國際海事組織與海洋防污染

一．打造高分作文深諳閱卷老師的期待心理。2.精心構(gòu)造全文的引言段。3.多多制造語言的閃光點。如，在表達(dá)“我認(rèn)為”，“我想”時，大家第一反應(yīng)就是Ithink。但還有其他的如Ibelieve,Iargue,Imaintain,Iassert,Iinsist,Iclaim,Iemphasize,Isuggest,Iagree,Ihold,Iassume,Iconsider,Ireckon,inmyopinion,asIseeit,asfarasI’mconcerned等等。再如，“越來越多的人”我們可以表達(dá)為peopleingrowing/increasing/expanding/mountingnumber.“目的是，為了”可以說inanattemptto,inabidto,withaviewto,aimto,aimat,forthepurposeof等。4.盡量避免中國式英語。5.盡量使用過渡詞.英語文章講究起承轉(zhuǎn)合。啟：開啟觀點，亮出話題。Nowadays,atpresent,recently,inrecentyears,now,inmoderntimes,lately,currently,Whenitcomesto…Itisgenerallybelieved/argued/accepted/acknowledged/held/recognized/agreedthat…Itgoeswithoutsayingthat…Itisnodoubtthat…Itisself-evidentthat…Itisatruismthat…Itisclear/apparentthat…Little/No/Smallwonderthat…Facedwith/Confrontedwith…,somepeoplemaintain/argue/insist/claim/hold/deem/assertthat…,whileothersthink/consider/assume/believe…Nowadaysthereisahearteddiscussion/debateasto/concerning…Recently,theissueof…h(huán)asbeeninthelimelight/broughtintofocus.Withtheamazingdevelopment/advance/progress/boom/prosperityofeconomy/scienceandtechnology,…Accordingtoarecentsurvey/investigation/poll/questionnaire,…Itisreportedthat…承：承接話題，進(jìn)一步展開分析論證What’smore,moreover,inaddition,besides,apartfromthat,asidefromthat,atthesametime,meanwhile,inthemeantime,also,furthermore,next,forexample,forinstance,acaseinpoint,asanillustration,inthefirstplace,first,firstly,firstofall,aboveall,tobeginwith,tostartwith,ontheonehand..ontheotherhand,foronething..foranother,moreimportantly,whatismoreimportantisthat…,whatisevenworseisthat…,worsestill,tomakematters/thingsworse,infact,asamatteroffact,indeed,actually,virtually,surely,certainly,ofcourse,nodoubt,inspecifics,tobeexact,inparticular,inotherwords,sotospeak,thatistosay,similarly,likewise,obviously,apparently.轉(zhuǎn)：語義轉(zhuǎn)折，講對立面However,nonetheless,nevertheless,notwithstanding,instead,conversely,oppositely,reversely,inspiteof,despite,forall,ontheotherhand,by/incontrast,onthecontrary,afterall,unluckily,unfortunately,still,yet,although,though,but,while,whereas.合：總結(jié)歸納，得出結(jié)論Inshort,inbrief,inaword,inanutshell,inthefinalanalysis,inconclusion,tosumup,tosummerize,toconclude,togetitboileddownasfollows,onthewhole,asawhole,ingeneral,byandlarge,generallyspeaking,therefore,thus,so,hence,consequently,asaresult,finally,lastly,eventually,ultimately,intheend,aswhatIhavediscussed/analyzedabove,fromwhathasbeenmentionedabove.除此之外，其他常用的過渡詞還有:表示時間關(guān)系：Meanwhile,inthemeantime,meantime,afterawhile,afterwards,andthen,shortlyafter,soonafter,atthattime,finally,eventually,atlast,atlength,earlier,recently,lately,currently,presently,atpresent,now,nowadays,uptonow,tillnow,sofar,atthatverymoment,since,before,after,when,soon,thereafter,then,next,until,till,subsequently,formally,previously,priortoone’sdeparture,in/duringthepastseveraldecades/years表示舉例關(guān)系Forexample,forinstance,asanillustration,acaseinpoint,take…forexample,take…asanexample,suchas,like,including,toillustratethispoint,let’sconsider/lookat/imagine/assume/suppose…,atypical/convincing/compelling/exampleis,justconsider/imagine…表示同位關(guān)系Thatis,thatistosay,namely,alternatively,forexample,forinstance,inotherwords,or,rather,orrather,tobeexact,toputitmildly,toputitbluntly,i.e.,sotospeak表示因果關(guān)系Because,as,for,since,becauseof,dueto,owingto,onaccountof,byvirtueof,onthegroundsof,thanksto,duetothefact,forthereasonthat,inthat,so,thus,hence,therefore,consequently,accordingly,asaresult,asaconsequence,sothat,nowthat表示強調(diào)關(guān)系Indeed,infact,asamatteroffact,virtually,ofcourse,certainly,aboveall,itistruethat…表示比較關(guān)系Likewise,similarly,equally,correspondently,inthesamemanner,inthesamefashion,bythesametoken,incomparison(with),incontrastto/with,in/bycontrast,while表示次序關(guān)系First,second,firstly,secondly,tobeginwith,tostartwith,firstofall,forastart,aboveall,firstandforemost,inthefirstplace,inthesecondplace,moreover,furthermore,besides,inaddition,what’smore,next,finally,lastly,eventually,intheend,lastbutnotleast,foronething…(and)foranother(thing),ontheonehand…ontheotherhand表示過渡關(guān)系A(chǔ)sto,asfor,with/inregardto,withreferenceto,regarding,concerning,considering,inthecaseof,bytheway,incidentally,asregards,toresume,whenitcomesto…二．選詞原則1．選詞準(zhǔn)確性如“假”一次的表達(dá)在不同語境和搭配中不一樣：假花，假肢，假鈔，假畫，分別應(yīng)該是：artificialflower,artificiallimbs,counterfeitmoney,fakepictures,還有如假牙falseteeth,假象falseappearance,假警察fakepoliceman,假醫(yī)生phony/quackdoctor,假唱lip-synch,假酒adulteratedwine,假新聞pseudo-event,假發(fā)wig,假話lie,假山rockery,假裝pretend,假扮disguise,假冒forge,假意hypocrisy選詞多樣性。如anincreasingnumberof,agrowingnumberof,anexpandingnumberof…選詞的亮點。Eg:SaudiArabiaannouncedplanstoincreaseproduction,atleasttemporarily,toeasetheworldwidefuelcrunch.TheaveragenumberofchildrenborntoawomaninKenyaisnoweight:thatiscombinedwithadeclininginfantmortalityrate,thecountry’spopulationcouldballoonfrom20millionto83millionin2025.Asthesummerheatwavesdissipateandtropicalstormsstartrollingin,thenationturnsitseagereyestotheweatherforecasters.Attendanceisrocketingatalloutdoorstadia/stadiumsthisyear.Hisbestjokesfellflat.Thetownboastsabeautifullakeandanancientpagoda.三．選詞的注意事項很多學(xué)生在寫作時不注意選詞，往往同一個詞或詞組反復(fù)使用，尤其喜歡濫用make,let和be動詞。如何避免濫用make和let1）在句中原有make,let后的形容詞上添加合適的前后綴，是形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為相應(yīng)的使役動詞。如：①Moreoftenthannot,onlywhenthepollutionmakespeople’slivesdangerousdotheyrealizetheimportancetoprotecttheenvironment.---Moreoftenthannot,onlywhenthepollutionendangerspeople’slivesdotheyrealizetheimportancetoprotecttheenvironment.②Thelocalauthoritiesmadebuyinggunsforpersonaluseillegalandthispolicyquicklytookeffectafteritwasissued.2）原句中make,let后是由過去分詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來的形容詞，可直接將具有使動意義的過去分詞移至make后的賓語前，這一簡單操作就可把make,let去掉，使表達(dá)更此道。如：①Themother’scriticismofherdaughterinpublicmadeherdaughterveryannoyed.---Themother’scriticismofherdaughterinpublicannoyedherdaughter②Theresultofhisfinalphysicsexammadehimverydisappointedanditalsomadehisclassmatesrathersurprised.3）在make+名詞/代詞+形容詞。。。的結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果make后那個做賓語補足語的形容詞具有貶義色彩，就可將make替換為render，如果make后那個做賓補的形容詞（或過去分詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來的形容詞）是個中性詞，可將make替換為keep。如：①Thenewpolicymakesthousandsofworkersinthiscitywhoareover50unemployedandhelpless.---Thenewpolicyrendersunemployedandhelplessthousandsofworkersinthiscitywhoareover50.②Internetmakesusbetterinformedaboutthecurrenteventsathomeandabroad.4）使用同義或近義結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)。這一方法通常在上述三種方法行不通時采用。它需要一定的發(fā)散性聯(lián)想。如：①Thisbookmakesmethinkofmysweetchildhoodinthatsmallvillage.---Thisbookremindsmeofmysweetchildhoodinthatsmallvillage.②Foreigninterferencehasmadethiscountryinvolvedinacivilwar.③Thenewconstitutionmadewomanunabletoparticipateinthestateaffairs.5）將make或let引導(dǎo)的結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)化為allowsb.todosth.,enablesb.todosth.,compel/impel/propelsb.todosth.,causesb.todosth.,stimulatesb.todosth.,setsb.doing.等結(jié)構(gòu)。如：①Thenewly-adoptedmethodmakestheworkersworkmuchharderthanbefore.---Thenewly-adoptedmethodstimulatestheworkerstoworkmuchharderthanbefore.②WatchingTVprogramsmadetheyounggenerationbecomemoreknowledgeableandletthemfollowthelatestdevelopmentsinscienceandtechnology.6）在表示“使。。。不能”等否定意義的結(jié)構(gòu)中，可以將make或let引導(dǎo)的結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換為prevent/keep/stop/inhibitsb.from(doing)sth.之類結(jié)構(gòu)。如：①Hiscriminalrecordmadehimunabletobeadmittedtothisfamousuniversity.---Hiscriminalrecordstoppedhimfrombeingadmittedtothisfamousuniversity.②Thefather’spoorhealthmakeshimselfunabletoworkoutsidetosupportthebigfamily.7）在make/let+sb.+動詞+名詞結(jié)構(gòu)中，可使用earnsb.sth.或winsb.sth.的結(jié)構(gòu)予以替換表達(dá)。如：①Theprofessor’sexcellentteachingperformancemadehimwinthetitleas“themostpopularteacher”intheuniversity.---Theprofessor’sexcellentteachingperformancewonhimthetitleas“themostpopularteacher”intheuniversity.②Hislatestsciencefictionhasmadehimefamousasabrilliantcreativewriterofanewgeneration.練習(xí)一：寫出適當(dāng)?shù)男稳菰~（至少3-5個）a_____hint;_____remarks;cooperation;knowledge;smile;scenery;measure;manner;judgement;weather;voice;look;effort;argument;analysis;attitude;criticism;discussion;joke;opportunity;smell;belief;difficulties;二：請給出下列詞組或短語盡可能多的表達(dá)方式我認(rèn)為；重要的；越來越；因為，由于；因此，所以；為了，目的是；如果，假如；例如，比如；盡管，雖然；不但，而且；大多數(shù)，大部分；許多，大量；引起，導(dǎo)致；盡力，努力；贊成/反對；與。。。成交；對。。。太苛求三：用英語表達(dá)下列句子的表達(dá)，避免濫用make和let中國體育代表團(tuán)在廣州亞運會上的驕人成績使全體中國人都感到無比自豪。ThepeakperformanceoftheChinesedelegationinGuangzhouAsianOlympicGamesfilledallChinesewithhonorandexcitement.或者:ThepeakperformanceoftheChinesedelegationinGuangzhouAsianOlympicGameswasasourceofhonorandexcitementtoallChinese.奧運會的召開使北京成為國內(nèi)各大媒體關(guān)注的焦點之一。ThehostfortheOlympicGamesbroughtBeijinginthelimelight/spotlight.兒子的粗魯行為使年邁的母親十分惱怒。Theson’srudebehaviorangered/annoyed/irritatedtheelderlymother.各種各樣沉重的家務(wù)活使他不能一心一意投身于自己的工作當(dāng)中。Heavychorespreventedhimfromapplyinghimselftohiswork.或者Heavychorescameasahindrancetohiswork.湖南衛(wèi)視舉辦的“超級女聲”節(jié)目使來自普通家庭的平民女孩有機會站在T型舞臺上展示自己的非凡歌唱才華，也使平民偶像的夢想成為燦爛的現(xiàn)實。TheTVprogram“SuperGirl”hostedbyHunanCableTVStationprovidesarareopportunityforordinarygirlsfromcommonfamiliestoshowtheirtalentsinpopsongsanditalsotransformsthedreamofgrass-rootidolsintoabrilliantreality.長期超負(fù)荷勞動，加上營養(yǎng)不良，使他最終住進(jìn)了醫(yī)院。Constantexposuretoheavyworkloadsaddledwithmalnutritionendedhiminhospital.希望工程的大力實施使數(shù)以千計的貧困失學(xué)兒童重返校園，接受教育。ThevigorousimplementationoftheProjectHopebroughtbacktoschoolandreceivededucationthousandsofchildrenwhohaddroppedoutofschoolforpoverty.中國加入世貿(mào)組織后，國內(nèi)外市場的激烈競爭使不少國有企業(yè)瀕臨倒閉。AfterChina’saccessiontotheWorldTradeOrganization,quiteafewstate-ownedenterprisesarecrawlingonthevergeofbankruptcyadmistkeencompetitionondomesticandinternationalmarkets.第二講如何避免濫用be動詞Be動詞主要是指“be”的各種形式，“therebe”結(jié)構(gòu)的各種形式，被動語態(tài)bedone結(jié)構(gòu)中的各種形式及定語從句的各種表達(dá)形式。Be動詞在英語中屬于靜態(tài)動詞，往往給人送她疲軟，缺乏生氣的感覺。一下是有效避免be動詞的15種方法。用聯(lián)系動詞appear，seem，fall，look，become，turn替換表達(dá)。如：Hewasverytiredaftersittingupwritinghistermpaperlastnight.----Helookedverytiredaftersittingupwritinghistermpaperlastnight.Duringthedragonboatfestival,whichisonthe5thdayofthefifthruralmonth,theChinesepeoplecustomarilyeatZongzi,aglutinous(粘性的)ricepudding,shapedlikeapyramidorapillowwrappedinbambooorreedleaves.----Duringthedragonboatfestival,whichfallsonthe5thdayofthefifthruralmonth,theChinesepeoplecustomarilyeatZongzi,aglutinous(粘性的)ricepudding,shapedlikeapyramidorapillowwrappedinbambooorreedleaves.2)用proveto,turnouttobe替換表達(dá)。如：①Itwassunnywhenwewentoutforapicnicthatday.----Itturnedouttobesunnywhenwewentoutforapicnicthatday.3)用感官動詞smell,sound,feel,look,taste替換表達(dá)。如：①Theblackpopsinger’ssongsareverysoftandsweet.----Theblackpopsinger’ssongssoundverysoftandsweet.②ThisChinesedishwassohotandspicythatfewguestsdaredtotryit.----ThisChinesedishtastedsohotandspicythatfewguestsdaredtotryit.4)用詞組comeas,standas,emergeas,serveas,functionas,actas,projectas,impresssb.as,strikesb.as替換表達(dá)。如：①ItwassomethingofasurprisewhenDiana,PrincessofWales,madeatriptoAngolain1997,tosupporttheRedCross’scampaignfroatotalbanonallanti-personnellandmines.----ItcameassomethingofasurprisewhenDiana,PrincessofWales,madeatriptoAngolain1997,tosupporttheRedCross’scampaignfroatotalbanonallanti-personnellandmines.②Suchplanswereperhapsasurprisetosome,giventhatenvironmentallydestructivecoalremainsakeysourceofenergyinChina,andeachyeardozensofminersperishintheireffortstodigupcoal.----Suchplansperhapsemerged/stoodasasurprisetosome,giventhatenvironmentallydestructivecoalremainsakeysourceofenergyinChina,andeachyeardozensofminersperishintheireffortstodigupcoal.ThisnewlyreleasedcompensationlawwasamixedblessingtomostAmericanworkers.----Thisnewlyreleasedcompensationlawstruck/impressedamixedblessingtomostAmericanworkers.5)用詞組arisefrom,resultfrom,originatefrom,stemfrom,derivefrom等替換表達(dá)。如：①HisfailureintheCET6wasaresultofthelackofgoodpreparationbeforetheexamandhisbadperformanceduringtheexam.----HisfailureintheCET6resulted/arosefromthelackofgoodpreparationbeforetheexamandhisbadperformanceduringtheexam.②Herbookisonthebasisofashortstory.----Herbookoriginatesfromashortstory.6)用表示“充滿，大量”的詞組，如abound(in/with),teemwith,bristlewith等替換表達(dá)。如：①Therearealotofsecretpoliceagentsinthatcountry.----Secretpoliceagentsaboundinthatcountry.②Thereisplentyofraininthatregionalltheyearround.----Thatregionaboundedwithrainalltheyearround.③Theapproachingworldofthe2010sisfullofchallengeswhoseresolution,forbetterorworse,willdependlargelyonthequalityofresearchandeducation.----Theapproachingworldofthe2010sbristleswithchallengeswhoseresolution,forbetterorworse,willdependlargelyonthequalityofresearchandeducation.7)用feature,characterize,typify,define,underline,highlight等替換表達(dá)。如：①TheChinesenationishard-workingandbrave.----IndustryandbraverycharacterizestheChinesenation.②Thericecrisiswasanembarrassingproblemthatthegovernmentfaces.----Thericecrisisunderlined/highlightedanembarrassingproblemthatthegovernmentfaces.8）用lie,stand,come,run,flow,wind,zigzag等替換表達(dá)。如：①Thereisatempleatthetopofthemountain.----Therestandsatempleatthetopofthemountain.②Thereisariverbeforemyhouse.Itisaneast-to-westriverandconnectswiththeYangtzeRiver.Itisnotverylongbutdeep.----Ariver,notverylongbutdeep,runs/flowsbeforemyhouseandconnectswiththeYangtzeRiver.③Thereisapathleadingtothepeakofthebigmountain.----Apathzigzagsuptothepeakofthebigmountain.9)用find,enjoy,suffer,present,pose,boast,receive,help,stay等替換表達(dá)。如：①WashingtonIrving’sshortnovelswasverypopularwhenitsawthelightoftheday.----WashingtonIrving’sshortnovelsenjoyedmuchpopularitywhenitsawthelightoftheday.②TheWestLakeismostcharminginspringwhentressbytheriverareallgreen.----TheWestLakeboastsitsmostcharmingsceneryinspringwhentressbytheriverareallgreen.③Thereisaheavylossinthecropharvestthisyear.----Thecropharvestsuffersaheavylossthisyear.10)用post,register,manage,see,witness,experience,undergo等替換表達(dá)。如：①Itisquotedassayingthattherewasabigincreaseinthesharepricesyesterdayafternoon.----Itisquotedassayingthatthesharepricesregistered/posted/managed/witnessed/say/experiencedabigincreaseyesterdayafternoon.11)用go,has等替換表達(dá)。如：①Thereisafamousproverb,“Morehaste,lessspeed.”----Theregoesafamousproverb,“Morehaste,lessspeed.”②TherewasarumorthatthenewlyelectedpresidentoncehadacompromisingchatwithhisinternintheWhiteHouse.----RumorhasisthatthenewlyelectedpresidentoncehadacompromisingchatwithhisinternintheWhiteHouse.12)用tendto,inalllikelihood等替換表達(dá)。如：①Thereistendencythatgraduatesingrowingnumberareswarmingintoforeigncompaniesinbigcities,suchasShanghai,BeijingandGuangzhou.----Graduatesingrowingnumbertendtoswarmintoforeigncompaniesinbigcities,suchasShanghai,BeijingandGuangzhou.②Thereismuchpossibilitythatacompanywithoutasoundmanagementwillgobankrupt.----Acompanywithoutasoundmanagementwillinalllikelihoodgobankrupt.13)用主動形式表示被動含義。如：①ThisSouthAfricanleader,whowasreleasedfromthejaillastmonth,waswarmlyreceivedbythousandsofpeoplewhogatheredvoluntarilyforhispresence.----ThisSouthAfricanleader,whowonhisreleasefromthejaillastmonth,receivedawarmgreetingbythousandsofpeoplewhogatheredvoluntarilyforhispresence.②This65-year-oldAmericaneconomistwasawardedtheNobelPrizeforEconomicsin2004.----TheNobelPrizeforEconomicsin2004wenttothis65-year-oldAmericaneconomist.14)用動態(tài)動詞來替換表達(dá)。如：①Mutualtrustandmutualbenefitarethebasesofbilateralco-operation.----Mutualtrustandmutualbenefitsustain/underlinebilateralco-operation.②Enoughsleepisagoodguaranteeforefficientworkorstudy.----Enoughsleepguarantees/ensuresefficientworkorstudy.15)改變或調(diào)整句子結(jié)構(gòu)，簡化表達(dá)。如：①BecauseIwasconsideredasanexcellentworkerinthecompanywhereIworked,Iwasluckilyselectedasamemberforanin-servicetraininginBostonthissummer.----ConsideredasanexcellentworkerinthecompanywhereIworked,Iwasluckilyselectedasamemberforanin-servicetraininginBostonthissummer.②TheAmericaniswearingatraditionalChinesecostumewhichistypicalofacertainChineseminorityethnicgroup.----TheAmericaniswearingatraditionalChinesecostumetypicalofacertainChineseminorityethnicgroup.第三講寫作語言表達(dá)的五大機密1．使用逗號。逗號是非常重要的標(biāo)點符號，以下僅就其用法舉個別例子。每個用法都有大量其他例子需要大家平時積累和應(yīng)用。1）非限定性定語從句的使用。Eg:Nowadays,thecallforquality-orientededucationisbecomingwidespreadandthedrawbacksoftest-orientededucation,whichhavearousedgreatconcernthroughoutChina,arebecomingincreasinglyapparent.2)非謂語動詞結(jié)構(gòu)做狀語的使用Eg:Parentsaretooeagertomoldtheirkids,disregardingtheirindividualitywithacallousattitudetowardtheirpersonaldevelopment.(現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語)3)同位語或插入語的使用Eg:Asisdistinctfromabove,thenumber“13”,along-heldsymbolofominousnessintheeyesofmostwesterners,seemtobeplaguingthem.4)With結(jié)構(gòu)的使用Eg:Wenowliveinasocietywherecompetitioninthejobmarketrages,withgraduatesandjob-huntersfromallwalksoflifescramblingfordesirablejobs.5)獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的使用Eg:Rosydreamsshattered,theyarebewilderingatthejunction:“Tobeornottobe?Thatisaquestion”–Hamlet’sperplexedmonologueisechoingintheirears.形容詞或形容詞短語做狀語或定語的使用Eg:Disillusionedanddisheartened,theyaremostlikelytobecollapsedundertheweightoflife.7)平行并列結(jié)構(gòu)的使用Eg:Studiesservefordelight,forornamentand,forability.8)評注性狀語的使用Eg:Morespecifically,twowindows,sotospeak(插入語),ofopportunityappeartobeopening.9)連接性狀語的使用Eg:Bycontrast,theprocessofpersonalgrowthismuchmoredifficulttodetermine,sincebydefinitionitisajourneyandnotthespecificsignpostsorlandmarksalongtheway.10)介詞或介詞詞組的使用Eg:Apartfromthis,thedomesticwatersupplyisfluoridatedtoreducedentaldecay.此外，本地的食水加有氟氣，以減低蛀牙率。11)狀語從句的使用Eg:Yettheresultmaybeworsequalifications,becausetheygetlessindividualattention,aswellaslessconfidenceinspeakingpublicly.12)遞進(jìn)重復(fù)結(jié)構(gòu)的使用Eg:Wealllovepeace,peaceallovertheworld.2.使用高頻結(jié)構(gòu)1）強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)Eg:Asamatteroffact,itisparents’excessiveloveandcaringthatdeprivestheirkidsofthefreedomtobeindependentandtotempertheirwill.2)倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)Eg:Scatteredaroundtheglobearemorethan100smallregionsofisolatedvolcanicactivityknowntogeologistsashotspots.3)排比結(jié)構(gòu)Eg:Isithumane,forexample,thataterminallyillpatientisthuscausedtofeelguiltyforremainingalivebecausehedoesnotwanttodie?Isitwisethatapatientiskilledalivesimplybecauseofamistakenterminaldiagnosis?Andisitpossiblethateuthanasiacouldbetakenadvantageofforsomeulteriororevencriminalpurposes?4)平行結(jié)構(gòu)Eg:Itsscientistsweretheworld’sbest,itsworkersthemostskilled.5)虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)Eg:Ifthisapproachwereadopted,childrenwouldbestrongenoughtowithstandany“storm”intheirlife.6）無人稱結(jié)構(gòu)①Itis+過去分詞+that結(jié)構(gòu)Eg:Itisreported/hoped/mentioned/learned/authoritativelylearned/predicted/usuallyconsidered/universallyaccepted/generallyrecognized/established/assumed/claimed/asserted/expectedthat………………..②Itis+形容詞+that結(jié)構(gòu)(這種無人稱結(jié)構(gòu)后面的that分句中需要使用shouldbe,should可以省略的虛擬結(jié)構(gòu))Eg:Itisimportant/essential/crucial/vital/critical/indispensable/necessary/imperative/appropriate/advisable/apparent/clear/evident/strange/likely/possible/preferable/fortunate/desirable/truethat….③Itis+名詞+that結(jié)構(gòu)Eg:Itisapity/ashame/(high/tall)time/acoincidence/atruismthat……..7)比較結(jié)構(gòu)Eg:Fewpastimesbringafamilycloserthangatheringaroundandlisteningtomotherorfatherreadstories,anddiscussingourproblems,orplayinggamesandhavingafamilyouting.3.巧用標(biāo)點符號1)冒號Eg:Noclear-cutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalsandamateursinscience:exceptioncanbefoundtoanyrule.2)分號Eg:Thereisnodenyingthatautomobilesareindicationsofcivilization,progressanddevelopment;nevertheless,automobilescausetheseriousproblemofairpollution.3)破折號Eg:Rosydreamsshattered,theyarebewilderingatthejunction:“Tobeornottobe?Thatisaquestion”–Hamlet’sperplexedmonologueisechoingintheirears.4)引號。表引用或強調(diào)，諷刺意味Eg:Ifthisapproachwereadopted,childrenwouldbestrongenoughtowithstandany“storm”intheirlife.5）逗號。表語氣停頓外還可表示插入同位語或插入語。Eg:Asisdistinctfromabove,thenumber“13”,along-heldsymbolofominousnessintheeyesofmostwesterners,seemtobeplaguingthem.4.形象化表達(dá)讓人在感受到論證有力，分析透徹的雄辯之風(fēng)的同時又能欣賞到機智風(fēng)趣的筆調(diào)Eg:Fearofunemploymentisparalyzingtheeconomy.對失業(yè)的恐懼正造成經(jīng)濟的癱瘓。5．非人物主語句1）若該句是主從復(fù)合句且從句表示肯定概念如何改造這種句子第一步：將漢語中的動態(tài)動詞改為它所對應(yīng)的英語抽象名詞或同義名詞。第二步：添加一個能與抽象名詞搭配的適當(dāng)動詞或其他詞組（主句動詞意思相仿的近義詞）。第三部，再將以往我們一般英語表達(dá)的復(fù)合句轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楹唵尉?。Eg:Ifyoucomparebicycleswithcarscarefully,youwillfindtheformerissuperiortothelatter.---Carefulcomparisonbetweenbicyclesandcarswillshowtheformerissuperiortothelatter.或---Carefulcomparisonbetweenbicyclesandcarswillshowthesuperiorityoftheformeroverthelatter.2)若該句是主從復(fù)合句且從句表示否定概念如何改造這種句子第一步：在句前添加如inability,incapacity,impossibility,failure等表示否定概念的抽象名詞。第二步第三部同上。Eg:Becausewecannotapplytheorytopractice,wecannottransformwhatwehavelearnedintoaproductiveforce.---Theinabilitytoapplytheorytopracticepreventsusfromtransformingwhatwehavelearnedintoaproductiveforce.3)若該句是簡單句將人物主語句轉(zhuǎn)換成非人物主語句的情形會簡單很多。①套用Itis+(commonly/generally/universally)+過去分詞+that的主語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)，如：(人物主語)Manypeoplethinkthe9-yearcompulsoryeducationisquitenecessary.----（非人物主語）Itiswidely/universally/generallythought/believed/held/accepted/recognized/acknowledgedthat9-yearcompulsoryeducationisquitenecessary.②套用Therebe+(growing/increasing/mounting/expanding…)+抽象名詞+that的同位語結(jié)構(gòu)。如：（人物主語）Moreandmorepeopleagree(realize/areaware/areconscious)thatprotectingrarewildlifeadmitsofnodelay.----（非人物主語）Thereisagrowing/increasing/mountingrealization/awareness/consciousnessthatprotectingrarewildlifeadmitsofnodelay.③使用表示生理，心理狀態(tài)的名詞做主語。如：她又驚又怕，加上幾分擔(dān)憂，心情十分抑郁。(人物主語)Shewasastonishedaswellasworried,forthisreason,shewasratherdepressed.----（非人物主語）Astonishment,apprehension,andevenhorroroppressedher.④使用表示時間，地點的名詞做主語。如：（人物主語）Largewavesofimmigrantworkershavegonetothecoastalcitiesinthepast20years.----（非人物主語）Thepast20yearshaswitnessedlargewavesofimmigrantworkersgoingtothecoastalcities.⑤使用具有行為和動作意義的名詞做主語。如：（人物主語）Hewasdrivenmadbecauseofhislossoffortune.----（非人物主語）Hislossoffortunedrovehimmad.⑥保留同一賓語，使用擬人化表達(dá)。如：（人物主語）Icannotrecallhisname.----（非人物主語）Hisnameescapesfrommymemory.常用諺語失敗乃成功之母Failureisthemotherofsuccess青出于藍(lán)而勝于藍(lán)Thepupiloutdoesthemaster物以類聚人以群分Birdsofafeatherflocktogether禍不單行Misfortunenevercomealone眼不見心不煩Outofsight,outofmind欲速則不達(dá)Morehaste,lessspeed一石雙鳥Killtwobirdswithonestone大智若愚Stillwatersrundeep入鄉(xiāng)隨俗DoinRomeastheRomansdo小處精明，大處浪費Pennywiseandpoundfoolish不入虎穴焉得虎子Nothingventure,nothinghave滴水穿石Littlestrokesfellgreatoaks木已成舟Thingsdonecannotbeundone大器晚成Latefruitkeepswell吃一塹長一智Afallinthepit,againinyourwit只學(xué)習(xí)不玩耍，聰明孩子也變傻A(chǔ)llstudyandnoplaymakeJackadullboy小洞不補，大洞吃苦Astitchintimesavesnine沉默是金Silenceisgolden并非閃光物皆為金子Allisnotgoldthatglitters智者千慮必有一失EvenHomersometimesnods雙鳥在林，不如一鳥在手Abirdinthehandisworthtwointhebush天網(wǎng)恢恢疏而不漏Justicehaslongarms強中更有強中手Diamondcutdiamond事實勝于雄辯Factsspeaklouderthanwords滿招損，謙受益Pridegoesbeforeafall謀事在人成事在天Manproposes,Goddisposes本末倒置Putthecartbeforethehorse無風(fēng)不起浪Thereisnosmokewithoutfire班門弄斧Teachfishtoswim一個和尚挑水吃，兩個和尚抬水吃，三個和尚沒水吃O(shè)neboyisaboy,twoboyshalfaboy,threeboysnoboy滾石不生苔Arollingstonegathersnomoss五十步笑百步Thepotcallsthekettleblack塞翁失馬焉知非福Misfortunemightbeablessingindisguise江山易改本性難移Aleopardcannotchangeitsspots一失足成千古恨Shortpleasure,longlament人不可貌相Judgenotabookbyitscover拿了手短，吃了嘴軟Giftsblindtheeyes真金不怕火煉Truebluewillneverstain天涯何處無芳草Thereareplentyoffishinthesea水能載舟亦能覆舟Thesameknifecutsbreadandfingers既來之則安之Takethingsastheycome有其父必有其子Likefather,likeson英雄所見略同Greatmindsthinkalike新官上任三把火Anewbroomsweepsclean孩子不打不成器