2023年全國職稱英語等級(jí)考試樣題衛(wèi)生類

全國職稱英語等級(jí)考試樣題--衛(wèi)生類第一部分閱讀理解(75分)Passage1 Untilthetwentiethcenturycigaretteswerenotanimportantthreat(威脅)topublichealth.Menusedtobaccomainlyintheformofcigars(雪茄煙),chewingtobacco,pipetobacco(煙草),andsnuff(鼻煙).Mostwomendidnotusetobaccoatall. Thecigaretteindustrybeganinthe1870swiththedevelopmentofthecigarettemanufacturingmachines.Thismadeitpossibletoproducegreatnumbersofcigarettesveryquickly,anditreducedtheprice. Todaycigarettessmokingisawidespreadhabit.Aboutforty-threepercentoftheadultmenandthirty-onepercentoftheadultwomenintheUnitedStatessmokecigarettesregularly.Itisencouragingtonote,however,thatmillionsofpeoplehavegivenupthesmokinghabit.Seventy-fivepercentofthemalepopulationandforty-sixpercentofthethesemenandelevenpercentofthewomenhavestoppedsmoking.Thenumberofpersonswhohavegivenupsmokingisincreasing. Menasagroupsmokemorethanwomen.Amongbothmenandwomentheagegroupwiththehighestproportion(比例)ofsmokersistheagegroup24-44. Income,education,andoccupationallplayapartindeterminingaperson’ssmokinghabits.Citypeoplesmokemorethanpeoplelivingonfarms.Well-educatedmenwithhighincomesarelesslikelytosmokecigarettesthanmenwithfeweryearsofschoolingandlowerincomes.Ontheotherhandifawell-educatedmanwithahighincomesmokesasall,heislikelytosmokemorepacksofcigarettesperday. Thesituationissomewhatdifferentforwomen.Thereareslightlymoresmokersamongwomenwithhigherfamilyincomesandhighereducationthanamongthelowerincomeandlowereducationalgroups.Thesemorehighlyeducatedwomentendtosmokemoreheavily. Amongteenagers(少年)thepicturesissimilar.Therearefewerteenagersmokersfromupper-income,well-educatedfamiliesandfewerfromfamilieslivinginfarmareas.Highschoolstudentswhoarepreparingforcollegearelesslikelytosmokethanthosewhodonotplantocontinuetheireducationafterhighschool.Childrenaremostlikelytostartsmoking,ifoneorbothoftheirparentssmoke.1.Menusetobaccomainlyin________formsinthepast.○A.one○B(yǎng).two○C.three○D.four2.Thecigaretteindustrybegan________.○A.onehundredyearsago○B(yǎng).attheturnofthecentury○C.intheeighteenseventies○D.intheeighteencentury3.IntheUnitedStates_______smokecigarettes.○A.aboutforty-threepercentofpeople○B(yǎng).aboutthirty-onepercentofpeople○C.onlyoldpeople○D.aboutforty-threepercentofthegrown–upmenandthirty-onepercentofthegrown–upwomen4.Aman’ssmokinghabitispartlydeterminedby________.○A.hisincome○B(yǎng).hiseducation○C.hisoccupation○D.alloftheabove5.Children_________tostartsmoking,iftheirparentssmoke.○A.aremostlikely○B(yǎng).arelesslikely○C.hate○D.donotwantPassage2 Manyofusbelievethataperson’smindbecomeslessactiveashegrowsolder.Butthisisnottrue,accordingtoDr.Jarvik,professorofpsychiatry(精神病學(xué))attheUniversityofCalifornia.Shehasstudiedthementalfunctioningofagingpersonsforseveralyears.Forexample,oneofherstudiesconcerns136pairsofidenticaltwins(孿生兒),whowerefirstexaminedwhentheywerealready60yearsold.AsDr.Jarvikcontinuedthestudyofthetwinsintotheir70sand80s,theirmindsdidnotgenerallydeclineaswasexpected. However,therewassomedeclineintheirpsycho-motorspeed.Thismeansthatittookthemlongertoaccomplishmentaltasksthanitusedto.Butwhenspeedwasnotafactor,theylostverylittleintellectualabilityovertheyears.Ingeneral,Dr.Jarvik’sstudieshaveshownthatthereisnodeclineinknowledgeorreasoningability.Thisistruenotonlywiththoseintheir30sand40s,butwiththoseintheir60sand70saswell. Itistrueolderpeoplethemselvesoftencomplainthattheirmemoryisnotasgoodasitoncewas.However,muchofwhatwecall“l(fā)ossofmemory”isnotthatatall.Therewasusuallyincompletelearninginthefirstplace.Forexample,theolderpersonperhapshadtroublehearing,orpoorvision,orinattention,orwastryingtolearnthenewthingattoofastapace.Inthecaseswheretheolderperson’smindreallyseemstobecomelessactive,itisnotnecessarilyasignofbecominglessactiveduetooldage.Oftenitissimplyasignofadepressedemotional(壓抑旳感情)state.6.AccordingtoDr.Jarvik’sstudies,middle-agedandolderpersonswouldexpectto__________.○A.rememberless○B(yǎng).reasonbetter○C.learnfewernewthings○D.losenointellectualability7.Mentaldecayduetoagingis_________.○A.common○B(yǎng).muchmorecommonthanmostpeoplebelieve○C.muchlesscommonthanmostpeoplebelieve○D.trueofthoseoversixty8.Along-termstudyof136pairsoftwinsshowedthat_________.○A.theylostalittleabilitytoreasonovertheyears○B(yǎng).theyonlyfactorwhichdeclineovertheyearswastheirspeedwithwhichtoperformmentaltasks○C.theirmemorywasnotasgoodasithadoncebeen○D.theirmindsbecameabitmoreactiveastheygrewolder9.Accordingtothepassage,allthefollowingareinstancesof“incompletelearning”except_________.○A.poorhearing○B(yǎng).badeyesight○C.lackofattention○D.theattempttolearntoomanynewthings10.Whatwecallmentaldecayisusuallyasignof_________.○A.alow-spiritedstate○B(yǎng).aworseningstateofhealth○C.oldage○D.nervoustensionPassage3 Forhundredsofyears,diseasescausedbylackinnutrition(營養(yǎng))wereknowntomen.Somecommonnutritionaldiseasesareberiberi(腳氣),andscurvy(壞血病).Inthe18thcentury,JamesLind,aScottishdoctor,discoveredacureberiberi–wholerice. ABritishscientistin1906showedthatcertainfoodscontainsubstancesimportanttothegrowthanddevelopmentofthebody.Intimethesesubstanceswerecalledvitamins,meaningessentialtolife.Todaythereare13knownvitamins.Thehumanbodyproducesonlythreeofthem. Vitaminsregulate(調(diào)整)thewaythebodychangesfoodintoenergyandlivingtissues(組織).Eachvitaminshasadefiniteuseandthelackofonevitamincaninterferewiththefunctionofanother.Thecontinuedlackofonevitamincancauseavitaminlackdisease. Thebestwayforahealthypersontogetvitaminsistoeatabalanceddiet.Eggs,milk,meat,vegetables,fruits,andwhole–grainarethemostcommonsourcesofthenecessaryvarietyoffoods. Vitaminshelptospeedupcertainchemicalreactionsinthebody.Thesereactionsareessentialforhealth.Withoutvitamins,thesereactionswouldoccurveryslowlyornotatall. Trulyvitaminshavebeencorrectlynamed–essentialtogoodhealthandlife.11.Menhaveknowaboutnutritionaldiseases__________.○A.alongtime○B(yǎng).in18thcentury○C.recently○D.in190612.Beriberiisatypeof_________.○A.food○B(yǎng).vitamin○C.fruit○D.disease13.Ittakesscientists_______toknowhowmanyvitaminsthereare.○A.alongtime○B(yǎng).afewyears○C.ashorttime○D.anumberofexperiments14.Humanbodyproduces__________kindsofvitamins.○A.allkindsof○B(yǎng).five○C.thirteen○D.three15.Eating_______isthebestwaytogetvitamins.○A.fewthings○B(yǎng).vegetables○C.fruits○D.manykindsoffood第二部分完畢句子(25分)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容完畢句子，每個(gè)空格只能填一種單詞。有旳單詞第一種字母已經(jīng)給出，請(qǐng)將其他字母補(bǔ)全。 Somepsychologists(心理學(xué)家)maintainthatmentalactssuchasthinkingarenotperformedinthebrainalone,butthatone’smusclesalsoparticipate(參與).Itmaybesaidthatwethinkwithourmusclesinsomewhatthesamewaythatwelistentomusicwithoutbodies. Yousurelyarenotsurprisedtobetoldthattomusicnotonlywithyourearsbutwithyourwholebody.Fewpeoplecanlistentomusicthatismoreorlessfamiliarwithoutmovingtheirbodyormorespecifically(詳細(xì)地),somepartoftheirbody.Oftenwhenonelistenstoaconcertontheradio,heistemptedtodirecttheorchestra(管弦樂隊(duì))eventhoughknowswheretodirecttheorchestraeventhoughheknowsthereisanableconductoronthejob. Strangeasthisbehaviormaybe,thereisaverygoodreasonforit.Onecannotderiveallpossibleenjoymentformmusicunlessheparticipates,sotospeak,initsperformance.Thelistener“feels”himselfintothemusicwithmoreorlesspronouncedmotionsofhisbody. Themusclesofthebodyactuallyparticipate(參與)inthementalprocessofthinkinginthesameway,butthisparticipationislessobviousbecauseitislesspronounced.16.Somepsychologistsbelievethatthinkingisperformednotonlybyone’sbrainbutalsoone’s_________.17.Theprocessofthinkingandthatoflisteningaresimilarinthatmuscles________inbothprocesses.18._________peopleareabletolistentofamiliarmusicwithoutmovingsomepartoftheirbody.19.Bodymovementarenecessaryinorderforthelistenerto________themusicfully.20.Accordingtothepassage,muscleparticipationintheprocessofthinkingisnotreadilya_______.第三部分閱讀理解(80分)Passage1 Mostofusleadunhealthylives:wespendfartoomuchtimesittingdown.If,inaddition,wearecarelessaboutourdiets,ourbodiessoonbecomeflabby(不結(jié)實(shí)旳)andsystemssluggish(缺乏活力旳).Thentheguiltfeelingsstart:“Imustgoonadiet”,“Imusttrytoloseweight”,“Imustgetmorefreshairandexerciser”,“Imuststopsmoking”,“Imusttrytokeepfit.”Therearesomeaspectsofourunhealthylivesthatwecannotavoid.Iamthinkingofsuchfeaturesofmodernurbanlifeaspollution,noise,rushedmealsandstress.Butkeepingfitisawaytominimise(減少到最低程度)theeffectsoftheseevils. Theusualsuggestiontoapersonwhoislookingforawaytokeepfitistotakeupsomesportorother.Whileitistruethateveryweekendyouwillfindpeopleplayingfootballandtennisinthelocalpark,theyareoutnumbered(超過)ahundredtoonebythepeoplewhoaresimplywatchingthem.ItisanillusiontothinkthatyouwillgetfitbygoingtowatchthefootballmatcheverySaturday,unlessyoucounttheeffortrequiredtofightyourwaythroughoutthecrowdstogettothebestseats. Forthosewhodonotparticularlyenjoycompetitive(競爭性旳)sports,itisespeciallydifficulttodosoifyouarenotgoodatthem.Therearesuchactivitiesforonepersonascycling,walkingandswimming.Whatoftenhappens,though,isthatyoudotheminsuchaleisurelyway,soslowly,thatitisdoubtfulifyouaredoingyourselfmuchgood,apartfromthefactthatyouhaveatleastmanagedtogetupoutofyourarmchair.Ofcourseyoucanbeverythoroughaboutexercise.Manysportsshopsnowsellfrighteningpiecesofapparatus,chest-expandersandothermysteriousgadgets(小裝置)ofshinyspringsteel,which,accordingtotheadvertisements,willbringyouuptoanOlympicstandardoffitness,providedthatyoufollowaregularprogrammeofexercises.Suchprogrammesgenerallyinvolvelongperiodsoftimebendingthesecuriousbitsofmetalintoimprobableshapes. Itallstrikesmeasutterlyboringandalsotime-consuming.Somebodysuggestedrecentlythatallsucheffortwaspointlessanywaybecauseifyouspendhalfanhoureverydayjoggingroundthelocalpark,youwilladdtoyourlifeexactlythenumberofhoursthatyouwasteddoingthe“jogging”inthefirstplace.Theargumentisfalseevenifthefactsarecorrect,outthereisnodoubtthatexerciseinitselfcanbeboring. Evenafteryouhavefoundaroutineforkeepinginshape,throughsportorgymnastics,youarestillonlyhalfwaytogoodhealth,because,accordingtotheexperts,youmustalsomastertheartofcompletementalandphysicalrelaxation.Now,thisdoesnotmeansleepinginthearmchairofgoingdancing(whichisagoodformofexerciseinitself).Ithassomethingtodowithdeepbreathing,emptyingyourmindofallthoughts,worriesandsoon.21.Ifyouwanttokeepfit,youshould__________.○A.goinfornotonlycompetitivesports,butalsosolitaryones○B(yǎng).goinfornotonlysports,butalsoenjoyyourrelaxation○C.notputontoomuchweight○D.notspendlonghourssittinginyourarmchair22.ThelatterpartofthelastsentenceofPara.2(“…unlessyoucounttheeffort…gettothebestseats.”)suggeststhattheauthorthinksthat________.○A.fightingyourwaythroughcrowdsisagoodexercise○B(yǎng).bestseatsaredifficulttosecure○C.beingaspectatorisnotawaytokeepfit○D.gettingthroughcrowdsisnotaneasyjob23.Whichstatementreflectstheauthor’spointofviewonsolitarysports?○A.Theydonotcontributemuchtoyourhealth.○B(yǎng).Theycanbedoneinaslowway.○C.Theylackasenseofcompetition.○D.Theycanbedoneatanytimeandinanyplace.24.InPara.4,theauthorquotes:“…ifyouspendhalfanhoureverydayjoggingroundthelocalpark,youwilladdtoyourlifeexactlythenumberofhoursthatyouwasteddoingthe‘jogging’inthefirstplace.”Hethinksthatthestatementis_____________.○A.partiallycorrect○B(yǎng).absolutelytrue○C.untrue○D.paradoxical25.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasawaytogoodhealthinthearticle?○A.Mentalandphysicalrelaxation.○B(yǎng).Competitiveandsolitarysports.○C.Piecesofexerciseapparatus.○D.Mountainclimbingoffresh-airbreathing.Passage2 Whetheryoueattoliveorlivetoeat,foodshouldhelpkeepyouwell.Inourmodernworldofprocessedandpreservedfoods,manynutritionists(營養(yǎng)學(xué)家)aresuggestingthatwecanstayhealthywithawell-balanceddietofplentyoffreshfruitsandvegetablesandnottoomuchredmeat,salt,orsugar.Infact,eatingnatural,unprocessedfoodsthataremadefromscratch,insteadofartificialandjunk(假旳)foods,maynotonlykeepyouhealthy,butsaveyourmoney,too. Tostayhealthy,youmustalsobecarefultoavoidfoodpoisoning,acommon,unpleasant,andoftendangerousillnessthataffectsoneoutofeverysixAmericanseachyear.Foodpoisoningisoftencausedbysalmonellabacteria(沙門化菌)infood,especiallyrawmeatsanddairyproducts.Heatusuallykillsthebacteria,andrefrigerationkeepsthemfromgrowing.Soremembertokeephotfoodhotandcoldfoodcold.Also,besuretokeepyourhandsandcookingutensilscleansoyoudon’ttransfergermstothefoodwhileyouarepreparingit. Ifyouusecannedfood,alwayscheckthecansforleaksorpuffiness.Apuffedcancouldmeanbotulism,afataltypeoffoodpoisoningthatyoucannotseeorsmell.Nevertasteanyfoodthatyoususpecthasspoiled.Instead,returnanydamagedcansorspoiledfoodtothegrocerystore,andthemanagerwillrefund(償還)yourmoney.Whenusingprocessedfoods,besuretoreadallthelabelsandchecktheingredientsandthefreshnessdatebeforeyoubuyoreatthefood. Eatingisoneofthejoysoflife.Beingcarefulaboutwhatyouputinyourmouthcankeepitthatway.26.Accordingtomostnutritionists,adietof_________isgoodforyou.○A.redmeatandsweets○B(yǎng).artificialandjunkfoods○C.freshfruitsandvegetables○D.processedandpreservedfoods27.Tostayhealthy,onemust___________.○A.noteatunprocessedmeatanddairyproducts○B(yǎng).avoidyourhandstouchingallfoods○C.nottasteoutdatedcannedfood○D.heatcoldfoodbeforeeating28.Ifacanispuffy,itissuggestedinthepassageto___________.○A.openitandtastealittletocheckit○B(yǎng).throwitawaytoavoidpoisoningotherfoods○C.heatitsoastokillthebacteria○D.returnittoitssellerforrepayment29.Whatdoes“it”inthelastparagraphreferto?○A.Life.○B(yǎng).Joy.○C.Eating.○D.Food.30.Onthewhole,thepassagestronglysuggeststhat_________.○A.naturalfoodishealthierthanartificialfood○B(yǎng).foodhelpskeeponehealthy○C.cannedfoodmaybepoisoning○D.one’spoorhealthisgenerallyaresultoffoodpoisoning第四部分概括大意(20分)給下面一篇文章旳每一段概括大意。每一段旳主題用一種或幾種單詞表達(dá)，空出旳詞已給出了第一種字母，請(qǐng)把其他字母補(bǔ)全。31.D Adultstwelveyearsoldandovertaketwoteaspoonfulsasneeded,nottoexceedfifteenteaspoonfulsperday.Childrensixyearsoldtotwelveyearsoldtakehalfoftheadultdosage,nottoexceedseventeaspoonfulsperday.32.W Donotadminister(用藥)tochildrenundersixyearsoldortoindividualswithhighbloodpressure,heartdisease,ordisease,ordiabetes.Thispreparationmaycausesleepy.Donotdriveoroperatemachinerywhiletakingthismedicine.Chronic(長期旳)coughisdangerous.Ifreliefdoesnotoccurwithinthreedays,discontinueuseandconsultyourphysician.33.EofInformationbetweentheSensory(感觀旳)Neurons(神經(jīng))andtheBrain. Thesensoryneuronskeepthebraininformedofwhatishappeningoutsideandinsidethebodythroughavarietyofsensorypick–upunitscalledreceptors.Someofthese,lyingatorneartheskinsurface,maybespeciallysensitivetotissuedamage(causingpain),orlightcontact(producingatouchsensation),orpressure,ortemperature,eitherhotorcold.Otherreceptorsonthetongueandinthenoserespondtolightofvaryingintensities,whilereceptorsrespondtocolor.Receptorsintheearrespondtominutevibrationscausedbysoundwavesstrikingtheeardrum.Otherreceptorsaredeepinthewallsoftheintestines;whentheintestinescontractvigorouslybecauseofthepresenceofuncomfortablefoodorgas,thesereceptorstransmitsignalsofpain.Stillotherreceptorslodgedinthemuscles,fireoffsignalstothebrainanytimeamusclecontractsorajointmovesorissubjectedtoaddedpressureortension.34.Cofafever;Feverisaconditioninwhichthebodytemperatureishighthannormal.Usuallythepresenceoffeverisduetoaninfection,thoughtherecanbemanyothercausessuchasmalignancies(惡性腫瘤)，braininjuries,poisoningreactions,reactionstovaccines,anddiseasesinvolvingthecentralnervoussystem.Sometimesemotionalactioncanbringonafever.35.CoftheStomach;Carcinomaofthestomachisacommoncancerofthedigestivetract.Itisoneoftheleadingcausesofdeath. Thediseasetendstooccurintheagegroupsover40,andtothistypeofcancermalesaresomewhatmorelikelythanfemales.Inmanycasestheearlystageofgrowthofthecancerisusuallynotassociatedwithdefinitesymptoms.Bythetimesymptomsoccurtoanintensitythatmakesthepatientseekmedicaladvice,thecancerisoftenfoundtohavespreadtootherorganssuchastheliver.第五部分閱讀理解(120分)Passage1 Whatcanyoudoifyousufferfrominsomnia?Twothings:youcaneatcertainfoodsthatwillhelpyoufallasleepandstayasleep,andyoucandocertainthingsthataresleep-inducing.HerearesomeguidelinesDr.Schwartzhasworkedoutafteryearsofresearch. a.Ifyou’vehadabadnight’ssleep,don’tstayinbedlaterthenextmorning. b.Don’tgotobedearlierthenextnight.Sticktoyourusualbedtimeandrisingpattern. c.Don’tnapduringtheday.Napscutdownonnightsleep-time. d.Neverlieawakeinbedandsleeplessness,thusreinforcingyourpoorsleepingpattern. e.Whenyougetoutofbedafteranhourofsleeplessness,dosomething,butmakesureit’ssomethingdull.Readabookthatdoesn’tinterestyourmuch.NeverwatchTVorlistentotheradio. f.Trysittingstillinachairinadarkenedroom;you’llbesurprisedhowfastyou’llgetsleepy. g.Whenyouretireforthenight,don’tliethererehashing(重講)themistakesoftheday.Noristhisthetimetoplanyournextday’sactivities–youmaybecometooanxiousorover-stimulated. h.Getasmuchexerciseaspossible,preferablyearlyintheday.Exerciseisagreatsleepinducer. i.Developabedtimeroutine:closingupthehouseandturningoutthelightsinacertainway,bathing,plumping(使鼓起)upthepillows.Sleepstudiesshowthatdoingthingsinsequence–inawaythattendstocalmandsooth–canhelpyouachieveagoodsleeppattern. Asforfoodintaketohelpyousleep,makesurethatyourdailydietisabalancedoneandhighintryptophan(色氯酸),anamino(氨基旳)acidfoundincertainfoods.ThebodyconvertstryptophantoL-tryptophanandthentoserotomin,abodychemicalcrucialtothesleepprocess.Foodsrichintryptophanare:wholeorskimmilk,eggs,cheese,meat,andpeanuts,apples,bananas,cherries,driedprunes(梅脯),andwatermelon.Ifyouincludefoodshighintryptophaninyourdailydiet,andincorporatesomeofthesleep-inducingactivitiesintoyourlife,thechancesaregoodthatyouwillachieveapatternofrestful,soothingsleep.36.Lookoverthelistofguidelinesinparagraph1.WhichofthefollowingwouldDr.Schwartzprobablyapproveofdoingifyoucan’tsleep?○A.Readanexcitingnovel.○B(yǎng).Gotobedatyourusualbedtime.○C.Thinkaboutameetingyouhavetoattendtomorrow.○D.Takeanapatlunchtime.37.Inparagraph1,item,Dr.Schwartzimplies,butnotdirectlysaythat________.○A.youshouldreadabookthatdoesn’tinterestyoumuch○B(yǎng).watchingTVorreadinganinterestingbookwillstimulateyouandkeepyouawake○C.listeningtotheradiowillwakeupotherpeopleinyourhouse○D.youshouldcountnumberssilently38.Thethirdsentenceinparagraph2isalistoffoods,paragraph2_______.○A.doesnotexplainwhythesefoodsarelistedhere○B(yǎng).saystoavoidthefoodlisted○C.highlyrecommendsthatyoueatthefoodslisted○D.saysthatthefoodslistedareverycheap39.Thelastsentenceofparagraph2___________.○A.ispessimisticaboutinsomnia○B(yǎng).isoptimisticaboutinsomnia○C.containsexamplesoffoodhighintrpytophan○D.summarizestheentirearticle40.Thearticlemainlytellsus___________.○A.whygotosleep○B(yǎng).causesofinsomnia○C.waystodealwithinsomnia○D.whatfoodscanhelpyousleepPassage2 Flu(whichisshortforinfluenza)isahighlycontagiousdisease,thecauseofwhichisaverytinyorganismknownasavirus.Severaltypesoffluarerecognized,dependingonthetypeofvirusthatcausesthedisease. Whenpeoplecatchflu,theyoftencomplainofaheadacheorasorethroat.Theyusuallyhaveafeverandtheirtemperaturerisesfromthenormal37C(98.6F)toabout39.5C(103F).Sometimesapersonhasadryhacking(劇烈地干咳)coughandachingjoints. Todaymanydoctorsprescribedrugsthatfightthedisease.Andscientistshavealsodevelopedvaccines(疫苗)thathelptopreventit.Ifthepatienthaspropertreatment,andcompleterestinbed,thevirusisnormallybeatenwithinaweektotendays. Howdoesfluspreadsoquickly?Whentheinfectedpersonbreathesout,sneezesorcoughs,hegivesoutdroplets(飛沫)ofmoistureinthebreathfro