大學(xué)跨文化交際Unit-2-Daily-Verbal-communication-I

1InterculturalCommunication

Unit2DailyCommunication(I)CultureisaBridge.TeachingObjectives1.Tounderstandhowlanguageandculturearecloselylinked2.TounderstandpragmaticsininterculturalCommunication3.Identifytheculturaldifferencesinaddressing,greeting,conversationaltopics,visiting,parting,complimentandresponse,gratitudeandapology.Verbalinterculturalcommunication“verbal”(pg.17)means“consistingofwords”.Language,spokenorwritten,isameansofverbalcommunication.Verbalcommunicationreferstothecommunicationthatiscarriedeitherinoralorinwrittenformwiththeuseofwords.Verbalinterculturalcommunicationhappenswhenpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundscommunicatewitheachotherbyusinglanguage.456789Appointment(pg.29)Questions:1.WhatisthetimingforRichardmakeanappointment?Isittooearly…?2.HowdidRichardmakeanappointmentpolitely?Mr.askedmetocallhim…appointmentNotifyinadvanceInAmericaanyvisit,whetheritistoseeadoctor,aprofessor,afriendandevenarelative,isusuallyarrangedbyappointment.Thisisthecourtesytobeobserved.WhenanAmericanismakinganappointment,he/shetriestobepolite,andleavesroomfortheotherpartytorefuseifnotconvenient."Ihaven'tseenyouforalongtime.IwaswonderingwhetherIcouldcomeroundtovisityousome-time.""I'dliketocomeandseeyousometime.Wouldyoubefreeoneafternoonnextweek?VisitingSomeoneMealsToshowhospitality:Thequantityandvarietyofthemealfarmorethancanbeeatenatthetimerelatethemealsizemoreaccuratelytothepeople’sappetiteAtthetableconstantlyputthebestpieceoffoodonthevisitor’splateleavethegueststohelpthemselvesanddonotkeepurgingthemtoeatmore15WhatwouldhappeniftheChineseareinvitedtodinnerbythewesterner?WhatwouldhappenifthewesternervisitorsareinaChinesehomefordinner??1617ShowingHospitalityinDifferentWaysChineseWesternersChineseguestsalwaysrefuseofferofdrinksorfoodtodemonstratepolitenessinseemingnottowishtoputtheirhosttoanytrouble.Westernersalwaysacceptorrefuseofferofdrinksorfoodverygenuinely.Sometimesanofferisnotarealofferbutapoliteremark.Afterwesay‘no’,weusuallywaitforthesecondandthirdoffer.Ifthehostjustbringsthefoodordrinkandignores‘no’,weillacceptit.Theirrefusalisacceptedasgenuine.Westernersdon’ttopress.Topresspeopletohavefoodordrinkaftertheyhaverefusedisfrowneduponandcancauseembarrassments.Chineseliketopresstheirgueststodrinkoreattoshowtheirhospitality192021GreetingsGoodmorning/afternoon/evening.Howareyou?Howarethingsgoing?Howareyougettingon?Howarethings(withyou)?How’severything?How’slife?Hello.Hey./Hi.ChineseexpressionsWhereareyougoing?你上哪去？Wherehaveyoubeen?你去哪里啦？Haveyouhadyourmeal?吃過(guò)了嗎？(It’snoneofyourbusiness.)Conceptofprivacyprivacy1.freedomfromunauthorizedintrusion<one'srighttoprivacy>(quotefromwebster)ThelegalbasisfortheprivacyistheUSFourthAmendmentwhichguarantees"therightofthepeopletobesecureintheirpersons,houses,papers,andeffects,againstunreasonablesearchesandseizures.”24中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化認(rèn)為隱私是群體性的,顯示其公眾性和集體主義準(zhǔn)則;圈內(nèi)人之間不必太強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人隱私.以美國(guó)為代表的西方文化認(rèn)為隱私是維護(hù)個(gè)人獨(dú)立性和體現(xiàn)自我存在價(jià)值的表現(xiàn),顯示其強(qiáng)烈的自我意識(shí).25InitiatingConversationsAvoidanceofsometopics:AgeMoneyHealthFamilyConversationtopicsHobbiesholidaysTheweatherAlocalornationaleventJobsFilms/books28Cultureinfluencesthestyleofcommunicationatgreatlevel.Whenweareinanunfamiliarcountry,itiswisetowatchandlearnthewaynativepeoplecommunicatefirst.InitiatingconversationsAppropriateandInappropriatetopics(pg.27)AustraliaProfessions;cars;skiing;musicMoney;religion;divorce/separationGermanyTravelingabroad;internationalpolitics;hobbies;soccerThesecondworldWar;questionsaboutpersonallifeGreatBritainHistory;Architecture;gardeningPolitics;money/price;FalklandswarFranceMusic;books;sports;thetheaterPriceofitems;person’swork;income;ageJapanHistory;culture;artTheSecondWorldwar;Onhealth303132Whatculturalconceptbehindit?Whydophraseslike“putonmoreclothes”soundsinappropriatetothewesterners?Protective,parentalovertonesIndependentwesternersindividualism3334353637Formofaddress正式有余，尊重不足3839Mr.≠先生先生40魯迅先生，蔡元培先生，楊振寧先生《孟子》：“先生何為出此言也？”這里的“先生”指的是長(zhǎng)輩而又有學(xué)問(wèn)的人。這也就是說(shuō)春秋戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期，先生這一稱(chēng)呼主要是稱(chēng)呼長(zhǎng)輩的人。在中國(guó)文化中，“先生”的稱(chēng)呼用于學(xué)術(shù)界人時(shí)是對(duì)高級(jí)學(xué)者既嚴(yán)肅又親密的尊重稱(chēng)謂.

Mr.VS.先生41MynameisJohnDavis.ButyoucancallmeJohn.大多數(shù)美國(guó)人不喜歡用先生、夫人或小姐這類(lèi)稱(chēng)呼，他們認(rèn)為這類(lèi)稱(chēng)呼過(guò)于鄭重其事了。美國(guó)人之間，不論職位、年齡，總是盡量喊對(duì)方的名字，以縮短相互間的距離。美國(guó)有家刊物曾專(zhuān)就稱(chēng)呼問(wèn)題在150種工商行業(yè)中做過(guò)調(diào)查，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)他們之中85%的稱(chēng)呼是只喊名字。

WhendotheyuseMR.?421.Strangers2.稱(chēng)呼同學(xué)的爸爸，爺爺?shù)乳L(zhǎng)輩3.鄰居的長(zhǎng)輩4.稱(chēng)呼沒(méi)有特殊頭銜的上級(jí)、教師（notveryclose)ChineseEnglishFormalRelationship/SituationNeutralRelationship/SituationCloseRelationship/SituationFormofAddressSurname+TitleTitle+SurnameSurname+TitleTitle+SurnameGivenNameGivenNameGivenNameMr.Vfessor44對(duì)于有頭銜的人，不用Mr.而是加上頭銜表示尊重ProfessorAmbassadorDoctorPresident45Pleasetranslate:這位是我們的趙老師。這位是我們的張經(jīng)理。TeacherZhao在英美人聽(tīng)來(lái)，猶如“趙打鐵的”，“趙賣(mài)肉的”，“趙教書(shū)”的一樣刺耳。46值得注意的是，美國(guó)人從來(lái)不用行政職務(wù)如局長(zhǎng)、經(jīng)理、校長(zhǎng)等頭銜稱(chēng)呼別人。47美國(guó)人很少用正式的頭銜來(lái)稱(chēng)呼別人。正式的頭銜一般只用于法官、高級(jí)政府官員、軍官、醫(yī)生、教授和高級(jí)宗教人土等。例如：哈利法官、史密斯參議員、克拉克將軍、布朗醫(yī)生、格林教授、懷特主教等。Pleasetranslate48嘿，先生，您的錢(qián)包掉了。小姐，你手帕掉了。Hey,Sir/Mister,youdroppedyourwallet.Youdroppedyourhandkerchief,Lady?而在社交稱(chēng)呼語(yǔ)方面，不論地位和職位高低，越來(lái)越傾向于直呼其名，或“Mr．／Mrs．/Ms.／Miss+姓”以及“Sir／Madam”等通用稱(chēng)呼。只有當(dāng)交際雙方處于一種“權(quán)勢(shì)”關(guān)系時(shí)，地位較高者會(huì)使用名字稱(chēng)呼對(duì)方，而地位較低者會(huì)用“頭銜／職銜+姓”來(lái)稱(chēng)呼對(duì)方4950Istheaddressappropriate?51BessFitzgeraldis70yearsold.You’dliketocallhergrandmatoshowcloseness.在英語(yǔ)中，親屬稱(chēng)謂不廣泛地用于社交。許多西方人也不喜歡別人用grand-或great-之類(lèi)來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)自己上了年紀(jì).greatUncleJim（中國(guó)人稱(chēng)伯祖父、叔祖父、舅公等）可簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)為UncleJim。Canwesaythese?52妹妹，過(guò)來(lái)看一下：Sister，comeoverhere.哥哥，接著。Brother，catch.Brother,sister宗教團(tuán)體人士稱(chēng)呼53GreetingsQuestions:(pg.25)1.Howdotheygreetwhentheymeetforthefirsttime?Howdoyoudo!HiHelloNicetomeetyou!2.Whoshouldbeintroducedfirst?thesenior,thefemale,theguest3.Whoshouldgreetfirst?ThesameasaboveIntroductionWatchthisepisode，Howthepresidentisaddressed?questions1.HowdotheyaddressAmericanpresident?Mr.President2.WhatwouldtheAmericanPresidentlikeA.J.tocallhim?Whenweareoutofofficeoralone,youcancallmeAndy.Youaremybestmanatmywedding.3.WhatrulescanwedrawastheAmericanwayofaddressing?(pg.24)Sometitlescanbeusedeithersinglyorwiththeperson’ssurname.Thegivennameispreferredinmostsituations.

Howdothedifferenceshappen?

60WhydoestheChineselanguagehavesomuchmoredetailedandspecifickinshiptermsthanInEnglish?Whydoweusetitletocallpeoplesomuchmoreoftenthanwesternpeople?Theyhavedeeprootsinthecultureinwhichtheyareformed.6162中：以血緣家庭為紐帶的中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)；農(nóng)耕經(jīng)濟(jì)；大一統(tǒng)的體制（patriarchal家長(zhǎng)制的）西：地緣政治為基礎(chǔ)的城邦制國(guó)家，工商業(yè)，小國(guó)寡民；民主型（democratic）63AphotoofafarmfamilyAphotoofBaJin’sFamilyDifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishKinTermsChineseCultureEnglishCulturepeoplerefertopeoplestrictlyaccordingtothekinterms.Itiscompletelyunacceptabletorefertoone'sparentsbyusingthenamesInsomefamiliesinWesterncountries,somechildrenaddresstheirparentsdirectlybytheirfirstnames.Whenchildrenaddressrelatives,Chinesekintermstellwhethertheyareolderoryoungerthantheirfatherormother.InBritain,childrenareexpectedtoaddresstheparents'brotherandsisterswiththetitleofUncleorAuntplustheirnamesandsometimessimplyaddressthembyfirstnamewithoutatitle.Chinesekintermstellwhethertherelativesarefromthemother'orfather'ssideandwhetherone'sbrother,sisterorcousinisolderoryoungerthanhe/sheEnglishkintermsdon’ttellwhethertherelativesarefromthemother'orfather'sside,andtherearenotdisdinctkintermsforelderbrotheroryoungerbrother.Chinesekintermsarealsotootherpeoplewhoarenotone'srelatives;kintermsarewidelyusedtoaddressknownorunknownpeoplekintermsarenotasfrequentlyusedasinChinese.Inallkindsofsocialsituations,eitherformallyorinformally,peoplewon'tusekintermstoaddresseachotheriftheyarenotrelatives65ThewayoflifeIndividualvsGroup66IdeaofoneselfIndividual-centeredvsgroup-centered67PersonalRelationshipSimplevsComplexPartingsAmongtheAmericansPhaseone:Oneoftheindividualsinitiatesthisphasebynotingthathe/sheshoulddepartsoon,butnoimmediatemovetodepartisactuallymade.Bothcontinuetheirconversationorothersharedactivityforawhilelonger;thisdelaymaylastfromafewminutestoasmuchasanhour.AnAmericanwhointendstodepartusuallyexplainsthatafactorinhis/herownpersonalsituationcompelsthedeparture.Phasetwo:AnAmericanvisitorgoestothedoor,his/herexitfromthesceneoccursquiteefficiently.Thehostaccompaniestheleavertothedoorandmaybrieflyexitashortdistancebeyondit,offeringafarewellwaveastheleaverdisappears.TheEnglishexpressionswhenpartingare"Seeyou","Solong","Good-bye","Haveaniceday.""Takecare."etc.withalsoasmileandagestureoffarewell.PartingexpressionAmongtheChinesePhaseone:AChinesealso