戴煒棟主編英語語言學(xué)教程第4章課件-Semantics

1英語語言學(xué)EnglishLinguistics

2ChapterFive

Semantics

Questions(therhetoricuseofEnglishwords):

1)Whyisariverrich?2)WhySaturdayandSundayarethestrongestdays?3)Whatcolorwouldyoupaintthesunandthewind?”3Topics:5.1Whatissemantics語義學(xué)的定義5.2Someviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning關(guān)于意義研究的一些觀點(diǎn)5.3Lexicalmeaning詞匯意義的主要意義關(guān)系5.4Senserelationsbetweensentences

句子之間的意義關(guān)系5.5Analysisofmeaning意義分析451.5.1Whatissemantics----thestudyofmeaninginlanguage.Whatismeaning?Themeaningofwords:LexicalsemanticsThemeaningofsentences:Propositionalmeaning,compositionalmeaningMeaninghasbeenstudiedforthousandsofyearsbyphilosophers,logiciansandlinguists.E.g.Plato&Aristotle.6Themeaningofmeaning

（“meaning”的意義）Johnmeanstowrite.(intend

打算)Agreenlightmeanstogo.(indicate

指示“行”)7Healthmeanseverything.(indicate)健康意味著一切Hislookwasfullofmeaning.(intention)他的目光表露了他全部意圖8Whatisthemeaningoflife?(sense意義)9Whatdoes‘capitalist’

meantoyou?（signify表示)105.2SomeviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaningNamingtheory命名論(Plato)Theconceptualistview概念論

Contextualism語境理論(Bloomfield)Behaviorism行為理論115.2.1Thenamingtheory命名論(Plato)Wordsarenamesorlabelsforthings.詞語只是物體的名字或標(biāo)記Limitations局限性:1)Applicabletonounsonly.2)Therearenounswhichdenotethingsthatdonotexistintherealworld,e.g.ghost,dragon,unicorn,phenix…3)Therearenounsthatdonotrefertophysicalobjectsbutabstractnotions,e.g.joy,impulse,hatred…125.2.2.Theconceptualistview概念論Theviewholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatisrefersto.Thisisbestillustratedbytheclassicsemantictriangle經(jīng)典語義三角理論

suggestedbyOgden&Richardsthought/concept/image指稱

Symbol符號referent所指(word)standsfor(object)13airplane145.2.3Contextualism語境論Meaningshouldbestudiedintermsofsituation場景,use用法,context語境

—elementscloselylinkedwithlanguagebehavior.Twotypesofcontextsarerecognized:1)Situationalcontext

2)Linguisticcontext:theprobabilityofaword’sco-occurrenceorcollocation.

e.g.“black”inblackhair&blackcoffee,orblacksheepdiffersinmeaning.155.2.4Behaviorism行為主義Meaning:

“thesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer”(BloomfieldBehaviorists)

ThestoryofJackandJill:JillJackS_________r--------s_________R生理刺激—語言反應(yīng)—語言刺激—非語言反應(yīng)165.3Lexicalmeaning

5.3.1Senseandreference意義和指稱Senseandreferencearebothconcernedwiththestudyofwordmeaning.Theyaretworelatedbutdifferentaspectsofmeaning.Sense----isconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform;itisabstractandde-contextualized.Itisdictionary

meaning

詞典意義17Reference指稱（referent詞語所指事物）----whatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld語言和客觀世界的關(guān)系

Itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.18Note:Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituations;（yourdogandmydog)Ontheotherhand,therearealsooccasions,whenlinguisticformswiththesamereferencemightdifferinsense,e.g.themorningstarandtheeveningstar;

risingsuninthemorningandthesunsetatdusk.Themooninforeigncountriesisrounder?195.3.2.MajorsenserelationsSynonymyPolysemyHomonymyHyponymyAntonymyGradableComplementaryRelational205.3.2.1Synonymy

同義現(xiàn)象buy/purchasethrifty/economical/stingyautumn/fallflat/apartmentlift/elevator21

Synonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.1)Dialectalsynonyms方言同義詞----synonymsusedindifferentregionaldialects,e.g.autumn–fall,luggage--baggage,petrol–gasoline…2)Stylisticsynonyms文體同義詞

----synonymsdifferinginstyle,e.g.kid,child,offspring;start,begin,commence…22

3)Synonymsthatdifferintheiremotiveorevaluativemeaning情感或評價(jià)意義不同的詞,e.g.Apersonwhohelpsanother:collaborator

合作者-accomplice幫兇4)Collocational

synonyms搭配同義詞,e.g.accuse…of,charge…with,rebuke…for;…

5)Semanticallydifferentsynonyms語義不同的詞,e.g.amaze好奇,astound使震驚5.3.2.2PolysemyPolysemicorpolyemousword---awordhavingmorethanonemeaningE.g.table(Seep.68)（bachelorandmaster)23245.3.2.3Homonymy同音異義同形異義Homonymy----thephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,e.g.differentwordsareidenticalin

soundorspelling,orinboth.Suchwordsarecalledhomonyms.Homophone

----whentwowordsareidenticalin

sound,e.g.rain-reign,night/knight,…25Homogragh

----whentwowordsareidenticalinspelling,e.g.tear(n.)-tear(v.),lead(n.)-lead(v.),…Completehomonym----whentwowordsareidenticalinbothsoundandspelling,e.g.ball,bank,watch,scale,fast,…Therhetoricuseofhomonym

1)Whyisariverrich?

Becauseithastwobanks.

2)WhySaturdayandSundayarethestrongestdays?

Becausealltheothersareweek(weak)days.

3)Whatcolorwouldyoupaintthesunandthewind?”

Thesunroseandwindblue.(rise-rose;blow-blew)

26275.3.2.4Hyponymy上下義關(guān)系----thesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.InclusivenessAisincludedin/akindofB.Cf.chair,table,

furniture;

rose,tulip郁金香,

flower;

tiger,lion,elephant,animal...Superordinate:themoregeneraltermHyponyms:themorespecifictermCo-hyponyms:membersofthesameclass285.3.2.5Antonymy反義關(guān)系Gradableantonyms

等級反義詞Complementaryantonyms互補(bǔ)反義詞----thedenialofonememberofthepairimpliestheassertionoftheother,e.g.alive-dead,male-female,…Relationalopposites關(guān)系反義詞----exhibitsthereversaloftherelationshipbetweenthetwoitems,e.g.husband-wife,father-son,doctor-patient,buy-sell,let-rent,employer-employee,give-receive,above-below,…

291)Gradableantonyms等級反義詞

----thereareoftenintermediateformsbetweenthetwomembersofapair,e.g.old----young,hot----cold,good----badlong-----short,big----small...Canbemodifiedbyadverbsofdegreelikevery.Canhavecomparativeforms.Canbeaskedwithhow.302)Complementaryantonyms互補(bǔ)反義詞

---thedenialofonememberofthepairimpliestheassertionoftheother,

e.g.alive:deadmale:femalepresent:absentinnocent:guiltyodd:evenpass:failboy:girlhit:miss313)Raltionalopposites關(guān)系反義詞buy:selllend:borrowgive:receiveparent:childhusband:wifeteacher:studentabove:belowbefore:afterhost:guestemployer:employee325.4Senserelationsbetweensentences句子之間的意義關(guān)系1)

XissynonymouswithY2)

XisinconsistentwithY3)

XentailsY4)

XpresupposesY5)

Xisacontradiction6)

Xissemanticallyanomalous33XissynonymouswithY

同義X:Hewasabachelorallhislife.Y:Henevergotmarriedallhislife.X:Theboykilledthecat.Y:Thecatwaskilledbytheboy.34XisinconsistentwithY不一致X:Heissingle.Y:Hehasawife.X:ThisismyfirstvisittoBeijing.Y:IhavebeentoBeijingtwice.IfXistrue,Yisfalse;ifXisfalse,Yistrue.35XentailsY

蘊(yùn)含X:Johnmarriedablondheiress.Y:Johnmarriedablond.X:MarryhasbeentoBeijing.Y:MarryhasbeentoChina.Entailmentisarelationofinclusion.IfXentailsY,thenthemeaningofXisincludedinY.IfXistrue,Yisnecessarilytrue;ifXisfalse,Ymaybetrueorfalse.36XpresupposesY預(yù)設(shè)關(guān)系X:Hisbikeneedsrepairing.Y:Hehasabike.X:Paulhasgivenupsmoking.Y:Pauloncesmoked.IfXistrue,Ymustbetrue;IfXisfalse,Yisstilltrue.37Xisacontradiction

自我矛盾*Myunmarriedsisterismarriedtoabachelor.*Theorphan’sparentsareprettywell-off.38

Xissemanticallyanomalous

語義反常

*Themanispregnant.*Thetablehasbadintentions.*Sincerityshakeshandswiththeblackapple.39Analysisofmeaning

Componentialanalysis成分分析法

Predicationanalysis

述謂結(jié)構(gòu)分析法405.5.1ComponentialAnalysis成分分析法----awaytoanalyzelexicalmeaning.Theapproachisbasedonthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedissected（切分）intomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.Forexample:41HUMANMan:[+HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE]Boy:[+HUMAN,-ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE]Woman:[+HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,-MALE]Girl:[+HUMAN,-ADULT,+ANIMATE,-MALE]Moreexamples:42Animalwords43Englishmotionverbs445.5.2Predicationanalysis述謂結(jié)構(gòu)分析法Twopointsaboutsentencemeaning:1)

Themeaningofasentenceisnottobeworkedoutbyaddingupallthemeaningsofitscomponentwords,e.g“Thedogbitestheman”issemanticallydifferentfrom“Themanbitesthedog”thoughtheircomponentsareexactlythesame.2)

Therearetwoaspectstosentencemeaning:grammaticalmeaningandsemanticmeaning.

e.g.45

*Hegavethebookme.*WewillwenttoBeijingnow.

Thetwosentencesarenotgrammaticallywell-formed,astheyviolategrammaticalrules(thesubcategorizationrules)

46*Greencloudsaresleepingfuriously.*Sincerityshookhandswiththeblackapple.

Thetwosentencesaregrmmaticallyperfect(agreementortense),buttheyarenotgoodsentencesbecausetheyarenotsemanticallymeaningfulones.Whetherasentenceissemanticallymeaningfulornot,isgovernedbyrulescalledselectionalrestrictions,