中國(guó)地方性社區(qū)銀行的發(fā)展情況

China’sCommunityBanks

中國(guó)地方性(社區(qū))銀行的發(fā)展情況

ByDr.TaoZhangPeople’sBankofChinaMay2005,Shanghai,China2005年5月25日,上海OutlineBackground:China’sbankingsystemChina’scommunitybanksIssuesfordiscussionTheBankingSystem:Alargerangeofbanks

4SOBs3Policybanks12JEBs112CityCommercialBanks709Citycreditunions4Ruralcommercialbanks4Ruralcooperativebanks33,586ruralcreditunions119foreign-ownedbankinginstitutions(branches,res.rep.offices)SizeofthebankingsectorBankingsector:dominantinthefinancialindustryByMarch2005，totalbankingassetsY32.trillionRMB(vs.GDP:Y10.4trillionRMB)That’s95%ofthetotalassetoftheentirefinancialinstitutionsBanklendingdominates

(byend2004）Marketshares:distributionofbanks全國(guó)商業(yè)銀行市場(chǎng)份額比較表

Whatisacommunitybank

Definition1:providingbankingservicestolocalresidentsandfirms,andindoingso,specializinginprovidingbankingservicestolocalcommunities;Definition2:charteredorlicensedtoprovidecommercialbankingorsavingservicesinaspecifiedlocalitySomecharactersofcommunitybanks

社區(qū)銀行的基本特征

Limitedsizeofassets(USA：lessthanUS$1billion）Atleasthalfofdepositscomefromlocalcommunity至少一半的存款來(lái)自于同一個(gè)縣內(nèi)的各個(gè)分支機(jī)構(gòu)Clientbase:localcommunity,SMEsCommunityBanksinChina

中國(guó)的中小金融機(jī)構(gòu)

China’scommunitybanks:indistinguishfromnationalandregionalbanksTherearecityandruralcommunitybanksThereisnotyetasinglecommunitybankthat’sisprivatelyownedTypesofCommunityBanksinChina

中國(guó)小金融機(jī)構(gòu)的類型

Citycommercialbanks城市商業(yè)銀行Citycreditunions城市信用社Ruralcreditunions農(nóng)村信用社Ruralcooperativebanks農(nóng)村合作銀行Ruralcommercialbanks農(nóng)村商業(yè)銀行SomeJoint-EquityBanks(JVBs)WhyCommunityBanksHelpeasethesituation:SMEandruralfinancing社區(qū)銀銀行可以有效效地改善中小小企業(yè)和農(nóng)村村貸款難的狀狀況。Nottocompetewith““bigbrothers”社社區(qū)銀行服務(wù)務(wù)于小企業(yè)和和社區(qū)居民，，和大銀行不不會(huì)形成激烈烈沖突。Localknowledgeadvantage社社區(qū)銀行通常常十分熟悉本本地市場(chǎng)，信信息不對(duì)稱程程度相對(duì)大銀銀行而言較小小。Winningmoresupportfromlocalgovernmentandlocalresidents社區(qū)銀行行則主要將一一個(gè)地區(qū)吸收收的存款繼續(xù)續(xù)投入到該地地區(qū)，從而推推動(dòng)當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，因因此將比大銀銀行更能獲得得當(dāng)?shù)卣秃途用竦闹С殖?。Buttherearedebates…SizedoesnotmattermostCorporategovernancethatismarket-basedGreaternumberofsmallbankshelpimprovethecompositionofmarketplayersButmoreimportantistofixthe“bad”institutionsCityCreditUnion:FactsandFigures

城市信信用社CityCreditUnion:Facts

城市市信用社的改改革和發(fā)展歷歷程FirstCCUstartedin1979Becamemorepopularin1986Consolidationin1989Recoveredafter1992SomerestructuredtocitycooperativeBanksin1995，renamedtoCityCommercialBanksafter1998Close-downofsomeoftheCCUsin1999Anotherroundofconsolidationin2000CityCreditUnions:Figures

(endJune2004)709institutionsnation-wide全國(guó)共共有城市信用用社法人機(jī)構(gòu)構(gòu)709家。。412inbusiness處處于運(yùn)營(yíng)狀態(tài)態(tài)的城市信用用社412家家。Totalasset:151.769billionYuan賬面資資產(chǎn)總額1517.69億元。Pre-taxprofit:173millionYuaninH12004CityCommercialBank城城市商業(yè)銀銀行1995,somecitycreditunionswasrestructuredintocitycooperativebanks,toprovidecommercialbankingservicestoSMEsCompletionofcitycooperativebankstocitycommercialbanksin1998112citycommercialbanksTotalasset:1667.15billionyuan(byendMarch2005)That’s5.1%oftotalassetoffinancialinstitutionsinChinaNPLratio:11.5%CityCommercialBanks:Figures(end2004)圖表1-2全全國(guó)城市市商業(yè)銀行資資產(chǎn)負(fù)債及損損益簡(jiǎn)表單位：億元/%100millionyuanNo.ofinstitutions112Employees109211Totalasset16938.07loans9045.31NPL1060.97NPLratio11.73%CityCommercialBanks:MainIssues主要問(wèn)題Lackofmanagerialskills資資本管理水平平較低，Capitalinadequacy資本充充足率不足的的問(wèn)題日益突突出，Lowqualityofasset總總體資產(chǎn)狀況況較差，DifficultNPLdissolution不不良資產(chǎn)處置置難度加大，，資產(chǎn)損失率率較高Regionalimbalance發(fā)展極極不平衡，呈呈現(xiàn)明顯的地地區(qū)性差異；；少數(shù)高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)險(xiǎn)行經(jīng)營(yíng)困難難，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)狀況況十分嚴(yán)重。。。RuralCreditUnions:Factsandfigures農(nóng)村信信用社農(nóng)村信信用社社的經(jīng)經(jīng)營(yíng)狀狀況農(nóng)村信信用社社改革革:afocusRurulcreditunion:figures(end2004)Totaldeposits:2784.097byuanTotallending:1955.125byuanNPLratio:23.1%,fellby6.27%withintheyearLendingtoagriculturalsector:849.029byuan,upby22.5%Lendingtofarmers:679.956bYuan,upby21.86%26,245RCUsmadeprofitin2004,accountingfor81%ofthenation-wideRCUsRCUsasawholeinoperationalsurplusof10.462bYuan,firsttimeeverRuralcreditunions:factsAssociatedwithandmanagedChinaAgricultureBank1978-1996by1978年，，農(nóng)村村信用用社交交由中中國(guó)農(nóng)農(nóng)業(yè)銀銀行管管理。。IndependentfromCABCin1996,supervisedbyPBOCPilotingreformsofRCUsinJuly2007:Jiangsuprovince,etc:6provincial-levelRCUsand65perfecture-levelRCUs2003-2004:RCUsreformexpandedtoallprovincesRCUs:ReformMeasuresPurpose:commercializationPrinciple:ownership;incentive;Central-localresponsibilityTwokeyissuesOwnership:localgovernmentsCorporategovernanceMoreRCUReformsRuralCooperativeBank/RuralCommercialbankFigures經(jīng)營(yíng)狀狀況Mainissues存在在問(wèn)題RCBs/RComB:FiguresByend03/05,19RCBsand8RComBsinoperation23RCBsand1RComBsissuedwithlicencebutyetinoperationNPLratio:6.1%RCBsandRComBallmeetminimumCARrequirements(8%and4%respectively)RCBs/RComBs:Mainissues存存在問(wèn)問(wèn)題WeakGovernance股股權(quán)設(shè)置置不盡合合理，法法人治理理尚待完完善。LackofInternalcontrol內(nèi)內(nèi)部控制制制度不不夠健全全。Weakhumanresourcemanagement勞勞動(dòng)人事事制度滯滯后，高高素質(zhì)人人才缺乏乏。JVBsGrowthofcreditlending,2001-2004年股份制商商業(yè)銀行行貸款增增速變動(dòng)動(dòng)圖33.8739.0539.1120.50510152025303540452001200220032004貸款增長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)%Privately-ownedbanks民民營(yíng)銀銀行Whatisaprivate-ownedbankinChina?民營(yíng)營(yíng)銀行的的界定Whyprivate-ownedbankandwhynot??民民營(yíng)銀行行的優(yōu)點(diǎn)點(diǎn)Private-ownedbank:communitybanktomorrow?民營(yíng)營(yíng)銀行是是中國(guó)發(fā)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略略的必然然選擇Whatisaprivatelyownedbank民民營(yíng)銀銀行的界界定Def1:controlledbyprivatecapital(equity)第第一種定定義強(qiáng)調(diào)調(diào)產(chǎn)權(quán)結(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)，認(rèn)認(rèn)為由民民間資本本控股的的就是民民營(yíng)銀行行。Def2:serveforprivatebusinessfirms第第二種定定義強(qiáng)調(diào)調(diào)銀行的的資產(chǎn)結(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)。認(rèn)認(rèn)為民營(yíng)營(yíng)銀行主主要應(yīng)當(dāng)當(dāng)為民營(yíng)營(yíng)企業(yè)服服務(wù)，向向民營(yíng)企企業(yè)貸款款。Def3:market-basedcorporategovernance第三種種定義強(qiáng)強(qiáng)調(diào)公司司治理結(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)，是是否采用用市場(chǎng)化化機(jī)制來(lái)來(lái)經(jīng)營(yíng)。。Whyprivate-ownedbankandwhynotWhy:Separationofpoliticsandbusiness政企企分離，，受到政政府的干干預(yù)比較較少。Developmentofmarketorientedmanagers按按照市市場(chǎng)規(guī)則則選擇經(jīng)經(jīng)理人員員，比較較容易在在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中中培養(yǎng)出出金融人人才。Nohistoricalburden沒(méi)有有歷史包包袱，經(jīng)經(jīng)營(yíng)機(jī)制制靈活。。Whynot:moralhazardPrivate-ownedbank:AforwardlookingSMEs:backbonesintheChineseeconomySMEsneedmoresmallscalefinancingservices,mostofthemtobeprovidedsmallbanksPrivate-ownedbanksmorecompetitivethanothersInternationalexperiencesIssuesforDiscussionOverallConcerns中中國(guó)銀銀行體系的的問(wèn)題CorporategovernanceNPLStructuralissuesBiasedtolargefirms:the“2:8”ruleLackofSMEfinancingRegionalimbalanceLackofbusinessdiversification銀行業(yè)業(yè)務(wù)務(wù)結(jié)構(gòu)國(guó)外有很多多特色金融融機(jī)構(gòu)提供供特色化金金融服務(wù)。。而在中國(guó)國(guó)，無(wú)論大大銀行還是是中小金融融機(jī)構(gòu)，其其業(yè)務(wù)經(jīng)營(yíng)營(yíng)范圍非常常單一和雷雷同，主要要是吸收存存款而后向向企業(yè)貸款款，即使象象以前的一一些非銀行行金融機(jī)構(gòu)構(gòu)也是如此此。而且各各家金融機(jī)機(jī)構(gòu)過(guò)分遵遵循所謂的的“二八原原則”，片片面追逐大大企業(yè)。因因此，我國(guó)國(guó)沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)現(xiàn)個(gè)性化的的金融服務(wù)務(wù)和特色金金融機(jī)構(gòu)，，而惡性競(jìng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)問(wèn)題屢屢禁不止。。業(yè)務(wù)結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)的單一一使得我我國(guó)一些些既有的的小金融融機(jī)構(gòu)也也不能很很好地為為中小企企業(yè)和農(nóng)農(nóng)村提供供融資服服務(wù)。社區(qū)銀行行國(guó)際經(jīng)經(jīng)驗(yàn)小結(jié)結(jié)社區(qū)銀行行應(yīng)采取取“社區(qū)區(qū)化”而而非“全全國(guó)化””的發(fā)展展戰(zhàn)略，，為社區(qū)區(qū)居民和和小企業(yè)業(yè)服務(wù)。。與經(jīng)濟(jì)功功能相比比較，社社區(qū)銀行行應(yīng)更注注重社會(huì)會(huì)功能。。社區(qū)銀行行的發(fā)展展需要政政府的政政策支持持、監(jiān)管管當(dāng)局的的有序監(jiān)監(jiān)管以及及社區(qū)金金融的正正確定位位。信貸業(yè)務(wù)務(wù)的企業(yè)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)目前，我我國(guó)中小小企業(yè)創(chuàng)創(chuàng)造的最最終產(chǎn)品品和服務(wù)務(wù)的價(jià)值值占GDP的55.6%，提提供了75%以以上的就就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)會(huì)，在我我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)濟(jì)生活中中發(fā)揮著著重要作作用。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，，國(guó)有商商業(yè)銀行行信貸結(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)中，，中小企企業(yè)所占占的比例例僅為20%，，拒貸率率高達(dá)56.1%。中小企業(yè)業(yè)的融資資困境與與其經(jīng)濟(jì)濟(jì)績(jī)效極極不相稱稱，融資資問(wèn)題在在一定程程度上阻阻礙了中中小企業(yè)業(yè)的進(jìn)一一步發(fā)展展。THANKYOU9、靜夜四四無(wú)鄰，，荒居舊舊業(yè)貧。。。1月-231月-23Saturday,January7,202310、雨中黃黃葉樹，，燈下白白頭人。。。14:58:4114:58:4114:581/7/20232:58:41PM11、以我獨(dú)沈沈久，愧君君相見(jiàn)頻。。。1月-2314:58:4114:58Jan-2307-Jan-2312、故人江江海別，，幾度隔隔山川。。。14:58:4114:58:4114:58Saturday,January7,202313、乍見(jiàn)翻疑夢(mèng)夢(mèng)，相悲各問(wèn)問(wèn)年。。1月-231月-2314:58:4114:58:41January7,202314、他鄉(xiāng)鄉(xiāng)生白白發(fā)，，舊國(guó)國(guó)見(jiàn)青青山。。。07一一月月20232:58:41下下午14:58:411月-2315、比比不不了了得得就就不不比比，，得得不不到到的的就就不不要要。。。。。。一月月232:58下下午午1月月-2314:58January7,202316、行動(dòng)出出成果，，工作出出財(cái)富。。。2023/1/714:58:4114:58:4107January202317、做前，能夠夠環(huán)視四周；；做時(shí)，你只只能或者最好好沿著以腳為為起點(diǎn)的射線線向前。。2:58:41下午2:58下下午14:58:411月-239、沒(méi)沒(méi)有有失失敗敗，，只只有有暫暫時(shí)時(shí)停停止止成成功功??！。。1月月-231月月-23Saturday,January7,202310、很多多事情情努力力了未未必有有結(jié)果果，但但是不不努力力卻什什么改改變也也沒(méi)有有。。。14:58:4114:58:4114:581/7/20232:58:41PM11、成功功就是是日復(fù)復(fù)一日日那一一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)點(diǎn)小小小努力力的積積累。。。1月-2314:58:4114:58Jan-2307-Jan-2312、世間成事事，不求其其絕對(duì)圓滿滿，留一份份不足，可可得無(wú)限完完美。。14:58:4114:58:4114:58Saturday,January7,202313、不不知知香香積積寺寺，，數(shù)數(shù)里里入入云云峰峰。。。。1月-231月-2314:58:4114:58:41January7,202314、意志志堅(jiān)強(qiáng)強(qiáng)的人人能把把世界界放在在手中中像泥泥塊一一樣任任意揉揉捏。。07一一月月20232:58:41下下午14:58:411月-2315、楚塞三三湘接，，荊門九九派通。。。。一月232:58下午午1月-2314:58January7,202316、少年十十五二十十時(shí)，步步行奪得得胡馬