考研英語一閱讀理解答案及解析

英語一，TextAgroupoflabourMPs,amongthemYvetteCooper,arebringinginthenewyearwithacalltoinstituteaUK"townofculture"award.Theproposalisthatitshouldsitalongsidetheexistingcityofculturetitle,whichwasheldbyHullin2017andhasbeenawardedtoCoventryforzozl.CooperandhercolleaguesarguethatthesuccessofthecrownforHull,whereitbroughtin€220mofinvestmentandanavalacheofarts,outnottobeconfinedtocitiesBritain'town,itistruearenotpreventedfromapplying,buttheygenerallylacktheresourcestoputtogetherabittobeattheirbiggercompetitions.Atownofcultureawardcould,itisargued, eanannualevent,attractingfundingandcreatingSomemightseetheproposalasaboobyprizeforthefactthatBritainisnolongerbeabletoapplyforthemuchmoreprestigioustitleofEuropeancapitalofculture,asought-afterawardbaggedbyGlasgowin1990andLivorpoolin2008.AcynicmightspeculatethattheUKisonthevergeofdisappearingintoanendlessfeverofself-celebrationinitsdesperationtoreinventitselfforthepost-Brexitworld:aftertownofculture,whoknowsthatwillfollow-villageofculture?Suburbofculture?Hamletofculture?Itisalsowisetorecallthatsuchtitlesarenotacure-all.Abadlyrun"yearofculture"washesinandoutofaplacelikethetide,bringingprominenceforaspellbutleavingnolastingbenefitstothecommunity.Thereallysuccessfulholdersofsuchtitlesarethosethatdoagreatdealmorethanfillhobedroomsandbringinhigh-profileartseventsandgoodpressforayear.Theytransformtheaspirationsofthepeoplewholivethere;theynudgetheself-imageofthecityintoabolderandmoreoptimisticlight.Itishardtogetright,andrequiresaremarkabledegreeofvision,aswellascooperationbetweencityauthorities,theprivatesector,communitygroupsandculturalorganisations.（Butitcanbedone:Glasgow'syearasEuropeancapitalofculturecancertainlybeseenasoneofcomplexseriesoffactorsthathaveturnedthecityintothepowerofart,musicandtheatrethatitremainstoday.A"townofculture"couldbenotjustabouttheartsbutabouthonouringatown'speculiarities-helsustainitshighstreet,supportinglocalfacilitiesandaboveallcelebratingitspeopleandturnitintoaction.Cooperandhercolleaguesarguethata"townofculture"awardconsolidatethetown-citytiesinpromotecooperationamongBritain'sincreasetheeconomicstrengthofBritain'sfocusBritain'slimitedresourcesonculturalAtownofcultureawardcould,……attractingfundingandcreatingjobs.C選項促進經(jīng)濟是對吸引投資和增加就業(yè)AccordingtoParagraph2,theproposalmightberegardedbysomeasensibleaself-deceivinganeye-cotchinganinaccessible首先細節(jié)上是對應(yīng)了anendlessfeverofself-celebration，另外從本段的主旨上，都是對該提案的態(tài)度nolongerbeablecynic、onthevergeofdisappearingself-celebration以及連續(xù)的問號？表示質(zhì)疑（也是反復(fù)在《閱Theauthorsuggeststhatatitleholderissuccessfulonlyifendeavourstomaintainitsmeetstheaspirationsofitsbringsitslocalartstocommitstoitslong-term合）theynudgetheself-imageofthecityintoabolderandmoreoptimisticlight.是要將self-image做成改變而不是maintain保持，A選項和原文相反，c選項原文prominence是指的短時期，而非localartsD，盡管原文沒有明確long-term但是通過abolderandmoreoptimisticlight.以及本段2句對只能帶來短期效益的否定態(tài)度，可以確定。GlasgowismentionedinParagraph3toacontrastingasupportingabackgroundarelatedWhatistheauthor'sattitudetowardsthe英語一，TextScientificpublishinghaslongbeenalicencetoprintmoney.Scientistsneedjournalsinwhichtopublishtheirresearch,sotheywillsupplythearticleswithoutmonetaryreward.Otherscientistsperformthespecialisedworkofpeerreviewalsoforfree,becauseitisacentralelementintheacquisitionofstatusandtheproductionofscientificknowledge.Withthecontentofpaperssecuredforfree,thepublisherneedsonlyfindamarketforitsjournal.Untilthiscentury,universitylibrarieswerenotverypricesensitive.Scientificpublishersroutinelyreportprofitmarginsapproaching40%ontheiroperations,atatimewhentherestofthepublishingindustryisinanexistentialcrisis.TheDutchgiantEIsevier,whichclaimstopublish25%ofthescientificpapersproducedintheworld,madeprofitsofmorethanf900mlastyear,whileUKuniversitiesalonespentmorethanf210min2016toenableresearcherstoaccesstheirownpubliclyfundedresearch;bothfiguresseemtoriseunstoppablydespiteincreasinglydesperateeffortstochangethem.Themostdrastic,andthoroughlyillegal,reactionhasbeentheemergenceofSci-Hub,akindofglobalphotocopierforscientificpapers,setupin2012,whichnowclaimstoofferaccesstoeverypaywalledarticlepublishedsince2015.ThesuccessofSci-Hub,whichreliesonresearcherspassingoncopiestheyhavethemselveslegallyaccessed,showsthelegalecosystemhaslostlegitimacyamongitsusersandmustbetransformedsothatitworksforallparticipants.InBritainthemovetowardsopenaccesspublishinghasbeendrivenbyfundingbodies.Insomewaysithasbeenverysuccessful.MorethanhalfofallBritishscientificresearchisnowpublishedunderopenaccessterms;eitherfreelyavailablefromthemomentofpublication,orpaywalledforayearormoresothatthepublisherscanmakeaprofitbeforebeingplacedongeneralrelease.Yetthenewsystemhasnotworkedoutanycheaperfortheuniversities.Publishershaverespondedtothedemandthattheymaketheirproductfreetoreadersbychargingtheirwritersfeestocoverthecostsofpreparinganarticle.Theserangefromaroundf500to$5,000.Areportlastyearpointedoutthatthecostsbothofsubscriptionsandofthese“articlepreparationcosts"hadbeensteadilyrisingatarateaboveinflation.Insomewaysthescientificpublishingmodelresemblestheeconomyofthesocialinternet:labourisprovidedfreeinexchangeforthehopeofstatus,whilehugeprofitsaremadebyafewbigfirmswhorunthemarketplaces.Inbothcases,weneedarebalancingofpower.Scientificpublishingisseenas"alicencetoprintmoney"partlyitsfundinghasenjoyedasteadyitsmarketingstrategyhasbeensuccessful.IC]itspaymentforpeerreviewisreduced.[D]itscontentacquisitioncosts的的起承轉(zhuǎn)合，其實是對一段的總結(jié)，繼續(xù)強調(diào)內(nèi)容的獲取是免費的WiththecontentofpaperssecuredforfreeAccordingtoParagraphs2and3,scientificpublishersElsevierthrivedmainlyonuniversitygonethroughanexistentialrevivedthepublishingfinancedresearchers本題需要結(jié)合23兩段，而這兩段都同時提到兩件事1）科學(xué)的商有利可圖：2段數(shù)字profitmarginsapproaching40%、3段數(shù)字madeprofitsofmorethanf900m2）高校在此付出支出，2段依據(jù)universitylibrarieswerenotverypricesensitive.3UKuniversitiesalonespentmorethanf210min2016。兩者結(jié)合，選A選項即商賺錢主要來自高校其他選項連“高校”這個重點信息都未涉及，一定不如A。HowdoestheauthorfeelaboutthesuccessofSci-此題有一定爭議，筆者傾向于C4段，但需要放眼全文。特別強調(diào)，不能用success來貿(mào)然判斷，因為他本身屬于提問對象的整體successofSci-Hub。首先看4段，明確的表態(tài)其實是針對此前的模式，根據(jù)must情態(tài)動詞，需要調(diào)整做成改變，表達了不認可。但是不能直接推定對新出現(xiàn)的這種openaccess就是支持贊同。本文像極了在《邏漢班》中給大家特別強調(diào)的2008年text2，無論是討論的內(nèi)容”科學(xué)的模式”，還是他題，以及干擾選項的設(shè)置。WhichofthefollowingbestsummarizestheTheInternetisposingathreattoAnewmodeofpublicationis ethenewchannelforPublicationisrenderedeasierbyonline當(dāng)年的C選項就是 e“拔刀”推理過度。那么，只有在4段之后的內(nèi)容.6段Yetthenewsystemhasnotworkedoutanycheaperfortheuniversities.以及結(jié)尾段Inbothcases,weneed（接近于情態(tài)動詞表態(tài)度）arebalancingofpower.都是否定的立場。ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphs5and6thatopenaccessallowpublisherssomeroomtomakerenderpublishingmucheasierforscientists.IC]reducethecostofpublicationsubstantially.[D]freeuniversitiesfromfinancial與27題一樣，找到56兩段共同強調(diào)的即為正確答案，5尾sothatthepublisherscanmakeaprofit.6段chargingtheirwritersfeestocoverthecostsofpreparinganarticle.和結(jié)尾thecostsbothofsubscriptionsandofthese“articlepreparationcosts"hadbeensteadilyrisingatarateaboveinflation.都在強調(diào)商的有利可圖。因此選A，而且BCD從細節(jié)上均與原文相反，很好排除。WhichofthefollowingcharacterisesthescientificpublishingTrialsubscriptionisLabourtriumphsoverstatus.[C]Costsarewellcontrolled.[D]Thefewfeedonthe英語一，TextProgressivesoftensupportdiversitymandatesasapathtoequalityandawaytoleveltheplayingfield.Butalltoooftensuchpoliciesareaninsincereformofvirtue-signalingthatbenefitsonlythemostprivilegedanddoeslittletohelpaveragepeople.ApairofbillssponsoredbyMassachusettsstateSenatorJasonLewisandHouseSpeakerProTemporePatriciaHaddad,toensure"genderparity"onboardsandcommissions,provideacaseinpoint.HaddadandLewisareconcernedthatmorethanhalfthestate- ernmentboardsarelessthan40percentfemale.Inordertoensurethatelitewomenhavemoresuchopportunities,theyhaveproposedimposing ernmentquotas.Ifthebills elaw,stateboardsandcommissionswillberequiredtosetaside50percentofboardseatsforwomenby2022.ThebillsaresimilartoameasurerecentlyadoptedinCalifonia,whichlastyearbecamethefirststatetorequiregenderquotasforprivatecompanies.Insigningthemeasure,CaliforniaernorJerryBrownadmittedthatthelaw,whichexpresslyclassifiespeopleonthebasisofsex,isprobablyunconstitutional.TheUSSupremeCourtfrownsonsex-basedclassificationsunlesstheyaredesignedtoaddressan"important"policyinterest.BecausetheCalifornialawappliestoallboards,evenwherethereisnohistoryofpriordiscrimination,courtsarelikelytorulethatthelawviolatestheconstitutionalguaranteeof"equalprotection".Butaresuch ernmentmandatesevennecessary?Femaleparticipationoncorporateboardsmaynotcurrentlymirrorthepercentageofwomeninthegeneralpopulation,butsowhat?Thenumberofwomenoncorporateboardshasbeensteadilyincreasingwithouternmentinterference.AccordingtoastudybyCatalyst,between2010and2015theshareofwomenontheboardsofglobalcorporationsincreasedby54percent.Requiringcompaniestomakegendertheprimaryqualificationforboardmembershipwillinevitablyleadtolessexperiencedprivatesectorboards.ThatisexactlywhathappenedwhenNorwayadoptedanationwidecorporategenderquota.WritinginTheNewRepublic,AliceLeenotesthatincreasingthenumberofopportunitiesforboardmembershipwithoutincreasingthepoolofqualifiedwomentoserveonsuchboardshasledtoa"goldenskirt"phenomenon,wherethesameelitewomenscoopupmultipleseatsonavarietyofboards.Nexttimesomebodypushescorporatequotasasawaytopromotegenderequity,rememberthatsuchpoliciesarelargelyself-servingmeasuresthatmaketheirsponsorsfeelgoodbutdolittletohelpaveragewomen.TheauthorbelievesthatthebillssponsoredbyLewisandHaddadhelplittletoreducegenderposeathreattothe raisewomen'spositioningreatlybroadencareer尾But……benefitsonlythemostprivilegedanddoeslittletohelpaveragepeople.A選項最近該含義。WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheCaliforniaIthasirritatedprivatebusinessIt edbytheSupremeItmaygoagainsttheItwillsettletheprior選擇的是評價。所以定位結(jié)尾句Insigningthemeasure,……,isprobablyunconstitutional.C選項may對應(yīng)probably，against對應(yīng)un的否定前綴。TheauthormentionsthestudybyCatalysttotheharmfromarbitraryboardtheimportanceofconstitutionalthepressureonwomeninglobaltheneedlessnessof ernment6段，Catalyst出現(xiàn)的前一句話就是觀點：Thenumberofwomenoncorporateboardshasbeensteadilyincreasingwithouternmentinterference.即無需干預(yù)也能讓女性在管理層中數(shù)量增加。對政Norway'sadoptionofanationwidecorporategenderquotahasledtheunderestimationofelitewomen'stheobjectiontofemaleparticipationontheentryofunqualifiedcandidatesintothethegrowingtensionbetweenlaborand標準的細節(jié)題考法，因果邏輯。定位7尾ThatisexactlywhathappenedwhenNorwayadoptedanationwidesectorboards.lessexperienced對應(yīng)了C選項unqualified的同義改寫。WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromtheWomen'sneedinemploymentshouldbeFeasibilityshouldbeaprimeconcerninEveryoneshouldtryhardtopromotesocialMajorsocialissuesshouldbethefocusof英語一，TextLastThursday,theFrenchSenatepassedadigitalservicestax,whichwouldimposeanentirelynewtaxonlargemultinationalsthatprovidedigitalservicestoconsumersorusersinFrance.Digitalservicesincludeeverythingfromprovidingaplatformforsellinggoodsandservicesonlinetotargetingadvertisingbasedonuserdata,andthetaxappliestogrossrevenuefromsuchservices.ManyFrenchpoliticiansandmediaoutletshavereferredtothisasa"GAFAtax,"meaningthatitisdesignedtoapplyprimarilytocompaniessuchas,Apple,andAmazon-inotherwords,multinationaltechcompaniesbasedintheUnitedStates.Thedigitalservicestaxnowawaitsthesignatureof EmmanuelMacron,whohasexpressedsupportforthemeasure,anditcouldgointoeffectwithinthenextfewweeks.Butithasalreadysparkedsignificantcontroversy,withtheUniteSatestraderepresentativeopeninganinvestigationintowhetherthetaxdiscriminatesagainstAmericancompanies,whichinturncouldleadtotradesanctionsagainstFrance.TheFrenchtaxisnotjustaunilateralmovebyonecountryinneedofrevenue.Instead,thedigitalservicestaxispartofamuchlargertrend,withcountriesoverthepastfewyearsproposingorputtinginplaceanalphabetsoupofnewinternationaltaxprovisions.ThesehaveincludedBritain'sDPT(divertedprofitstax).Australia'sMAAL(multinationalantiavoidancelaw),and'sSEP(significanteconomicpresence)test,tonamebutafew.Atthesametime,theEuropeanUnion,Spain,Britainandseveralothercountrieshaveallseriouslycontemplateddigitalservicestaxes.Theseunilateraldevelopmentsdifferintheirspecifics,buttheyarealldesignedtotaxmultinationalson eandrevenuethatcountriesbelievetheyshouldhavearighttotax,evenifinternationaltaxrulesdonotgrantthemthatright.Inotherwords,theyallshareaviewthattheinternationaltaxsystemhasfailedtokeepupwiththecurrenteconomy.Inresponsetothesemanyunilateralmeasures,theOrganizationforEconomic.CooperationandDevelopment(OECD)iscurrentlyworkingwith131countriestoreachaconsensusbytheendof2020onaninternationalsolution.BothFranceandtheUnitedStatesareinvolvedintheorganization'swork,butFrance'sdigitalservicestaxandtheAmericanresponserais