飼用抗生素的替代品

飼用抗生素的替代品Inthelate1940’santibioticswerediscoveredasgrowthpromotingsubstances.在20世紀40年代，發(fā)現(xiàn)抗生素具有促生長作用。In1968theSwannreportspokeaboutrisksofAGPinanimalfeed

1968年Swann報道，飼料中添加抗生素具有風(fēng)險性。

Resistanceofbacteria細菌的耐藥性

Transmissionofresistancetohuman抗生素導(dǎo)致人類也產(chǎn)生耐藥性July1999EUsuspendedthelicenceforseveralmajorAGP1999年7月，歐盟取消了幾個主要抗生素許可證的發(fā)放。INEUonlymonensinsodium,salinomycinsodium,avilamycin,flavophospholipolwereallowedbetweenJuly1999andJanuary2006在1999年7月至2006年1月，歐盟僅僅允許使用莫能菌素鈉，鹽霉素鈉，阿美拉霉素，黃霉素。FromJanuary2006allAGPwereforbidden從2006年1月起，歐盟全面禁用抗生素。WhatareAGP’sdoing?

抗生素的作用？

Theysuppressexcessgrowthofbacteriainthedigestivetract抑制消化道細菌的過度生長Sobetterfeedefficiency提高飼料轉(zhuǎn)化率TheysuppressGram-positivebacteriainthedigestivetract抑制消化道革蘭氏陽性菌的生長Soamorestablegutflora腸道菌群更穩(wěn)定TheyhavealimitedeffectonGram-negative,pathogenicbacteria對革蘭氏陰性致病菌作用有限。McDonald’sannouncedworldwideantibioticfreeproductsfrom1.3billionkgofchicken,beefandporkin30.000restaurantsaroundtheworldmaybetriggeringanendtoantibiotics!麥當(dāng)勞宣布全球范圍內(nèi)3萬個餐廳使用的130萬噸雞肉、牛肉和豬肉都是無抗產(chǎn)品，這可能也進一步促使抗生素時代的終結(jié)。ConsequencesofremovalofAGP’s

不使用抗生素結(jié)果Reductionoflivability成活率降低Decreaseinbodyweight體重降低Increaseoffeedconversion

rate料肉比高Lessuniformity均勻度下降Increaseoftherapeutics治療費用增加BanofAGPinSwedenin1986

1986年瑞典禁用抗生素

Dailyweightgain -10% 平均日增重降低10%Feedconversionrate+8%料肉比增加8%Mortality

+10–15% 死亡率增加10-15%ExperienceinDenmark

丹麥經(jīng)驗2000:“Voluntary”banonallAGP2000年，自愿禁用抗生素62%ofthefarmsnoproblem62%的豬場沒有出現(xiàn)問題26%temporarilydisbalance26%的豬場偶爾出現(xiàn)問題11%permanentproblems11%經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)問題Pigs:nodifferenceingrowthandmortality對于大豬而言，增重和死亡率無明顯的差異。Piglets:somewhatlowergrowthandsomewhatincreasedmortality對于仔豬而言，某種程度上講，增重降低，死亡率提高；Effectivemeasures:有效措施Feedingstrategy:oftenfeeding,meal,Protein,Barley飼喂策略：少喂勤添、粉料、蛋白含量、大麥Management:laterweaning?!管理措施：推遲斷奶Alternativeproducts:……替代品UnderthosecircumstancesAGP’sshouldnotjustberemovedfromfeed在上述條件下，不能簡單的將抗生素去掉THEYALSOHAVETOBEREPLACED必須尋找抗生素的替代品WecannotreplaceAGP’swithasinglefeedadditive而這種替代品不能僅僅依靠單一飼料添加劑WENEEDNEWFEEDINGCONCEPTS我們需要新的飼喂方案

Alternativestrategies:替代方案：Acidifiers

酸化劑Oligosaccharides(Prebiotics)低聚寡糖（益生元）Enzymes

酶制劑Cellwallfragments細胞壁Phytobiotics(Herbs/Flavours)植物抗生素（中草藥/香精）Minerals

礦物質(zhì)Probiotics

益生菌Non-starchpolysaccharides非淀粉多糖Proteinandaminoacids蛋白和氨基酸Dietaryingredientsandfeedpresentation日糧原料組成及飼料形態(tài)Managementandhusbandrytechniques管理和飼養(yǎng)技術(shù)ACIDIFIERS酸化劑DecreasesthepHinfeed降低飼料的pH值Decreasesthebuffercapacityinfeed降低飼料的緩沖力Anti-microbialeffect抑菌作用InhibitsgrowthofE.ColiandSalmonella抑制大腸桿菌和沙門氏菌的生長繁殖ReducespHinstomach降低胃內(nèi)pH值Increasesdigestibilityofprotein,CaandP(Jongbloedetal,1995)

提高飼料中粗蛋白、鈣、磷的消化吸收。Preservesfeed有利于飼料的保存。Inhibitmouldgrowth抑制霉菌的生長繁殖。Whatisbufferingcapacity?飼料的緩沖力B-Value:amountofacidneededtolowerpHtoafixedvalue.B值：將飼料的pH值降低到固定值時所需要的酸的量。forfeed(ingredients):amountof1.0MHClrequiredfor1kgfeedtolowerpHto3,4,or5B值：將1kg飼料pH降低至3,4或者5時所需要的濃度為1.0摩爾的鹽酸的量。Inpractice:amountof0.1MHCl(inml)toacidifyafeedtopH5for10gramfeedin90mlwater.實踐應(yīng)用中B值：指將10g飼料溶于90ml水中pH=5時所需的濃度為0.1摩爾的鹽酸的量。pHvalueatstarthasnorelationtoB-value起始pH值與B值不相關(guān)CorrelationbetweenB-valueandprotein%=0,87蛋白與B值的相關(guān)度是0.87%pH值對蛋白質(zhì)凈電荷的影響pH值低于等電點時，蛋白質(zhì)所帶電荷陽離子交換蛋白質(zhì)表面凈電荷陰離子交換pH值高于等電點時，蛋白質(zhì)所帶電荷pH值等于等電點時，蛋白質(zhì)所帶電荷Whyisbufferingcapacityimportant?為什么緩沖力非常重要？Itaffectsdigestion影響動物消化吸收HighB-valueresultsinhighstomachpH高B值，胃內(nèi)高pH值PepsinactivationonlyatlowpH低pH時激活胃蛋白酶Poorproteinbreakdown蛋白的降解率降低Undigestedproteininlowerdigestivetract

后腸未消化的蛋白增多Proteinfermentation,toxicamines

蛋白發(fā)酵，有毒性的氨Diarrhea腹瀉LowpHisessentialforbacterialcontrol低pH抑制細菌數(shù)量Decreaseofpathogenicbacteria抑制病原菌BeneficialbacteriaaremoretoleranttolowpH有益菌能夠耐受低pH環(huán)境R?ssler,1997%growthofE.Coli(pH7=100%)

?

?Minimum最低pH值Optimum適宜pH值?Maximum最大pH值

EmptyingofstomachisaffectedbypH胃的排空受胃內(nèi)pH值的影響HigherpHdelaysdischargeofstomach高pH值推遲胃排空Lowerfeedintake采食量降低Lowerdailyweightgain平均日增重降低(Hambrecht,1998)

Theimportanceforyounganimals低pH值對幼齡動物更為重要Younganimalshavelimitedcapacityforgastricacidsecretion幼齡動物胃酸分泌能力有限OptimalB-valuedependsstageofgrowth

不同生長階段有不同的適宜B-值Informulatingdietsattentionshouldbepaidto配方中應(yīng)該關(guān)注Protein

蛋白質(zhì)Energy

能量Minerals

礦物質(zhì)B-value

B-值Organicacidsororganicacidsalts有機酸和有機酸鹽Acetic,

醋酸/乙酸propionicacid:

丙酸Acidstouse:酸化劑的使用moderateeffectonpH對pH值的影響較弱Formic,甲酸Fumaric,富馬酸Citric,檸檬酸Lacticacid乳酸飼用抗生素的替代品lowerpHsubstantially顯著的降低pH值Increasedlengthofcarbonchaingivesbetterantimicrobialactivity碳鏈越長，抗菌活性越高Formicacidandpropionicacidarebestgrowthinhibitorsforsalmonella

甲酸和丙酸是最好的沙門氏菌抑制劑Organicacidscanbeanalternativeforantibiotics

有機酸可成為抗生素替代品之一

WARNING!!警告!!ManymicroorganismsshowadaptationtoacidicenvironmentsandcanevencontributetotheenhancementofvirulenceofSalmonellabyincreasedacidtolerance.很多微生物能適應(yīng)酸性環(huán)境，沙門氏菌耐酸性增加后毒性也可能提高。Exampleofalternative:替代品舉例Fact:

現(xiàn)實:Pigletswithdiarrhea腹瀉的仔豬Age7days7日齡

bacterialinfection細菌感染Risks風(fēng)險Dehydration脫水Reducedfeed/energyintake飼料/能量攝取量下降飼用抗生素的替代品WhatDoweneed?我們需要什么？Waterintaketoreducedehydrationrisk通過飲水降低脫水風(fēng)險Energyintake(preferablyfastdigestible)能量攝取(最好是快速消化的)Reducebacteriacount降低細菌數(shù)量

ReduceintestinalpH降低腸道pH值飼用抗生素的替代品Weneedaproductwith我們需要一種產(chǎn)品LowpH低pHHighsugarcontent高糖含量Liquid

液體Preferablycheap便宜Easytofind

容易找到

飼用抗生素的替代品PRODUCT產(chǎn)品pH=2,53（pH值）Contains108gramssugar/liter

(含糖108g/L）Liquid

（液體）Price:3.30rmb/liter（3.30元/L)Availableoneverycorner（隨處可見）

飼用抗生素的替代品2.PREBIOTICS益生元Nondigestiblefoodsubstancesthatimprovehealthbystimulatingthegrowthoractivityofbeneficialbacteriawithinthecolon.動物不能消化，但可以促進結(jié)腸有益微生物的生長或提高其活性進而提高動物健康水平的物質(zhì)。Prebioticsprovidetheenvironmentand/orthenutrientsthatfavourthebenificialbacteria益生元提供有利于有益微生物生長的環(huán)境或養(yǎng)分。Nondigestible(fructo-)oligosaccharides(FOS)不可消化的(果)寡糖(FOS)Dietaryplantfibersalsocalledfructans.(theseplantusuallydonothavestarch)

植物纖維，也稱作果聚糖(這類植物通常不含淀粉)SelectivelystimulatesthegrowthofbeneficialBifidobacteriaspp.Inthelargeintestine(“bifidogeniceffect”)選擇性的刺激大腸有益雙歧桿菌的生長Source:AdvancesinPorkProduction(2005)PrebioticFeedAdditives,JohnA.Patterson,PurdueUniv.Prebioticoligosaccharidesinuse使用的寡糖益生元阿拉伯木聚糖瓊膠寡糖環(huán)糊精果寡糖低聚半乳糖棉籽糖，水蘇糖蔗糖葡糖苷果糖菊粉異麥芽糖乳果糖乳糖半乳糖苷果糖甘露寡糖低聚果糖低聚焦糖低聚木糖Prebioticscanalter:益生元可以改變Immunefunctions免疫功能Intestinalmorphology腸道形態(tài)Microbialpopulations微生物群落IntestinalpH腸道pH值VFAconcentrations揮發(fā)性脂肪酸濃度Mineralabsorption礦物質(zhì)吸收Diseaseresistance抗病力Buddingtonetall,2002;SaavedraandTschernia2002;Scholz-AhrensandSchrezenmeier2002;SchleyandField2002EFFECTSOFOLIGOSACCHARIDES寡糖的影響Twotypes:Olilgofructoseandinulin兩種類型：果寡糖和菊粉Changethegutmicrofloratowardsapotentiallymorebeneficialforanimalhealthandgrowthperformance改變腸道菌群，提高動物健康水平，促進生長Highernumbersofbifidobacteriainthecontentofthestomachandceacum

提高胃和盲腸雙歧桿菌數(shù)量Populationsofanaerobicbacterialikelacticacidbacteria,lactobacilliandcoliformbacteriaintheGITarenotaffectedbyoligosaccharidesenricheddiets

日糧中富含寡糖不會影響胃腸道中厭氧菌的數(shù)量（例如乳酸菌、乳桿菌和腸桿菌數(shù)量）。Lactosenegativeenterobacteriaarefoundinlowernumbersintheileum

回腸中乳糖陰性腸細菌數(shù)量降低Yeastcellcountishigherinileum,caecumandcolon.回腸、盲腸和結(jié)腸中酵母數(shù)量增加

Oligosaccharides寡糖Inulin菊粉Arelongchain(9-64)linkspersaccharidemolecule)andtypicallyfermentedinthelastpartofthecolonprovidingnourishmenttobacteriainthatarea菊粉在大腸后端發(fā)酵，促進大腸微生物的繁殖（長鏈，每個糖分子含有9-64個糖苷鍵）。Fructo-oligosaccharides(FOS)oroligofructose

果寡糖chainsoffructosemolecules果糖分子鏈Canbeobtainedbyenzymatichydrolysisofinulin可酶解菊粉得到Occurnaturallyinfruitsandvegetables天然存在于水果和蔬菜中FOS:果寡糖Stimulatedmicrobialactivity刺激微生物活性Changedfermentationpatternsincaecumandproximalcolonofpiglets

改變仔豬盲腸和結(jié)腸前端發(fā)酵模式indicatedbyhigheramountsofbutyricacidandloweramountofaceticacid表現(xiàn)為高含量丁酸，低含量乙酸SynergiceffectbythecombinationofLactobacillusparacaseiandFOS

副干酪乳桿菌與果寡糖協(xié)同作用Indicatedbynumbersofbacterialpopulationsobservedinthefaeces表現(xiàn)為糞便中的乳桿菌數(shù)量增多Areshortchain(2-8linkspersaccharidemolecule)andtypicallyfermentedinthefirstpartofthecolonprovidingnourishmenttobacteriainthatarea.

短鏈(每個糖分子含有2-8個糖苷鍵)，在結(jié)腸前段發(fā)酵，促進微生物的繁殖。ModeofactionofFOS果寡糖的作用模式LactobacilliandBifidobacteriaareabletobreaktheβ1-2linkagesbecausetheyproduceinulinasewhilepathogenicbacteriadonotproduceit

乳桿菌和雙歧桿菌會產(chǎn)生菊粉酶，打開β1-2糖苷鍵，而病原菌不產(chǎn)該酶。PathogenicbacteriaattachalsotoFOSbutcannotbreakitdownandareexcretedasundigested

病原菌吸附在FOS上被排出體外，但不能降解FOSResultisincreaseincellmassofbeneficialorganism

導(dǎo)致有益微生物的增殖Competitiveexclusionofpathogenicbacteria競爭性排斥病原菌EffectsofprebioticsandAGPonADGandFCRinweaningpiglets

益生元和抗生素對斷奶仔豬日增重和料肉比的影響13%5%9%4%Datafrom9experimentswereFOSandAGPusedinthesameexperiment.(%isincreaseovercontrol)數(shù)據(jù)來自9個試驗，F(xiàn)OS和AGP用在同一試驗中。(%表示相對于對照的增加百分比)(sourcevariousexperimentscombinedJC)3.ENZYMES酶Specificenzymessuchasproteases,amylases,lipasescanincreaseandcomplementthosesecretedbytheanimal特定的酶如蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶可以增加和補充動物內(nèi)源酶。Improvenutrientdigestionandabsorption增加養(yǎng)分消化和吸收Improvegrowthrate

改善生長速度Lessundigestedmaterialinthelargeintestine減少大腸未消化物質(zhì)Lesssubstrateforbacterialgrowth

減少細菌生長底物Someenzymes(-galactosidases,pentosanases)cantargetantinutritionalfactorswhichimpairdigestion.半乳糖苷酶和戊聚糖酶等能夠降解不利于消化的抗?fàn)I養(yǎng)因子。4.CELLWALLS細胞壁Partsofbacteriaoryeastcellwallsknowntohavestimulatingeffectonimmunesystem部分細菌和酵母細胞壁能刺激免疫系統(tǒng)Activatemacrophageactivity激活巨噬細胞活性Activatesproliferationoflymphocytes促進淋巴細胞增殖Originatedfromnon-pathogenicbacteriaoryeastandabletoreleaseglycan(apolysaccharide)來源于非病原菌或酵母，能夠釋放多糖。AlsosomesubstancesderivedfromseaalguehavethischaracteristicsSocalledPhycophytics另外，一些海藻提取物也有類似特性。5.PHYTOBIOTICS植物活性物質(zhì)

(HERBS&FLAVOURS)(中草藥/香精)Mainlyderivedfromaromaticplantsfortheuseinanimalfeed來源于芳香族植物，用在動物飼料中Essentialoilsmainlyderivedbydistillation精油主要通過蒸餾方式獲得。EssentialOils精油Productsofsecondarymetabolisminaromaticplants芳香族植物次級代謝產(chǎn)物

Mixturesoflipophilic,liquid,volatileandaromaticsubstances親脂性、液態(tài)、揮發(fā)性、芳香族物質(zhì)的混合物Containtheprincipleactivecomponentsofplantsinthemostconcentratedform含有濃縮的植物主要活性成分Mostconcentratedformofphytobiotics植物活性物質(zhì)的濃縮形式Allphytobioticshave

aromaticproperties

所有的植物活性物質(zhì)有芳香屬性Classificationaccordingtoaroma根據(jù)香味分類柑橘香花香辛辣香東方香薄荷香草本香藥香/樟腦味泥土香樹木香Activecomponentsinessentialoils

精油中的活性成分Allicin

大蒜素

garlic大蒜Allyl-isothiocyanate

異硫氰酸烯丙酯mustard,horseradish,wasabi

芥末、山葵、

芥末醬Carvacrol香芹酚

oregano牛至Cinnamonaldehyde肉桂醛

cinnamon肉桂Thymol香草酚

thyme百里香Antimicrobialactivityofessentialoilsintheliterature文獻中精油的抗菌活性Thereisevidenceforantimicrobialactivityofessentialoils(EO)

有文獻表明精油有抗菌活性

Dependsontheessentialoilstested,concentrationsused,bacterialspeciestested,testmethods

取決于測試的精油，濃度，細菌種屬，檢測方法EOwithphenoliccomponents(eugenol,carvacrol,thymol,isoborneol)havebeenfoundtobemostactiveShelef(1983)

含酚的精油活性最強(丁香油酚，香芹酚，香草酚，異龍腦）Thisisprobablyrelatedtotheirhydroxylgroup(OH)Shelef(1983),Faraget.al(1989)

可能與其羥基有關(guān)BiologicalactivityAntimicrobial抗菌Antifungal抗真菌Antioxidant抗氧化Physiological生理學(xué)Mathe(1996)

月桂肉桂辣椒小茴香大蒜姜牛至迷迭香鼠尾草百里香香料/中草藥經(jīng)鑒定具有生物活性的化合物數(shù)量

抗氧化止痛抗抑郁抗病毒抗菌Phytobiotics–Physiologicalactivity

植物活性物質(zhì)

–生理活性Releaseofsaliva唾液分泌Releaseofgastricacidjuices胃酸分泌Releaseofenzymes酶分泌Appetite食欲Nervoussystem神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)

Phytobioticscanstimulate植物活性物質(zhì)可以刺激Endogenousenzymeproduction

內(nèi)源酶分泌(WilliamsundLosa2001)Effectofphytobioticsonendogenousenzymeproductionintheduodenum植物活性物質(zhì)對十二指腸內(nèi)源酶分泌的影響Increasedreleaseofendogenousenzymes促進內(nèi)源酶分泌Phytobiotics–Modeofaction

植物活性物質(zhì)-作用模式Generalist普遍性Specialist特殊性植物活性物質(zhì)適口性和食欲唾液分泌胃酸分泌消化酶抗生素抗菌活性腸道微生物消化Benefitsfromphytobiotics

植物活性物質(zhì)的益處Multifunctionalmodeofaction多重作用模式Contributetoflavourcharacteristics提高風(fēng)味Improveappetiteandfeedintake改善食欲和采食量Improvedigestion促進消化Improveutilisationofnutrients提高營養(yǎng)利用率Supporthealthygutmicroflora促進健康的腸道菌群Prevententericdisease預(yù)防腸道疾病Recognisedassafe公認安全Nowithdrawaltimes無停藥期6.MINERALS礦物質(zhì)Coppersulphateforpigsisgrowthenhancing

硫酸銅促進豬生長Upto175ppmuntil3months3月齡前，175ppm100ppmafter3month3月齡后，100ppmInEuropealloweduntill12weeks在歐洲允許添加到12周Functionsasantibacterial抗菌作用Zincoxide氧化鋅Atpharmaceuticallevels醫(yī)藥級Reducesdiarrhoeaandcolitisinpostweanedpiglets降低斷奶仔豬腹瀉和腸炎Concernforenvironmentalpollution環(huán)境污染問題Interestinorganicminerals使用有機礦物質(zhì)Morebiologicallyactiveandbio-available更高生物活性和利用率Uptakethroughaminoacidorpetidepathwaysandnotnormalmineralionpathwayinthesmallintestine

在小腸通過氨基酸和肽通道吸收，而不是普通的礦物離子通道Morestable更穩(wěn)定Donotreactwithotherdietarynutrients不與其它營養(yǎng)成分反應(yīng)Donotcompetewithothermineralsforsameuptakemechanismorsite

不與其它礦物質(zhì)產(chǎn)生吸收機制或位點競爭7.PROBIOTICS益生菌Livemicrobialfeedsupplementswhichbeneficiallyaffectthehostanimalbyimprovingitsintestinalmicrobialbalance.活的微生物飼料添加劑，可以促進腸道微生物平衡，益于動物健康。Strainsusedasprobioticsare用作益生菌的微生物L(fēng)actobacilli乳桿菌Bifidobacteria雙歧桿菌Enterococci腸球菌Streptococci鏈球菌Themostimportanttimetouse

使用的最佳時間Duringtimeanimalsarenotprotectedagainstcolonizationofpathogenicbacteria

當(dāng)病原菌可能定植于動物腸道時Justafterhatching剛出生或孵化時Duringandafterstress應(yīng)激時/應(yīng)激后Afterantibiotictreatment使用抗生素后Modeofaction作用模式Productionofantimicrobialsubstances(lactoferrin,lysozyme,bacteriocins)產(chǎn)抗菌物質(zhì)(乳鐵蛋白、溶菌酶、細菌素)Changeofenvironmentalconditionsintheintestine.LoweringpHbyproductionoflacticacid改變腸道環(huán)境，通過產(chǎn)乳酸降低pHCompetitiveexclusion競爭性排斥Strain菌屬GenerationTime繁殖速度LacticAcid乳酸GrowthatlowpH低pH生長Enterococcussp.腸球菌18minYES是Good好Salmonellasp.沙門氏菌20-30minNO不Inhibition抑制E.Coli大腸桿菌20minNO不Inhibition抑制Benefitsofprobiotics

益生菌的益處Reductionorpreventionofdiarrhea減少或預(yù)防腹瀉Increasedgrowthrate提高生長速度Improveddigestibility提高消化率Improvedfeedconsumption促進飼料采食Improvedfeedutilizationefficiency提高飼料利用率8.

Non-starchpolysaccharides非淀粉多糖Additionofstraworothersourcesofdigestiblefibre添加稻草或其它可消化纖維

canreducetransittimeofdigestathroughthegut

減少食糜通過腸道的時間Increaseproportionofdigestainthehindgut增加后腸道食糜比例Decreasediarrhea減少腹瀉Betterdigestion更好的消化9.PROTEINANDAMINOACIDS

蛋白質(zhì)和氨基酸Experimentsshowthatwithhigherproteincontentatpost-weaninghighercoincidenceofdiarrhoeaishigher

試驗表明斷奶后高蛋白導(dǎo)致高腹瀉率

decreasecp%butmaintainAAlevelandbalanceArginineandglutaminemightplayaroleingut(epithelium)developmentandplayaroleinimmunestimulation降低粗蛋白含量，保持氨基酸含量和平衡。精氨酸和谷氨酰胺對于腸道(上皮)發(fā)育和免疫刺激有重要作用

。10.DIETARYINGREDIENTSANDFEEDPRESENTATION

日糧組分和飼料形式WithoutAGPinthefeeditisimportanttorestrictnutrientsthatmightpromotegrowthofpathogenicbacteria

飼料中沒有抗生素時，控制可以促進病原菌生長的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)很重要Noanti-nutritionalingredients(lectins,tannins,proteaseinhibitors)

沒有抗?fàn)I養(yǎng)物質(zhì)(血凝素、單寧、蛋白酶抑制劑)Fermentedorsouredfeed.發(fā)酵飼料或酸化飼料Liquidfeed液體飼料Particlesizeofthefeed飼料粒度Particlesize飼料粒度Coarse:粗+Structure結(jié)構(gòu)-Incompletedigestion不完全消化Fine:細+Betterdigestion更好的消化Stomach/gutproblems胃/腸問題Dependsalso:取決于Typeofanimals動物品種(Feeding)installation(飼喂)裝置Typeofrawmaterials原料種類Co