotasksomebodytohelpyou?Shallwegivehimsomethingtoeat?WhataboutCould2any-,在疑問句中仍譯為“某~,一些~”Doyouhave?Is?在肯定句和否定句中譯為“任何~”Youmayputtheboxtheclass.Wedon’thaveanythingtoeatthismorning.3every-“每~”,強調(diào)所有,既包括此也包括彼。Iseverybodyhere?-No,TomandLucyhaveaskedforleave.29.動詞時態(tài)和形式:八個時態(tài):一般現(xiàn)在時、現(xiàn)在進行時(am/is/are+v.ing、一般將來時(will/shall/begoingto+動詞原形、一般過去時、過去進行時(was/were+v.ing、現(xiàn)在完成時(have/has+v.過去分詞、過去完成時(had+v.過去分詞、過去將來時(would+v.原形六個形式:原形;過去式;過去分詞;第三人稱單數(shù)(加s/es;現(xiàn)在分詞(v.ing;帶to不定式。30.if/whether區(qū)別:if如果(引導條件狀從/是否(引導賓從whether無論(引導讓步狀從/是否(引導賓從都譯為“是否”時,whether可接ornot,也可接帶to不定式。if則不可。另外,if可接any-單詞,常不接some-單詞。Ifyouhavewater,pleasegivemesome.31.因為:because,常是對why的回答,語氣最強。since,位置:Sinceit’salreadylate,Imustgonow.for,位置:Idrovecarefully,forit’ssnowing.as有時也指“因為”,用法基本無限制。32.表推測:must,may,might,can,could,can’tmust“一定”,可能性最大,常用于肯定句。may/might“也許”一般用于肯定句,may比might可能性大。can/could“可能”could比can語氣更委婉。但can多用于否定。beright,butIdon’tthinkyouare.Thelightintheofficeisoff.Theteacherbetherenow.33.so與such區(qū)別:so是副詞,后跟形容詞/副詞,tall/slowly…such是形容詞,后跟名詞短語。badweather/goodnews…;abeautifulgirl/animportantlesson/aheavystone…;kindboys/newdesks/friendlypeople/amazingmovies…;若名詞前形容詞是many,much,few,little時,不用such,而用so.manyflowers/muchrain/fewfriends/littlewater…也常有“so/such…that…”句型,譯為“如此…以致于…”。34.so的另兩個用法:1so+be/情態(tài)動詞/助動詞+主語,“…也”上下文所指不是同一個人或物。ThetwinsareIwill以及對話形式:A:Iwokeuplatethismorning.B:SodidI.2so+主語+be/情態(tài)動詞/助動詞,“的確…是”上下文所指是同一個人或物。A:Wehavelunchatschool.又如:A:Brucecanworkouttheproblem.B:Sohecan.35.neither/nor用法之一:neither/nor+be/情態(tài)動詞/助動詞+主語“…也不”上文是否定句。Shedidn’t或?qū)υ捫问?A:Jimhasn’thadbreakfast.36.keep,make,get,have用法:1keep+sb/sthsth“讓…一直做…”I’msorryforkeepingyoukeep+sth“堅持做某事”2make+sb/sth讓…做某事I’lltrytomakeyouIfeelsorrythatIhavemadehimwaitforlong.3get+sb/sthsth.讓…做某事。HegotPetertobuyhimapen.4have+賓語+動詞原形/ing/過去分詞Havehimit,please.讓他做它吧。Wehadthemachine.我們讓那臺機器一直工作著。Wehadthemachinerepaired.我們讓人修理了那臺機器(讓那臺機器被修理了。5也都可接形容詞:keepsafe/busy,keepthedoor,makeusgetthedoorhaveeverything37.used短語:usedto+動原,“過去常?！盚eusedto.beusedto譯為“被用來…”,后接動原。Itisusedtothings.beusedto譯為“習慣于…”,后接動詞ing或名詞/代詞.如:He’susedtoworkinglate./Weareallusedtofollowingothers.beusedfor+目的(名詞或動詞ing如:Englishisusedforthings.38.through/past/across:都可作介詞,“穿過”前常有位移動詞。Hethewindowandsawwhathecouldtakeaway.HeHe【through,內(nèi)部;past,旁邊;across,表面?！课灰苿釉~+past相當于動詞pass;位移動詞+across相當于cross.39.thenumberof/anumberof:前者“…的數(shù)量”;后者“許多的”都跟可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)。前者作主語,謂語用單數(shù);后者作主語,謂語用復數(shù)。用單數(shù)is.用復數(shù)have.40.延續(xù)性動詞:Howlong,since,for,(以上見84until/till等所在HowlongmayIthisnovel?I’vesince2002.Let’suntilhecomesback..但否定句中可用短暫性動詞:Iforalongtime.41.all/each/both/none/either/neither:1Allboys/Alloftheboysall接可數(shù)復數(shù),謂語也用復數(shù)。Allofthewater若接不可數(shù),謂語用單數(shù)。2Eachboy/Eachoftheboyseach接名詞單數(shù)或接of+限定詞+復數(shù),后謂語都用單數(shù)。3Both后面謂語用復數(shù)。4Nonenone+of+限定詞+復數(shù),謂語用單、復數(shù)都可。另見885-Whenshallwemeet,SaturdayorSunday?-EitherdayisOK./EitherofthedaysisOK.謂語用單數(shù)。6-Whenshallwemeet,SaturdayorSunday?-Sorry,Ihavetolookaftermymotherthesetwodays.Thatis,neithertimeofthedays謂語用單數(shù)。all/each/none分別指三者或更多中的“都”/“每一個”/“沒有一個”。both/either/neither兩者中“都”/“任何一個”/“沒有一個”42.計量表達法:數(shù)量+單位+形容詞。Thebuildingistwentymeterstall./Thestreetisfortymeterswide.Thefishisfivekilosheavy./Thisbabyisonlysixmonthsold.若計量表達的后面跟有名詞,則要用連字符,單位不用復數(shù)。holefish.It’sapieceoficestreet.It’saholiday.(此處計量中的形容詞long可省略。43.MustI/MayI/NeedI…?用法:1MustI…?我必須…嗎?A:MustIfinishthework?.2MayI…?我可以…嗎?A:MayIgooutforawalknow?3NeedI…?我有必要…嗎?A:NeedIcleanthehouse?44.hundred/thousand/million/billion:前有具體數(shù)字,不加s及of.否則加s,加of.如:people.等。但前若有several,后常不加s和of:45.反意疑問句(QT部分用法:1something,nothing,anything,everything作主語,QT主語用it.Somethingiswrong,isn’tNothingisdifficult,is?2IthinkLucycandowellintheexam,?Idon’tthinkhewillQT要結(jié)合think后的從句而定。3祈使句的QT一般用willyou?而Let’s…用shallwe?Getupnow,willyou?Don’tbenoisy,willyou?Bequiet,willyou?Pleasedon’ttalk,willyou?Letusdoitnow,willyou?Let’s4Therebe句型,QT主語用there.Thereisamanworkinginthefield,ThereusedtobeameetingonFriday,Therewon’tbeamovieinthetheatre,46.puton,wear,dress,in:1puton,“穿上”后接物。表行為,是短暫動詞。Youshouldputonyourcoatwhenyouleave.2wear,“穿,穿著”后接物,表狀態(tài),是延續(xù)性動詞。Healwayswearstheyellowsweaterinwinter./Ilikewearingbeautifulclothes.3dress,“給…穿衣”后接人。Youcandressyourself,baby.Lucyisdressingherlittlebrothernow.bedressedin后常接具有某種特征的衣物。Theladyisdressedin可直接加表顏色的詞。4in,“穿著”后接具有某種特征的衣物,表狀態(tài),是介詞,不可作謂語,可作狀語。I’veseentheboy47.虛擬語氣部分用法:在非真實條件句中要用虛擬語氣,即if從句中用一般過去時,而主句動詞用would/should+動詞原形,表示與現(xiàn)在相反的主觀設想,也可以表示在說話人看來實現(xiàn)的可能性很小的情況。(注意:虛擬語氣中的be動詞都要用were.與現(xiàn)在事實相反可能性很小48.other/others/theother/theothers/another:1如果不特定指出哪一個,是泛指,“另一個”要用another,后加可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)。cupoftea.(沒特定指出哪一杯茶,是泛指。cup是單數(shù)。another也可+數(shù)字+可數(shù)復數(shù):sixdesks.2如果只有兩個或只有兩部分,就給出了范圍,其中另一個或另一部分是特指(other前有the.,有如下用法:第一種,所說內(nèi)容只有兩個:Mrs.Greenhastwosons,oneisinterestedinmath,isgoodatscience.【只有兩個,用theother,不加s,后面名詞可省略?！坑秩?Thispairofshoesisstrange.Oneisblue,yettheotherisgreen.這雙鞋子很怪,一只藍色,而另一只綠色。第二種,只有兩部分:此種情況下theother后接可數(shù)名詞復數(shù),或不接名詞而只在theother后加s.Twofifthsofthestudentsinourclassareboys,aregirls/aregirls.Twochildrenwent,butstayed.(其他孩子都留下了。3如果沒有顯示出只有兩部分,未給出范圍,則是泛指,不加the.LeiFenglikedhelpingHaveyouanyAlicedidn’tlikethatdress,sosheaskedtoseesome4other的另一用法:用比較級的形式,體現(xiàn)最高級的含義。Heistaller劃線中boy用單數(shù)=Heistaller劃線中boy用復數(shù)他比班里任何男孩都高(他是班里男孩中最高的。49.howlong/howoften/howsoon/howfar:1howlong是對長度或時間段提問。river?-It’s5,000kilometerslong.-Forfivemonths./Since2002.2howoften是對頻率提問,如:never,sometimes,often,usually,always,onceaweek,twiceaday,threetimesayear,everyday等。-Everytwodays./Twiceaweek.【若只有次數(shù),則用howmanytimes提問:-Twice./onlyonce.】3howsoon是對“in+時間段”提問:-Inaweek./Intwodays.4howfar是對時間段’s+walk/ride/drive或計量表達提問。-Fiveminutes’walk./Anhour’sride./Thirteenminutes’drive.或者說:It’sabout20kilometers(faraway.(問和回答不同。50.分數(shù)表達:二分之一:halfa/an或ahalf.如:halfanhour=ahalfhour半小時It’shalfpastseven.(省略冠詞以下情況中,分子(基數(shù)詞若超過一,分母(序數(shù)詞需加s:三分之一:a/onethird三分之二:twothirds四分之一:a/onefourth或a/onequarter四分之三:threefourths或threequarters.五分之一:a/onefifth五分之二:twofifths其它類推。若分數(shù)所在of短語作主語,謂語依of后的名詞而定:Twofifthsofthestudents(指名詞復數(shù)時,謂用復Twofifthsoftheland(指不可數(shù)時,謂用單51.到達:1getto+地點gettoShanghai/London/China接地點副詞時,不帶to.getthere/home/here.2arrivein+大地點(Beijing/Zhengzhou,arriveat+小地點(school/hospital,arrive只作不及物動詞。所以也可單獨用:Pleaseringmeupwhenyouarrive.reach只作及物動詞,后直接加地點:reachBeijing/England但常不說reachhome/there/here.52.感嘆句:What+名詞短語+主語+謂語!Whatlazyboys(theyare!Whathardwork!Whatgoodnews!Whatagoodidea!Whatbadweather(itis!Whatapity!How+形容詞/副詞+主語+謂語!Howhardtheworkis!Howfastheruns!Howrudeyouare!Howcarefullytheyarelistening!Howbadtheweatheris!53.because/instead/out等與加of的區(qū)別:1because后接句子,becauseof接名詞或代詞。Hedidn’tcomebecausehewasill./becauseofhisillness.2instead是副詞,單獨在句尾。insteadof還要接名詞或代詞。Wedidn’thaverice,wehadnoodlesinstead./insteadof3out副詞,可單獨用,但若接地點,先加of.(也可作介詞,“向…外”,可不加of.一般不要求掌握?；騟arly.54.toomuch,toomany與muchtoo:muchtoo“過于”,加形容詞或副詞原級。big/slowly等。toomuch“太多的”,加不可數(shù)名詞。work/rain等。toomany“太多的”,加可數(shù)復數(shù)。books/people等。55.alone/lonely:1alone,“獨自一人;單獨”不含感情色彩?？僧斝稳菰~,但只在系動詞后作表語:Jackisalone.杰克是單身。Theoldwomanisaloneinthehouse.那位老婦一個人在屋里。可當副詞,修飾動詞:Shelivesalone.她獨居。Canyoumove你能獨自搬動那塊兒石頭嗎?Dickiswalking狄克獨自在海灘漫步。(注意:不可說veryalone.但可說verymuchalone.是特例2lonely,“孤獨的;寂寞的”帶有傷感色彩。只當形容詞?？稍谙祫釉~后作表語:Theoldmanislonely.這位老人是孤獨的。Hehasmanyrelatives,buthefeels他有很多親戚,但感到孤獨。(lonely和心理感受有關(guān),而alone和心理感受無關(guān)。也可在名詞前作定語:alonelyperson一位孤獨的人alonelyvillage一個偏僻的村莊(alone不可作定語56.belongto與be:me/Lucy/mybrother.(人mine/Lucy’s/mybrother’s/hers.(某物是某人的57.by常見用法:1“通過”Istud2“截止到”WillThetrainhadleft3“被”Thisnovelwaswritten4“經(jīng)過”Hepassed5“在……旁邊”Sitbyme.Theyareplaying58.部分用in的短語:inEnglish,inagoodway,inahurry,inpen/ink(見105,intheday(見92,indifferentsizes,indifferentshapes,inadifficultsituation,ingoodhealth,inaredcoat/inred(見46,instyle,intheopenair(露天場所59.比較級與最高級部分要點:1不規(guī)則形式或易錯形式:much/many→more→mostbad/badly/ill→worse→worstfar→farther/further→farthest/furthestlittle→less→leastfew→fewer→fewestold→older/elder→oldest/eldest以ly結(jié)尾的形容詞常把-ly換成-lier/-liest.2常見比較級/最高級句型:thanme.(有thanthananyotherstudentintheschool.(參照48inhisclass.(某個范圍內(nèi)ofthetwo(boys.(兩者,此句型中加theofthethree(boys.(三者teaormilk?(兩者選擇tea,milkorwater?(三者選擇It’sthesecond(序數(shù)詞后用最高級。3“越來越…”比較級+and+比較級Hecriedharderandharder.Sheisgettingtallerandtaller.類似:biggerandbigger/happierandhappier/fatterandfatter/strongerandstronger/richerandricher/worseandworse…另一種情況:moreandmorebeautiful/slowly/carefully/…4“越…,越…”“the+比較級”分別置于兩句的開頭,倒裝。ThemoredifficultEnglishis,theharderyoushouldstudy.Theyoungerweare,themoreenergywehave.Themoreyoueat,thefatteryouwillget.5“越來越多的…”moreandmore+名詞peoplearegettingricherandricher.desks/paper/trees/water….6“…得多”much+形容詞/副詞比較級Thisroomismuch類似:muchtaller/fatter/younger/heavier/faster/earlier/better…以及:muchmorecareful/difficult/tiring/similar/mysterious…7“另外的…(個…”結(jié)構(gòu):數(shù)量+more+名詞onemoretowel,threemoresuits,manymoretiles,muchmoretruth,somemoremeat,alotmorewood,alittlemoreexperience,oncemore=onemoretime=again.這種結(jié)構(gòu)有時也可用another+數(shù)字+名詞替代:fivemoretrees=anotherfivetrees(記住詞的位置60.talk,tell,say,speak:1talk只作不及物動詞。Don’tourEnglishstudy?histeacher.you?(talkwith/tosbtalkaboutsth2tell只作及物動詞,“告訴;講”。常接雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)。Mr.Litoldaninterestingstory.Whotoldthenews?3say必須接有內(nèi)容。itnothing.“Idisagreewithyou.”saidTom.Whatsay若接sb,則需先加to:you.“Ioversleptthismorning.”hesaidme.4speak“說話”不及物動詞。接人時先加介詞to.MayIspeaktoMr.Smith?可表說話的能力。Thebabycanspeaknow.Thereissomethingwrongwithhisthroat,hecan’t“演講,發(fā)言”Whowill“說”可作及物動詞。61。sometimes/sometimes/sometime/sometime:sometimes:“有時”=attimes.Heisimeslateforschool.sometimes:“幾次”IhavebeentoNanjingsometimes.sometime:“某一時刻”Iboughtitsometimelastspring.We’llmeetagainsometimenextweek.sometime:“一段時間”Wehavetostayhereforsometime.62.need的用法:1need可當情態(tài)動詞(和can等用法類似,但needgonow?(need在一般疑問句的開頭Ineedn’ttellyoutheanswer.(否定句中直接在need后加not【當情態(tài)動詞時,need無時態(tài)變化。】2need可當行為動詞(和want等用法類似:abike.(后可直接加名詞togoovermylessons.(后接帶to不定式tohavearest?(一般疑問句中do,does,did在句首Wetowaitforhercoming.(否定句中do,does,did提前【注:need后接表被動的內(nèi)容時,可表達為:】63.dowith與dealwith:都譯為“處理,對付,安排,應付”donewiththemilk?用what提問。dealwiththisproblem?用how提問。下面兩句由此而來:Couldyoutellmewhattodowiththemilk?dealwiththisproblem?64.就近原則:常見的有:Eitheryouandtwocatsintheyard.(therebe句型NotonlyyouNeitheryou65.主謂一致:One/Neither(單數(shù)謂語Tom(主語是Tom,單數(shù)謂語Thispair(主語是pair,單數(shù)謂語Theshoes(主語無pair,復數(shù)謂語Everyboyandeverygirl(單數(shù)謂語TheoldTheyoung(the加形容詞表一類人,謂語用復數(shù)Mr.andMrsGreen指格林夫婦(復數(shù)謂語Theteacherandwriter指教師兼作家,一個人,單數(shù)謂語。BothyouandI(復數(shù)謂語thenumberof與anumberof參見39.(分數(shù)表達見5066.quite/such/really用法之一:如果出現(xiàn)不定冠詞時,常放在后面。It’squiteaneasyquestion.Heisquiteacleverboy.It’ssuchanimportantlesson.(另見33Lilyisreallyalazygirl.67.部分用what提問的句型:Whatsizedoyouwant?Whatwillyoudowiththeproblem?populationofChina?dayisittoday?thedatetoday?priceofthisone?68.therebe部分用法:1Thereisonly2常有以下結(jié)構(gòu):theremay/will/must/isgoingto/usedto/…be.…3therebe中不可再出現(xiàn)have/has/had(有的詞。另一用法見45。69.常見表否定的詞或短語:no,not,hardly,few,little,neither,nor,nothing,nobody,none,nowhere等.有些有時在某些句型中也相當于否定,如without,too…to…withouttootiredto但前綴如dis--,un--,in--或后綴如--less,并不表否定。70.常見后接動詞原形的詞或短語:whynot/hadbetter/please/wouldyouplease/let/make/情態(tài)動詞,等等。【注意否定形式:hadbetter/wouldyouplease/let直接加not+動原;而please加don’t+動原】71.常見后接動詞ing的詞或短語:finish/enjoy/practice/giveup/endup/putoff/consider/keep/feellike/prefer…to…/can’thelp/bebusy/beworth/taketurns/miss(錯過/spend/havefun/介詞等。72.常見后接帶to不定式的詞或短語:want/hope/wish/allow/encourage/ask/tell/pretend/decide/plan/invite/urge/advise/warn/seem/inorder(為了/疑問詞,等等。另外,it作形式主語,后也常有帶to不定式?！痉穸?以上大多詞+not+todosth】73.被動語態(tài)(be+v.過去分詞用法:Ididit.→Itwasdone.雙賓:Hetoldusastory.→Weweretoldastory.→Astorywastoldtous.Shepassedmeapen.→Iwaspassedapen.→Apenwaspassedtome.情態(tài)動詞:Wecanmakeaplan.→Aplan進行時態(tài):Tomiswritingaletter.→AletterisbeingwrittenbyTom.完成時態(tài):Ihavefinishedthework.→Theworkhasbeenfinished.74.名詞或所屬格作定語:1強調(diào)性別時amandoctor/twomendoctors;awomanteacher/sixwomenteachers被修飾詞是單數(shù)時,性別也用單數(shù);被修飾詞是復數(shù)時,性別也用復數(shù)。2agirlactor/fourgirlactorsaboyplayer/twoboyplayersabusstation/somebusstations復數(shù)只變被修飾的詞。3aholiday/theDay/theChildren’sDay“復數(shù)+’s”作定語,譯為“…的…”4Father’sDay/Mother’sDay此處“單數(shù)+’s”作定語。(附:and連接的名詞所屬格:fathersareworkers.分別是兩個人的爸爸,所以應分別加“’s”fatherisveryinteresting.兩個人共有的爸爸,所以在兩人后只加一個“’s”。75.win與beat區(qū)別:win后加物:I’msureJimthematch.thefirstplaceinthesportsmeeting.而beat后加的是人:I’mafraidtheywillbeatus.theboys’team.(男子隊,相當于人。76.it/that/one的部分用法:1it指上文的某個事物,和上文是同一個。Thisbookisveryuseful.Iwilltakegoodcareofit也可指上文所說的事:Mysonhaslosthimselfinthecomputergames.I’mworriedabout2that與上文所說是同一類,但不是同一個,常指不可數(shù)名詞。ThefoodinChinaisquitedifferentfromthatinAmerica.TheweatherofHainanisbetterthanofGansu.that也可指上文所說的事:A:Ihadanaccidentandbrokemylegs.B:I’msorrytohear.3one指代上文所說的某類可數(shù)名詞單數(shù),但不是同一個物。Thissweateristooexpensive,doyouhaveanotherone?(也指毛衣,但不是上文那個77.at/bytheendof,intheend的區(qū)別:1attheendof+時間點或地點,“在…的盡頭,在…的末尾”March.(加時間thebed.(加地點2bytheendof+時間點,“截止到…末”若接過去的時間點,常用過去完成時:Theyhadplantedsixthousandtreesbytheendoflastmonth.若接將來的時間,常用一般將來時:Weshallfinishtheworkbytheendofnextmonth.3intheend“最后”,后不加of短語:78.havegoneto/havebeento/havebeenin:1havegoneto+地點“已去了…(還未回來”-Ican’tfindthosechildren,wherearethey?去了農(nóng)場,不在這兒2havebeento+地點“去過…(原來去過,現(xiàn)在已回”句尾常接次數(shù)或多個地點或before,或句中常有ever,never等。threetimestwobigcities.beforenever/everneverbefore.(此短語省略了to3havebeenin+地點,“已在…(多久了”句尾常接for+時間段,或since+時間點/一般過去時的句子。foralongtime.I’for2hours/since2hoursago.(此短語省略了in79.all/whole用法thethethestudents…【all在定冠詞the前】thewholeschool/thewholecountry/thewholearea…【whole在定冠詞the后】80.abit/alittle區(qū)別:都可作副詞,后直接加形容詞和副詞。I’mhungry.tired.也可作代詞或形容詞,后接名詞時有所不同:drink.breadandwentout.(alittle直接加名詞而下文:drink.breadandwentout.(abit先加of再加名詞81.“擅長”與“不擅長”;“對…有利”與“對…有害”:“擅長”:begoodat/dowellin“不擅長”:bebadin/bepoorin/beweakin/dobadlyin“對…有利”:begoodfor“對…有害”:bebadfor82.表數(shù)量的詞和短語的部分用法:1none/all/some/most/plentyof/alotof(lotsof后既可接可數(shù)名詞復數(shù),也可接不可數(shù)名詞。2many/(afew/anumberof/several只接可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)。3much/(alittle/abitof只接不可數(shù)名詞。83.易用錯的副詞:1really可修飾動詞、副詞和形容詞,常在它們前面。Ilovereading.Imissyou.(修飾動詞Tomspeaksquickly.湯姆說得非?？?。(修飾副詞It’skindofyou.你真好。(修飾形容詞2verymuch常修飾動詞want,miss,hate,love,like,dislike,enjoy,takeafter(長得像…,move(使…感動,excite(使…激動等等。常在句尾。Jackwantstogothereverymuch.杰克很想去那兒。Ihate我很討厭背單詞。Heenjoyed他很喜歡這部電影。Hetakesafter他長得很像他媽媽。(verymuchI’mhappyverymuch.Heisluckyverymuch.都是3very修飾形容詞和副詞,放在它們前面:Sheiskind.Iamhappy.Peterspeaksslowly.(very不可修飾動詞:IverylikeEnglish.Heverymissesyou.等類似結(jié)構(gòu)都是錯誤的。84.常用于現(xiàn)在完成時的詞或短語句謂語用延續(xù)性動詞;Howlong(對時間段或for與since引導的內(nèi)容提問,句中謂語也用延續(xù)性動詞in/allone’slife(在某人一生;in/duringthepast/last+時間段(在最近的…時間內(nèi);sofar(到目前為止;yet(用于句尾,用在疑問句或否定句中;already(用于句中或句尾,用在肯定的陳述句中;ever;never;just;before(單獨用在句子末尾,常用此時態(tài)。但若時間段加before,常用過去完成時以及recently等.85.形容詞與副詞區(qū)別:1形容詞修飾名詞,作定語(劃線部分:girl.weather!bike.形容詞可在系動詞后,作表語(劃線部分:ThegirlisHisfaceturnedIttastes2副詞(劃線部分修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞,也可修飾整個句子。HeranPleasespeakTimlives修飾動詞angry.tired.I’mlucky.修飾形容詞early.well.修飾副詞IfailedtheEnglishexam.修飾整個句子86.everyday與everyday:everyday是形容詞,后接名詞,“日常的”。English.everyday是副詞,作時間狀語,“每天”。WespeakEnglisheveryday.87.everyone與everyone:1everyone“每個人;大家;所有人”,只指人。后不接of短語。2everyone“每一個”既可指人,也可指物。后要接of短語。ofushasadictionary.ofthetreesistall.88.none與noone:1noone“沒有一人”只指人,后不接of短語。(以上因后面無of短語,故不用none2none“沒有人;沒有任何東西”既可指人,也可指物;既可指可數(shù)名詞,也可指不可數(shù)名詞。后常接of短語。childrenhas/havebeentoBeihaiPark.(此處指人。因后有of短語,故不用nooneA:Howmanyelephantsdidyouseethere?(對話中none單獨用,指物,不用noone.89.乘交通工具之表達:(無冠詞ahorseback/hisbike/theplane/aship(有冠詞或限定詞his/acar(car前用infoot5動詞短語:90.kindof與kindsof:1kindof單獨用,表示“有點”,后接形容詞或副詞:Heiskindofthin.”他有點瘦”Ifeelkindofhungry.”我有點餓”UncleWangspeakskindofquickly.王叔叔說得有點快。2若kindof前有a,this,that等,譯為“一種,這種,那種”后加名詞。questionisdifficulttoanswer.那類問題難回答。3熟記一些短語:allkindsof...“各種各樣的...”manykindsof“很多種類的”differentkindsof“不同種類的”后加名詞。動詞,后接語言。DoyouspeakEnglish?91.rain/snow/wind的常見修飾詞:astrongwind“一陣強風”aheavyrain“一場大雨”heavysnow“大雪”(以上是名詞短語blowhard“猛烈地吹”snowheavily“下大雪”rainhard/heavily“下大雨”(以上是動詞短語92.day的部分用法:1onTeachers’Day表節(jié)日或周幾前用“on”.2intheday/daytime“在白天”前加“in”。3ineightdays“八天后”用“in”。4(inthose/thesedays“在過去/現(xiàn)在”5today,next/last/this/that/every/allday等前面常不加介詞。同樣,onSunday/Monday/.../Saturday介詞用的是on(有時可省略,若有next/last/this/that/every等時不再加on.93.個別名詞的部分用法:1family“家庭;家庭成員”指整體時,表示單數(shù),謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式;指成員時,表示復數(shù),謂語用復數(shù)形式:Hisfamilyisgoingtomove.Myfamilyislarge.(以上指整體,謂語用單數(shù)Myfamily我全家人很健康。(指成員,謂語用復數(shù)一般不再區(qū)分謂語的單復數(shù)形式。類似的還有:staff(職員,class,team,public(公眾,government等.2有些名詞只表復數(shù),謂語只用復數(shù)。如people,police,cattle等:ThepoliceThecattle3deer,fish,sheep等詞的單數(shù)和復數(shù)形式相同:adeer(一只鹿