初級和社會弱勢農(nóng)民獲得農(nóng)田：問題和機(jī)會 Access to Farmland by Beginning and Socially Disadvantaged Farmers Issues and Opportunities

AdministrativelicationEconomicResearchSngebyUSDArtiseicationduringwAdministrativelicationAdministrativelicationrSummary iii rs s1234s5678Figure1Distributionofsociallydisadvantagedfarmoperations,accordingtoraceandethnicitydefinition,bycountyin2017LegendTOTALStatesonTOTALStatesOTALStatesPct.SDA-REop.0.00%to6.27%6.28%to15.75%15.76%to31.23%31.24%to58.41%58.42%to100.00%eSDAbyracialandethandTOTALStatesthenongrayregionsinthemapTheWesternandSouthernregionsoftheUnitedStateshaveaconsiderablyhigherpercentageofSDAREoperationsthantheNorthernandMidwesternregions.9Figure2Distributionofsociallydisadvantagedfarmoperations,accordingtorace,ethnicity,andgenderdefinition,bycountyin2017LegendTOTALStatesonTOTALStatesOTALStatesPct.SDA-REGop.0.00%to9.45%9.46%to18.36%18.37%to31.80%31.81%to58.82%58.83%to100.00%ingtheSDAaccordingtoracelLandTOTALStatesthenongrayregionsinthemapIngeneralWhitefemaleoperationsaremorecommonincountieswherenon-HispanicWhitepeoplecompriselargesharesofthepopulation.sFigure3Distributionofbeginningfarmingoperations,bycounty,in2017LegendTOTALStatesonTOTALStatesOTALStatesPct.beginningop.3.38%to17.37%17.38%to23.11%23.12%to30.63%30.64%to52.23%52.24%to100.00%Notes:Thismapdepictsthepercentageofbeginningfarmingoperations(Pct.beginningop.),definedasanindividualorentitythatandTransitionofAgriculturalLandTOTALStatesthenongrayregionsinthemapBeginningfarmingoperationsaremoregeographicallydispersedthansociallydisadvantagedoperations.TherearelowerpercentagesofbeginningfarmersinmostMidwesternandNorthernPlainsStates.Figure4Percentagepointdifferencebetweensociallydisadvantaged(SDA)producersandSDApopula-tions,bycountyin20171LegendTOTALStatesALPct.pointdifference-95.85%to-46.73%-46.72%to-29.27%o0.01%to86.73%SDA<10%ofpopulationThismapdepictsthepercentagepointdifference(Pct.pointdifference)betweenthepercentageofsociallydisadvantaged(SDA)odelsusedintheregressionanalysisuseddatafromTenureOwnandTOTALStatesthenongrayregionsinthemapSDAoperatorsintheSoutheasternxascomprisealowerpercentageofthefarmoperatorpopulationrelativetotheoverallpopulationHowperatorscompriseahigherpercentageofoperatorsrelativetotheirunderlyingpopulation.ompriseatleastpercentofthepopulationTable1Summarystatisticsformodelvariables,TOTALStatesonlyStandarddeviationN.00%StandarddeviationN.00%.56%hacres46.83%6.64%.24%66.83%0034.56%63%98%.00%.00%.93%6.48%(race/ethnicity/gender)(race/ethnicity)2%96.36%96.36%LandaccessvariablesStandarddeviationNMeanMedian2017REGStats2017REGStats1,7360.00%100.00%59.76%50.00%34.54%2017REGStats1,0790.00%100.00%75.77%80.00%26.84%REGStats%75.61%12.19%2014–2017FSA2,2790.00%59.11%3.53%0.54%6.21%2014–2017FSA2,2790.00%30.06%1.98%0.59%2.71%2014–2017FSA2,2790.00%2.35%0.04%0.00%0.11%NRCStedDLPnicitygrantedDLP/GLPloanDLP/GLPloanapplicationsARC/PLCpaymentsperacreCRPCRPP.00%.00%.00%.00%%%45.49%psaltycropsckrsales.00%%1.36%52%.00%%1.36%52%9Census(race/ethnicity)ervationServiceNRCSUSDARiskManagementAgencyedTable2Statisticalevidenceofnon-zerorelationshipbetweenpossibleexplanatoryfactorsandmeasuresofSDAandbeginningfarmers(usingfractionalprobitmodel)00000--+0+-0--+0+-00+000000+0000000+--00000--000000000+00PercentageofgrantedSDA(Race/Ethnicity)DLP/GLPloanapplicationsPercentageofgrantedSDA(Race/Ethnicity/Gender)DLP/GLPloanapplicationsions--00--0000000000pCRP---IP---00--+0-+0-00--+0-+0-0000 ++-000RuralUrbanContinuumCode(2013)--hipeSource:USDA,EconomicResearchService.0fAppendixB:USDALoanProgramsandSDAandBeginningFarmersTableB.1DescriptionofFarmServiceAgencydirectloanprogramsMaximumoan(indollars)Maximum%ofpurchasepricecoveredInterestRate(2019).Thiscanvarybyyear.BeginningandSDAfarmeronly?tFarmOwnershipwnPaymenttFarmOwnershipparticipationA“farmownership:microloan”isavailableforbeginningfarm-ersprogram(withamaximumAvailableonlytobeginningandmaynotownmorethan30percenttimeoftheapplication.NoteJointfinancingloansarealsoknownasparticipationloans.eNationalSustainableAgricultureCoalitionGrassrootsGuidetoFederalFarmandFoodProgramsOverviewofFarmBillTableB.2DescriptionofFSAguaranteedloanprogramsMaximumoanRateBeginningandSDAfarmeronly?NegotiatedwithNegotiatedwithlendertoretiringfarmerstoretiringfarmerswhoself-financethesaleoftheirlandtobeginningandSDAfarmers.andContractpaymentrequiredtheinterestrateusedfortFarmOwnershipntagedtureCoalitionGrassTableB.32019participationofbeginningandSDAoperatorsinDirectFarmOwnership(FO)loansMillionsofdollarsmentParticipationNumberofborrowersmentParticipation1,214853TableB.4Stylizedexamplesoftheimpactsofsubsidizedloanrates:assuminga$600,000loanwitha30-yeartermandnodownpaymentmmerciallendertFarmOwnershipCommerciallenderanddirectdownpaymentCommerciallender)Commerciallender)Commerciallender)Commerciallender)666CommerciallenderandDirectFarmOwnershipParticipationmmerciallenderCommerciallenderandDirectCommerciallenderandDirectFarmOwnershipparticipationofTableC.1Estimationresults,includingestimatedcoefficientsandstandarderrors,forthefractionalprobitmodelandordinaryleastsquares(OLS)modelhacresPercentageofSDA(race/ethnicity