建筑外文文獻及翻譯

WORDWORD版本.外文原文StudyonHumanResourceAllocationinMulti-ProjectonthePriorityandtheCostofProjectsLinJingjing,ZhouGuohuaSchoolofEconomics and management, Southwest Jiao University,610031,ChinaAbstract----Thispaperputforwardtheaffectingfactorsofproject’spriority.whichisintroducedintoamulti-objectiveoptimizationmodelforhumanresourceallocationinmulti-projectenvironment.Theobjectivesofthemodelweretheminimumcostlossduetothedelayofthetimelimitoftheprojectsandtheminimumdelayoftheprojectwiththehighestpriority.ThenaGeneticAlgorithmtosolvethemodelwasintroduced.Finally,anumericalexamplewasusedtotestifythefeasibilityofthemodelandthealgorithm.Index Terms—Genetic Algorithm, Human Resource Multi-project’sproject’spriority.INTRODUCTIONMoreandmoreenterprisesarefacingthechallengeofmanagement,whichhasbeenthefocusamongresearcheson projectmanagement.Inmulti-projectenvironment,thesharearecompetitionofresourcessuchascapital,timeandhumanresourcesoftenoccur.Therefore,it’scriticaltoscheduleprojectsinordertosatisfythedifferentresourcedemandsandtoshortenthedurationtimewithresourcesconstrained,asin[1].Formanyenterprises,thehumanresourcesarethemostpreciousasset.Soenterprisesshouldreasonablyandeffectivelyallocateeachresource,especiallythehumanresource,inordertoshortenthetimeandofprojectsandtoincreasethebenefits.Someliteratureshavediscussedtheresourceallocationprobleminmulti-projectenvironmentwithresourcesconstrained.Reference[1]designedaniterativealgorithmandproposedamathematicalmodeloftheresource-constrainedmulti-projectscheduling.Basedonworkbreakdownstructure(WBS)andDantzig-Wolfedecompositionmethod,afeasiblemulti-projectplanningmethodwasillustrated,asin[2]References[3,4]discussedtheresource-constrainedprojectschedulingbasedonBranchDelimitationmethod.Reference[5]putforwardtheframeworkofhumanresourceallocationinmulti-projectinLong-term,medium-termandshort-termaswellasresearchanddevelopment(R&D)environment.BasedonGPSSlanguage,simulationmodelofresourcesallocationwasbuilttogettheproject’sdurationtimeandresourcesdistribution,asin[6].Reference[7]solvedengineeringproject’sresourcesoptimizationproblemusingGeneticAlgorithms.Theseliteraturesreasonablyoptimizedresourcesallocationinmulti-project,butallhadthesameprerequisitethattheproject’simportanceisthesametoeachother.Thispaperanalyzetheeffectsofproject’spriorityonhumanresourceallocation,whichistobeintroducedintoamathematicalmodel;finally,aGeneticAlgorithmisusedtosolvethemodel.EFFECTSOFPROJECTSPRIORITYONHUMANRESOUCEALLOCATIONANDAFFECTINGFACTORSOFPROJECT’SPRIORITYResourcesharingisoneofthemaincharacteristicsofmanagement.Theallocationofsharedresourcesrelatestotheefficiencyandrationalityoftheuseofresources.Whenresourceconflictoccurs,theresourcedemandoftheprojectwithhighestpriorityshouldbesatisfiedfirst.Onlyafterthat,cantheprojectswithlowerprioritybeconsidered.Basedontheideaofprojectclassificationmanagement,thispaperclassifiestheaffectingfactorsofproject’spriorityintocategories,astheproject’sbenefits,thecomplexityofprojectmanagementandtechnology,andthestrategicinfluenceontheenterprise’sfuturedevelopment.Thepriorityweightoftheprojectisthefunctionoftheabovethreecategories,asshownin(1).W=f(I,c,s…) (1)Wherewreferstoproject’spriorityweight;Ireferstothebenefitsoftheproject;creferstothecomplexityoftheproject,includingthetechnologyandmanagement;sreferstotheinfluenceoftheprojectonenterprise.Thebiggerthevaluesofthethreecategories,thehigherthepriorityis.HUMANRESOURCEALLOCATIONMODELINMULTI-PROJECTENVIRONMENTProblemDescriptionAccordingtotheconstrainttheory,theenterpriseshouldstrictlydifferentiatethebottleneckresourcesandthenon-bottleneckresourcestosolvetheconstraintproblemofbottleneckresources.Thispaperwillstressonthelimitedcriticalresourcesbeingallocatedtomulti-projectwithdefinitedurationtimesandpriority.Tosimplifytheproblem,wesupposethatthatthreeexistseveralparallelprojectsandasharedresourcesstorehouse,andtheenterprise’soperationonlyinvolvesonekindofcriticalresources.Thesupplyofthecriticalhumanresourceiswhichcannotbeobtainedbyhiringoranyotherwaysduringacertainperiod.whenresourceconflictamongparallelprojectsoccurs,wemayallocatethehumanresourcetomulti-projectaccording to project’s priorities .The allocation ofnon-criticalindependenthumanresourcesisnotconsideredinthispaper,whichsupposesthattheindependentresourcesthateachprojectneedscanbesatisfied.Engineeringprojectsusuallyneedmassivecriticalskilledhumanresourcesinsomecriticalchain,whichcannotbesubstitutedtheotherkindofhumanresources.Whenthecriticalchainsofprojectsatthesametimeduringsomeperiod,thereoccurresourceconflictandcompetition.Thepaperalsosupposesthatthecorrespondingnetworkplanningofvariousprojectshavealreadybeenestablished,andthepeaksofeachproject’sresourcesdemandhavebeenoptimized.Thedelayofthecriticalchainaffectthewholeproject’sdurationtime.ModelHypothesesThefollowinghypotheseshelpustoestablishamathematicalmodel:Thenumberofmutuallyindependentprojectsinvolvedinresourceallocationprobleminmulti-projectisN.projectisindicatedwithQ,whilei=1,2,…N.iThe priority weights of multi-project have beendetermined,whicharerespectivelyw,w…w.1 2 nThetotalnumberofthecriticalhumanresourcesisR,withrstandingforeachperson,whilek=1,2,…,Rk1humanresourcertoprojectQ(4)Δk= k ii 0othersResourcescapturingbyseveralprojectsbeginsontime.tEisitheexpecteddurationtimeofprojectIthatneedsthecriticalresourcestofinishsometaskaftertimet,onthepremisethatthehumanresourcesdemandcanbesatisfied.tAiistherealdurationtimeofprojectIthatneedsthecriticalresourcetofinishsometaskaftertimet.Accordingtothecontract,ifthedelayoftheprojecthappensthedailycostlossduetothedelayis△cforprojectiI.Accordingtotheproject’simportance,thedelayofaprojectwillnotonlycausethecostloss,butwillalsodamagetheprestigeandstatusoftheenterprise.(whilethecostisdifficulttoquantify,itisn’tconsideredinthisarticletemporarily.)Fromthehypothesis(5),wecanknowthataftertimettime-gapbetweentherealandexpecteddurationtimeofprojectIthatneedsthecriticalresourcestofinishsometaskis△t,(△t=tA-tE ).Forthereexists resourcesi i i icompetition,thetime–gapisnecessarilyapositivenumber.(8)Accordingtohypotheses(6)and(7),thetotalcostlossprojectIisC (C=△t*△C).i i i i(9)Thedurationtimeofactivitiescanbeexpressedbytheworkloadofactivitiesdividedbythequantityofresources,whichcanbeindicatedwithfollowingexpressionof tA=η/R* ,.Intheexpression,ηreferstotheworkloadi i i iofprojectsIduringsomeperiod,whichissupposedtobefixedandpre-determinedbytheprojectmanagersonprojectplanningphase;R*referstothenumberofthecriticalhumanresourcesibeingallocatedtoprojectsIactually,withtheequationRi=Rk1

existing.DuetotheresourcecompetitionthekiresourcedemandsofprojectswithhigherPrioritiesmaybeguarantee,whilethoseprojectswithprioritiesmaynotbefullyguaranteed.Inthissituation,thedecreaseoftheresourcesupplywillleadtotheincreasethedurationtimeofactivitiesandtheproject,whiletheworkloadisfixed.OptimizationModelBasedontheabovehypotheses,theresourceallocationmodelinmulti-projectenvironmentcanbeestablished.Here,theoptimizationmodelis:F=minZ=minN i i

Cii=minNi1

i1N

i1tci i i

(2)=minN

N

i tE ci R i ii1

i1

kii1 F =minZ=mint2 2

=min i tE (3)R ikikii1Wherewj=max(wi),(i,jN) (4)Subject to:0N

=R (5)kii1 kThemodelisamulti-objectiveone.Thetwoobjectivefunctionsarerespectivelytominimizethetotalcostloss,whichisconformtotheeconomictarget,andtoshortenthetimeoftheprojectwithhighestpriority.Thefirstobjectivefunction can only optimize the apparent economiccost;thereforethesecondobjectivefunctionwillhelptomakeupthislimitation.Fortheprojectwithhighestpriority,timedelaywilldamagenotonlytheeconomicbenefits,butalsothestrategyandtheprestigeoftheenterprise.Thereforeweshouldguaranteethatthemostimportantprojectbefinishedontimeoraheadofschedule.SOLUTIONTOTHEMULTI-OBJECTIVEMODELUSINGGENETICALGORITHMThe multi-objective optimization problem is quitecommon.Generally,eachobjectiveshouldbeoptimizedinordertogetthecomprehensiveobjectiveoptimized.Thereforetheweightofeachsub-objectiveshouldbeconsidered.Reference[8]proposedanimprovedantcolonyalgorithmtosolvethisproblem.Supposedthattheweightsofthetwooptimizingobjectivesareα andβ,whereα+β=1.ThenthecomprehensivegoalisF* ,whereF*=αF1+βF2.ThePrincipleofGeneticAlgorithmGeneticAlgorithmrootsfromtheconceptsofnaturalselectionandgenetics.It’sarandomsearchtechniqueforglobaloptimizationinacomplexsearchspace.Becauseoftheparallelnatureandlessrestrictions,ithasthekeyfeaturesofgreatcurrency,fastconvergenceandeasycalculation.Meanwhile,itssearchscopenotlimited,soit’saneffectivemethodtosolvetheresourcebalancingproblem,asin[9].ThemainstepsofGAinthispaperareasfollow:EncodingAnintegerstringisshort,directandefficient.Accordingtothecharacteristicsofthemodel,thehumanresourcecanbeassignedtobeacodeobject.Thestringlengthequalstothetotalnumberofhumanresourcesallocated.ChoosingthefitnessfunctionThispaperchoosetheobjectivefunctionasthefoundationoffitnessfunction.Toratethevaluesoftheobjectivenfunction,thefitnessofthen-thindividualis1/ 。nGeneticoperationIt’sthecoreofGA.Thisprocessincludesthreebasicoperators:selectionoperator,crossoveroperator,andmutationoperation.Selectionoperationistoselectthegoodindividualsamongthegroup.Theprobabilityofastringtobeselectedaparentisproportionaltoitsfitness.Thehigherthestring’sfitnessis,thegreatertheprobabilityofstringtobeselectedasaparentwillbe.CrossoveroperatorTheso-calledcrossoveristhatthepatenchromosomesexchangesomegenes toyieldtwooffspringstringsinrule.Wecanuseuniformcrossover,thatthetwochromosomesexchangethegenesonthesamepositionswiththesamecrossoverprobabilitytoyieldtwonewindividuals.MutationoperatorMutationaddstothediversityofapopulationandtherebyincreasesthelikelihoodthatthealgorithmwillindividualswithbetterfitnessvalues.ThemutationoperatordeterminesthesearchabilityofGA,maintainthediversityofapopulation,andavoidtheprematurity.Thereareseveralmutationisquiteeasy.StandardfortheterminalofGAWithouthumancontrol,theevolutionprocessofthealgorithmwillneverend.Thepopulationsizeaffectsfinalresultandtheoperationspeed.Ifthesizeisgreater,thediversityofthepopulationcanbeadded,andthebestresultcanbeobtainedeasier.However,theefficiencyisreduced.Recently,inmostGAprogress,thebiggestevolvementalgebraisdeterminedbytocontrolthecoursethealgorithm.NUMERICALEXAMPLEWeuseanumericalexampletoillustratetheeffectivenessofGeneticAlgorithm.Assumethat therearethreeprojectsthesamenetwork,andthepriorityweightshavebeenputforward.Thereisonlyonecriticalpathineachproject.datawehaveknownareshowninTable1.ProjePriorityProjePrioritytECostloss(humanWorkloadctweightwyuan/day)(person*day)10.421010010020.3181508030.271280120ThestepsofGeneticAlgorithmtosolvethemodelareasfollow:Step1: Anintegerstringisadopted.Encodewith[0,1,2]forarethreeprojects.Thelengthofthechromosomeis16,thetotalnumberofhumanresourcetobeallocated.Step2:Theinitialpopulationsizeis50.Step3:Doinggeneticoperation.AdoptRouletteWheelandElitisttactictodeterminedselectionoperator.Theoffspringcanbebyuniformcross-over.Themutationoperatorcanbedeterminedbyuniformmutation.Weassumethatthemutationprobabilityequalto0.001.Step4:Adoptthemaximumpopulationsizeis100whenterminated.Afterthecomputersimulation,wecanobtainthePare-toresultswithdifferentimportanceweightsofthetwoobjectivefunctions,asinTable2:Table2TheSolutionResultoftheModelR*1R*2R*3F1(HundredYuan)F2(Day)α=1,β=0655911.22.8α=0.7,β=0.3754940.81.8α=0.4,β=0.68441051.81.05α=0.1,β=0.910331472.80Fromtable2wecanlearnthat,andβchange,theresultdifferent.HoweverwecanobtainaseriesofParetoresults.CONCLUSIONHumanresourceallocationinmulti-projectenvironmentiscomplicatedproblem.Thispaperanalyzestheimportanceofproject’spriorityinresourceallocationandestablishesahumanresourceallocationmodelbasedonpriorityandcostofprojects.Finally,geneticAlgorithmisadoptedtosolvethemodel.Duringtheconstructionprocessoftheallocationmodel,wehaveforwardsomehypothesesinordertosimplifytheproblem.However,whentheenterprisespracticallyallocatetheresources,heywillfacemorecomplexity,whichisthefocusofourfuturestudy.中文翻譯：在項目優(yōu)先權和成本的基礎上對多項目中人力資源配置的研究林晶晶，周中國西南交通大學經(jīng)濟和管理學院，610031摘要---本文提出項目優(yōu)先次序的影響因素，為多項目環(huán)境配置人力資源引后，用一個數(shù)值例子證明該模型和算法的可行性。關鍵字---遺傳算法;人力資源配置;多項目、項目的優(yōu)先權;1、引言越來越多的企業(yè)面臨的挑戰(zhàn)是多項目管理，這已經(jīng)成為項目管理研究的焦尤其是人力資源，用以縮短時間減少項目的成本和增加效益。迭代算法，并提出了資源約束的多項目調度的數(shù)學模型?；诠ぷ鞣纸饨Y構（wbs）dantzig-wolf期的多項目及研究和開發(fā)（R＆D）gpss解這一模型。項目優(yōu)先權對人的資源分配的作用和影響項目優(yōu)先權的因素在此之后，較低優(yōu)先權的項目才予以考慮?；陧椖糠诸惞芾淼乃枷?，本文將歸類項目的優(yōu)先次序的影響因素分為三發(fā)展。優(yōu)先權的重量級取決于該項目上述三大類因素。公式為：W=f(I,c,s…)(1)wics、在多項目環(huán)境下的人力資源分配模型。、問題描述項目都有明確的期限和時代優(yōu)先權。人力資源的配置問題，這是假定這些獨立的資源可以滿足每個項目的需求。環(huán)節(jié)的延誤將會影響整個項目的持續(xù)時間。模