培尖補(bǔ)缺：名詞的用法及考點(diǎn)講義 高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)

5/5名詞用法及考點(diǎn)一、名詞的句法功能名詞或名詞詞組在句子中可以作主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、同位語（即除“謂語”以外的句子成分）。Themoney（主語）initselfmeantnothingtohim.金錢本身對他毫無意義。Keepthemedicine（賓語）outofthechildren'sreach（介詞賓語）.把藥放在小孩夠不到的地方。Sheisafamousdoctor.（表語）她是個有名的醫(yī)生。Mybrotherisamiddleschool（定語）student.我的弟弟是個中學(xué)生。Waitaminute（狀語）please.請稍候。ChangSha,thecapital（同位語）ofHunanprovince,isinthemiddleofChina.湖南省省會長沙在華中。二、名詞的分類類別意義例詞專有名詞表示人、地方、事物、機(jī)構(gòu)、組織等特有的名稱的詞。首字母大寫，冠詞、介詞除外LiuXiang,Mr.Smith,Linda,Japan,theGreatWall,Monday,Teachers’DayBankofChina普通名詞可數(shù)名詞個體名詞表示某類人或事物的個體的詞teacher,pen,country,man,boy,panda集體名詞表示若干個體組成的集體的詞，指一群人或一些事物people,family,police,class,team,staff,army不可數(shù)名詞物質(zhì)名詞表示無法分為個體的實(shí)物的詞，指構(gòu)成各種物體的物質(zhì)或材料water,milk,air,wood,glass,paper,tea,advice,furniture,traffic,weather,snow抽象名詞表示動作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、性質(zhì)、行為、感情等抽象概念的詞knowledge,health,strength,courage,information,homework,friendshipfamily,class等詞作為一個整體時視為單數(shù)，強(qiáng)調(diào)其家庭/族成員或班級成員時視為復(fù)數(shù)；部分有生命的集體名詞本身就是復(fù)數(shù)的概念：police指警察、警官的總稱，本身表示復(fù)數(shù)。Thepolice(主語)+謂語動詞復(fù)數(shù)people指人們、人民，本身表示復(fù)數(shù)。(The)…people+謂語動詞復(fù)數(shù)people指民族，有單、復(fù)數(shù)變化e.g.fifty-sixpeoples五十六個民族三、可數(shù)名詞變復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化規(guī)則例詞一般情況下在詞尾直接加-smonth→months以-s，-x，-ch，-sh結(jié)尾的名詞在詞尾加-esglass→glassesmatch→matches以輔音字母＋-y結(jié)尾的名詞變y為i再加-escountry→countriesfactory→factories以元音字母＋-y結(jié)尾的名詞在詞尾直接加-sholiday→holidaysmonkey→monkeys以-o結(jié)尾的名詞無生命詞尾加-sphoto→photos有生命在詞尾加-espotato→potatoes以-f，-fe結(jié)尾的名詞,一般要變f或fe為v再加-es,self→selveswolf→wolves少數(shù)直接加-s,belief→beliefs四、名詞所有格名詞所有格：英語中名詞可在詞尾加-’s作定語，修飾另一個名詞，表示所有格關(guān)系名詞所有格有兩種構(gòu)成形式：’s所有格例如：單數(shù)：ateacher’s;復(fù)數(shù)：teachers’;of所有格:thepenofmysister五、名詞的考點(diǎn)1、做主語、賓語（動賓和介賓）、表語2、形容詞性物主代詞+名詞3、序數(shù)詞+名詞4、（a/an/the）+形容詞+名詞5、可數(shù)名詞前如果沒有形容詞性物主代詞、指示代詞（this/that/these/those）等限定詞，應(yīng)用其復(fù)數(shù)形式表示復(fù)數(shù)含義6、名詞與其修飾語保持?jǐn)?shù)的一致(1)much,alittle,agreatdealof后面加不可數(shù)名詞；(2)some,alotof,lotsof,plentyof等接復(fù)數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞；(3)these,those,several,many,all,both,various,apairof,avarietyof,different或數(shù)詞等接復(fù)數(shù)名詞；(4)manya接單數(shù)名詞。7、作主語的名詞與謂語動詞保持?jǐn)?shù)的一致，即通過謂語來判斷主語用復(fù)數(shù)還是單數(shù)8、nandn并列9、形容詞修飾名詞，即adj+n.10、be+of+抽象名詞11、以-'s結(jié)尾的名詞的所有格12、of的特殊所有格鞏固練習(xí)：一、語法填空1．(2020·全國卷Ⅱ)ChineseNewYearisa(celebrate)markingtheendofthewinterseasonandthebeginningofspring.2．(2020·全國卷Ⅲ)Filledwith(curious),theartistpackedhisbagsandleft.3．(2020·新高考全國卷Ⅰ)Historical(accurate)isimportantbutsoisentertainment.4.Hiskindnessand_____（achieve）impressedme.5.The_____（express）inhiseyestoldmesomethingwaswrong.6.Itisthethird_____（describe）aboutthebird.7.Formostofusthe______(change)aregradualandrequirealotofeffortandwork.8..I'dskippednearbyGuilin,adreamplacefortouristsseekingthelimestonemountaintopsanddarkwatersoftheLiRiverthatarepicturedbyartistsinsomanyChinese______(painting).9．(2019·全國卷Ⅰ)InrecentyearssomeInuitpeopleinNunavuthavereportedincreasesinbearsightingsaroundhumansettlements,leadingtoa(believe)thatpopulationsareincreasing.10．(2019·全國卷Ⅲ)Whentheywerefreefromwork,theyinvitedustolocaleventsandletusknowofaninteresting(compete)towatch,togetherwiththestorybehindit.11.(2018·全國卷Ⅱ)Thisswitchhasdecreased(pollute)inthecountry'smajorlakesandreservoirsandmadedrinkingwatersaferforpeople.12.(2018·浙江6月高考)MakingChinese(dish)isseenasespeciallytroublesome.13.(2017·全國卷Ⅱ)In1863thefirstundergroundpassengerrailwayintheworldopenedinLondon.Itranforjustundersevenkilometersandallowedpeopletoavoidterrible(crowd)ontheroadsaboveastheytravelledtoandfromwork.14.(2021·合肥模擬)WeusuallyexpectHollywood(hero)toshowuponourscreensanddefeatthebadguys.15.(2021·太原模擬)Theymaybetooyoungtotellrightfromwrongwithouttheguidanceoftheirparents.Somemaytakeillegal(activity)．16.(2020·全國卷Ⅰ短文改錯改編)NextIbroketheeggsintoabowlandbeatthemquicklywith(chopstick)．17.(2020·全國卷Ⅰ)Thefarsideofthemoonisofparticular(interesting)toscientistsbecauseithasalotofdeepcraters(環(huán)形山),moresothanthefamiliarnearside.18.(2021·開封模擬)Knowingthat,mymumandImadecareful(prepare)forthecelebration.19.(2021·濟(jì)南模擬)Butathomeheisastrictparentwhoishardonmeandhashigh(expect)ofme.20.(2021·太原模擬)Hehasmadegreat(contribute)tothedevelopmentofourcompany.21.(2019·北京高考)Nomatterwhatyouliketodo,thereisawaytogetinvolvedinvarious(activity)onEarthDay.22.(2019·全國卷Ⅰ短文改錯改編)Allthefootball(player)ontheplaygroundcheeredloudly,sayingthatIhadatalentforfootball.23.(2019·全國卷Ⅱ短文改錯改編)SinceIwasakid,I'veconsidereddifferent(job)Iwouldliketodo.24.(2018·全國卷Ⅰ)Twooftheauthorsofthereviewalsomadeastudypublishedin2014thatshowedamerefiveto10minutesadayofrunningreducedtheriskofheartdiseaseandearlydeathsfromall(cause)．25.(2020·浙江1月高考)ForJapan,the(number)aremorestriking—22in1950,46todayand53in2050.26.(2016·全國卷Ⅱ)Recent(study)showthatwearefarmoreproductiveatworkifwetakeshortbreaksregularly.27.(2016·全國卷Ⅲ短文改錯改編)Theteenage(year)from13to19werethemostdifficulttimeforme.28.(2021·湖北部分重點(diǎn)中學(xué)聯(lián)考)Mybest(memory)ofChinesefoodwerewhenIfirstlearnedtousethechopsticks.29.(2021·運(yùn)城模擬)Sincemoststudentsareinneedofanap,properarrangementsshouldbemadesothatstudentscanhaveagoodrestafterawhole(morning)hardwork.30.(2017·全國卷Ⅲ)Sheisdeterminedtocarryonwithher(educate)．31.(2016·全國卷Ⅲ)SomepeoplethinkthatthegreatChinesescholarConfucius,wholivedfromroughly551to479B．C.,influencedthe(develop)ofchopsticks.32.TheBritishhavemany(tradition)butthereisnothingmorequintessential(典型的)thantakingafternoontea.33.Therearevarioustypesofteathatofferdifferenthealth(benefit)andflavours.二、單句改錯1．Iwouldappreciateitifyoucouldgivemeareplyatyourearliestconvenient.