第一招定位切入點(diǎn)全取細(xì)節(jié)理解題

專題一閱讀理解[近3年考情分析]考試年份試卷名稱篇目考查體裁主題語(yǔ)境文章話題篇章詞數(shù)命題考點(diǎn)細(xì)節(jié)理解推理判斷主旨大意詞句猜測(cè)2022全國(guó)甲卷A應(yīng)用文人與社會(huì)英國(guó)加的夫市的劇院2876531B說(shuō)明文人與自然鸚鵡辨物實(shí)驗(yàn)246C記敘文人與自我南極洲之旅300D夾敘夾議文人與社會(huì)悉尼新舊文化沖突332全國(guó)乙卷A應(yīng)用文人與社會(huì)蘇格蘭畫(huà)展2238511B書(shū)評(píng)人與社會(huì)兩名女性支教的故事310C說(shuō)明文人與社會(huì)無(wú)人機(jī)在鐵路運(yùn)營(yíng)中的應(yīng)用305D說(shuō)明文人與社會(huì)英國(guó)征收糖稅降低兒童肥胖率3112021全國(guó)甲卷A應(yīng)用文人與社會(huì)年度風(fēng)光攝影師大獎(jiǎng)2346711B說(shuō)明文人與自然黑犀牛繁育項(xiàng)目251C記敘文人與自我滑板運(yùn)動(dòng)帶來(lái)的歸屬感327D議論文人與社會(huì)“天才”的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)290全國(guó)乙卷A應(yīng)用文人與社會(huì)世界上最大的幾個(gè)體育場(chǎng)2307521B說(shuō)明文人與社會(huì)座機(jī)的使用306C記敘文人與自然塑料污染268D說(shuō)明文人與社會(huì)適度噪聲的好處3302020全國(guó)卷ⅠA應(yīng)用文人與社會(huì)乘坐火車的相關(guān)信息2127521B夾敘夾議文人與自我重讀書(shū)籍286C說(shuō)明文人與社會(huì)競(jìng)走運(yùn)動(dòng)303D說(shuō)明文人與自然發(fā)光植物317全國(guó)卷ⅡA應(yīng)用文人與社會(huì)景點(diǎn)介紹2738322B說(shuō)明文人與社會(huì)智力游戲?qū)和挠绊?44C說(shuō)明文人與自然海貍鼠的皮毛322D記敘文人與自我對(duì)圖書(shū)館的熱愛(ài)331全國(guó)卷ⅢA應(yīng)用文人與社會(huì)歷史文化之旅2287431B記敘文人與自然動(dòng)物演員在電影行業(yè)中的應(yīng)用234C說(shuō)明文人與社會(huì)家庭生活方式317D說(shuō)明文人與社會(huì)人類的進(jìn)化292第一招定位切入點(diǎn)，全取細(xì)節(jié)理解題專家說(shuō)考情高考新考法學(xué)霸好聲音細(xì)節(jié)理解題相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單，占閱讀題量的60%左右，考生只需要認(rèn)真閱讀題目，細(xì)心比對(duì)原文就能正確解答，對(duì)于這種題目，要認(rèn)真解題，確保一分不丟。高頻考點(diǎn)：1.直接細(xì)節(jié)題；2.綜合細(xì)節(jié)題；低頻考點(diǎn)：1.數(shù)字計(jì)算題；2.細(xì)節(jié)排序題；3.正誤判斷題。1.考查方式更靈活，設(shè)問(wèn)方式有所創(chuàng)新；2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題在文中的答題信息變得較為隱蔽，不再是只通過(guò)只言片語(yǔ)就能確定答案，而是需綜合信息才能確定答案。1.直接細(xì)節(jié)題，采用“原文定位”及“原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)”方式解答；2.題干或選項(xiàng)中未出現(xiàn)原文直接信息時(shí)，利用“同義轉(zhuǎn)換、英英互譯”的方式尋找正確答案；3.在查找同義信息時(shí)，不能只找相似的對(duì)應(yīng)詞匯而忽略整體語(yǔ)篇環(huán)境。命題探究——研試題明考向[明命題方式]直接細(xì)節(jié)題常見(jiàn)設(shè)問(wèn)方式：do...?willyou/thestudentsdo...?2．When/Wherecanyou...?3．Whowill...?綜合細(xì)節(jié)題常見(jiàn)設(shè)問(wèn)方式：1．Whichofthefollowingbestdescribes...?2．Howdoesthewriterrecommend...toreaders?3．(2022·新高考全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)Howmany...?[曉解題捷徑]抓住文中的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)是做好該題型的關(guān)鍵。一般采用尋讀法，解題分為三步：1．先讀題干，抓住關(guān)鍵詞；2．帶著問(wèn)題快速閱讀原文，找出與問(wèn)題有關(guān)的詞語(yǔ)或句子；3．仔細(xì)對(duì)比選項(xiàng)和原文信息，繼而找出答案。[辨選項(xiàng)特征]1．正確選項(xiàng)特征同義替換指對(duì)原文中的關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行同義替換；詞形、詞性或語(yǔ)態(tài)發(fā)生變換或轉(zhuǎn)化為詞塊或同位語(yǔ)信息歸納用精練的語(yǔ)言對(duì)原文中比較分散或復(fù)雜的信息進(jìn)行概括或做出比較，設(shè)置為正確選項(xiàng)正話反說(shuō)把原文中的意思反過(guò)來(lái)表達(dá)作為正確選項(xiàng)原文原詞利用原文原詞作為正確選項(xiàng)2.干擾選項(xiàng)特征張冠李戴是原文信息，但不是題目要求的內(nèi)容無(wú)中生有符合常識(shí)，但不是文章的內(nèi)容曲解文意與原文的內(nèi)容極其相似，包含關(guān)鍵詞，但是細(xì)節(jié)處與原文有出入顛倒是非在意思上與原文大相徑庭或者完全相反正誤參半部分正確，部分錯(cuò)誤名師指要——微技法巧圖解高考熱考法1直接細(xì)節(jié)題——妙搜復(fù)現(xiàn)巧比對(duì)[經(jīng)典感悟]【例1】(2022·新高考全國(guó)卷Ⅰ閱讀A)LateWorkAnessaynotsubmittedinclassontheduedatewilllosealettergradeforeachclassperioditislate.Ifitisnotturnedinbythe4thdayaftertheduedate,itwillearnazero.Dailyassignmentsnotcompletedduringclasswillgetazero.Shortwritingsmissedasaresultofanexcusedabsencewillbeaccepted.23．Whatwillhappenifyousubmitanessayoneweekaftertheduedate?A．Youwillreceiveazero.B．Youwilllosealettergrade.C．Youwillbegivenatest.D．Youwillhavetorewriteit.解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞submit和theduedate可定位到原文關(guān)鍵句“Ifitisnotturnedinbythe4thdayaftertheduedate,itwillearnazero.”，比對(duì)選項(xiàng)和信息句可知，如果你在截止日期過(guò)后一周才上交，你的成績(jī)將會(huì)是零分。自主解答：A[答題微點(diǎn)]★設(shè)題特點(diǎn)：直接細(xì)節(jié)題的特點(diǎn)是在原文中可以找到和選項(xiàng)信息幾乎一樣的短語(yǔ)或句子?？忌恍枰孱}干問(wèn)的是什么，找到題干中的關(guān)鍵信息，然后根據(jù)信息在文中尋找相關(guān)內(nèi)容(有時(shí)需跨段落尋找細(xì)節(jié)信息)進(jìn)行下一步判斷。正確選項(xiàng)和原文在表述上沒(méi)有太大的變化?！镌O(shè)問(wèn)方式：以when、where、what、which、who等疑問(wèn)詞開(kāi)頭引出問(wèn)題。[圖解技巧]高考熱考法2綜合細(xì)節(jié)題——同義轉(zhuǎn)述善概括[經(jīng)典感悟]【例2】(2022·新高考全國(guó)卷Ⅰ閱讀B)Likemostofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.Thearugula(芝麻菜)wastomakeanicegreensalad,roundingoutaroastchickendinner.ButIendedupworkinglate.Thenfriendscalledwithadinnerinvitation.Istuckthechickeninthefreezer.Butasdayspassed,thearugulawentbad.Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;IcouldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.24．Whatdoestheauthorwanttoshowbytellingthearugulastory?A．Wepaylittleattentiontofoodwaste.B．Wewastefoodunintentionallyattimes.C．Wewastemorevegetablesthanmeat.D．Wehavegoodreasonsforwastingfood.解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞“thearugulastory”可定位到信息句“Butasdayspassed,thearugulawentbad...IcouldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.”；由信息句可知，更糟糕的是，作者不假思索地買(mǎi)了太多東西，而又沒(méi)有完全用掉，所以無(wú)意中浪費(fèi)了食物。unintentionally與文中的unthinkingly為同義轉(zhuǎn)述。自主解答：B[答題微點(diǎn)]★設(shè)題特點(diǎn)：綜合細(xì)節(jié)題相比直接細(xì)節(jié)題，命題的隱蔽性更強(qiáng)，正確選項(xiàng)一般都會(huì)在原文基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行改造。換詞類細(xì)節(jié)信息題需將題目信息與原文信息進(jìn)行語(yǔ)義上的轉(zhuǎn)換。概括類細(xì)節(jié)信息題涉及一段或幾段的內(nèi)容，需進(jìn)行概括后加工整理才能得出答案?！镌O(shè)問(wèn)方式：以when、where、what、which、who等疑問(wèn)詞開(kāi)頭引出問(wèn)題。[圖解技巧]高考熱考法3數(shù)字計(jì)算題——加減乘除巧破解[經(jīng)典感悟]【例3】(2022·新高考全國(guó)卷Ⅱ閱讀A)GroupSizeWerequireonechaperone(監(jiān)護(hù)人)pertenchildren.Failuretoprovideenoughchaperoneswillresultinanextrachargeof$50perabsentadult.GroupPlayisforgroupsof10ormorewithalimitof35people.Forgroupsof35ormore,pleasecalltodiscussoptions.22．Howmanychaperonesareneededforagroupof30childrentovisittheMuseum?A．One. B．Two.C．Three. D．Four.解析：數(shù)字計(jì)算題。根據(jù)題干可定位到原文“Werequireonechaperonepertenchildren.”可知，每10個(gè)孩子需要1個(gè)監(jiān)護(hù)人，那么30個(gè)孩子則需要3個(gè)監(jiān)護(hù)人。自主解答：C[答題微點(diǎn)]★設(shè)題特點(diǎn)：數(shù)字計(jì)算題常涉及時(shí)間、年齡、價(jià)錢(qián)、數(shù)量、距離等數(shù)字信息的簡(jiǎn)單加工。計(jì)算量較小，比較容易。找出計(jì)算背后所隱含的信息并理解文章相應(yīng)的信息是準(zhǔn)確解題的關(guān)鍵。[圖解技巧]課堂培優(yōu)——鮮素材微考場(chǎng)A體裁主題語(yǔ)境難度記敘文對(duì)社會(huì)有突出貢獻(xiàn)的人★★★☆☆Withfingersandwristswrappedinmedicatedtape,ZhangGuimei,founderandprincipalofthefirstfreehighschoolforgirlsinChina,waspresentedwiththeJuly1MedalonJune29,2021,thehighesthonorintheParty.Attheceremony,Zhang,64,said,“AslongasIhaveonemorebreath,Iwillcontinuetoteachintheclassroom,withallmyefforts,givingouteverythingIhave.”Althoughsufferingmorethanadozenillnessesincludingemphysema(肺氣腫)andbenigntumorsinherskull(顱骨良性腫瘤),shehasneverstoppedtohelpgirlsfrompoorfamiliesinthesouthwesternprovinceofYunnanreceivehighereducation.Inaninterview,Zhangsaidsheputonthetapeduetoseverejointpain.“IfIdon'tputiton,Ican'tmovemyfingers，”shesaid.ShefoundedHuapingHighSchoolforGirlsin2008.Sincetheboardingschoolopened,around2，000girlsfromimpoverishedfamiliesinYunnan'smountainousregionshavebeenenrolledbyuniversitiesaftertakingthenationalcollegeentranceexam,successfullyrewritingtheirfate.Zhang,whowasborninthenortheasternprovinceofHeilongjiang,movedtoYunnanin1975.Ayearafterherhusband'sdeathin1996,shevolunteeredtoteachatamiddleschoolinHuaping,hopingtomoveawayfromoldmemories.Shesoonfoundthatmanyofthefemalestudentsinherclassdisappearedbeforefinishingtheirstudiesassomewereforcedtoworkorgetmarriedatayoungage.Shedecidedtofoundafreepublichighschoolforgirlsin2002.WithhelpfromthePartyandthelocalgovernmentandpersonaldonations,herideacameintofruitionsixyearslater.However,openingtheschoolwasjustthebeginningofnewchallenges.Mostofthefirst100studentshadapooracademicfoundationandsixofthemdecidedtodropoutofschool.Topreventanystudentfromdroppingoutofschool,Zhanghaskeptahabitofvisitingeverystudent'shome,meaningshehastotravelseveralhourstostudents'familiesdeepinthemountains.“Agirlcaninfluencethenextthreegenerations，”sheoncesaid.“Aneducatedandresponsiblemotherwillneverletherchildrendropoutofschool.”【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】張桂梅是一名扎根在滇西深度貧困山區(qū)的女校長(zhǎng)，她創(chuàng)辦的免費(fèi)女子高中在十多年間讓約2000名大山里的貧困女孩考入大學(xué)，這創(chuàng)造了大山里的“教育奇跡”。2021年6月29日，她榮獲“七一勛章”。1．WhatcanwelearnaboutZhangfromthepassage?A．Shehastoweartapetorelievepain.B．Shevisitsnoteveryfamilyofherstudents.C．Sheconsidersgirlsareresponsibleforthreegenerations.D．Shewasmarriedatanearlyage.A解析：直接細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第二段最后兩句可知，張桂梅關(guān)節(jié)疼痛得厲害，不貼膏藥手指就動(dòng)不了，因此她貼膏藥是為了減輕疼痛。2．HowoldwasZhangwhenshemovedtoYunnan?A．39. B．45.C．18. D．19.C解析：數(shù)字計(jì)算題。根據(jù)第一段可知，2021年，張桂梅64歲；又根據(jù)第四段第一句可知，她是于1975年搬到云南的，由此可計(jì)算出，1975年張桂梅搬到云南時(shí)的年齡是1975－(2021－64)＝18。3．WhydidZhanggototeachatamiddleschoolinHuaping?A．Toearnmoneyinsupportofherfamily.B．Toforgetthepainoflosingherhusband.C．Tofoundafreepublichighschoolforgirls.D．Tohelpfemalestudentsgeteducated.B解析：直接細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第四段中的“Ayearafterherhusband'sdeath...moveawayfromoldmemories.”可知，她去華坪教書(shū)是為了忘掉丈夫去世帶來(lái)的痛苦。4．WhatmadeZhanghavetheideaofsettingupafreepublichighschoolforgirls?A．Thefactthatmanygirlsdroppedoutofschool.B．Herselflessdevotiontoeducation.C．Herhopetohelppoorfamiliesgetridofpoverty.D．ThehelpfromthePartyandthelocalgovernment.A解析：綜合細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第五段首句可知，張于2002年決定成立女子學(xué)校；又根據(jù)第四段中的“Shesoonfound...assomewereforcedtoworkorgetmarriedatayoungage.”可知，她班上的很多女學(xué)生還沒(méi)完成學(xué)業(yè)就被迫工作或早嫁。由此可知，是許多女生輟學(xué)的事實(shí)讓她決定成立女子學(xué)校。B語(yǔ)篇類型主題語(yǔ)境難度夾敘夾議文人類已進(jìn)化為半機(jī)器人★★★☆☆(2022·太原高三模擬考試二)Evenwhencommuningwithnaturewedependontechnologyforhelp—butthen,sodidThoreauatWaldenPond(瓦爾登湖).Walkinginthesamewoodsyesterday,Iletmyselfwanderatrandom,communingwithnature.Itookinbeautifulscenerynearandfarthankstomyprogressivelens.OccasionallyI'dpulloutmysmartphonetotakepicturesonanythinginteresting.Irecordedaninnermonologuewithabackgroundofallsoundsoftheforest.Attimes,Iconsultedmysmartwatchtocheckonmyheartbeat,mileageandcalorieburn.EventuallyIrealizedIwasquitelost.Notaproblemofcourse.Onlinemapscametomyrescue.Butsomethingbotheredme.InwhatI'dintendedasanatureexperience,hereIwasusingveryhightechnologytohelpmyselfout.Thisinsighttriggeredareconsiderationofeverythingthathappenedduringmy“naturewalk”，whichhadbeentechnologicallyenhancedeverystepoftheway.I'dbeenfunctioningasaman-machinecombination：acyborg.WhatwouldthetruenaturalistThoreauthinkofthat?Myfirstthoughtwasthathe'dbeshocked.ButlaterIdidsomeresearch.Thoreauenjoyedwhathisspyglassdiscovered,likethiseaglefromhisjournal：Lyingonthegroundwithmyglass,Icouldwatchhimveryeasily...tillIalmostlosthimintheclouds...IthinkIhavegottheworthofmyglassnowthatithasrevealedtomethewhite-headedeagle.Famously,Thoreaualwayssetoutequippedwithawalkingstick,whichheusednotonlyforsupportbutalsototakemeasurementsofwaterandsnowlevels.Hishatwasalsoatool,whichhecalledhis“botanybox”.Andhewaspreparedevenwithneedlesandthread,sowhencomingoutofthewoods,hewas“thebestdressed”.Clearly,Thoreauwasabitofacyborghimself.Thinkingmoredeeply,Irealizedwe'vecomealongwayfromourhunter-gathererancestors,whowalkedfromnecessityandreliedonnature'sgift.Cyborgsareus.【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】昨天的一次瓦爾登湖之行引發(fā)了作者的思考——技術(shù)的進(jìn)步讓人類成為半機(jī)器人。5．Whatisthepur