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UN働environmentprogramme2022GLOBALSTATUSREPORTFORBUILDINGSANDCONSTRUCTIONTowardsazero-emissions,efficientandresilientbuildingsandconstructionsector2022GLOBALSTATUSREPORT2022GLOBALSTATUSREPORTFORBUILDINGSANDCONSTRUCTIONBPIEKTT71leaYaleBPIEKTT71leaYaleACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe2022GlobalStatusReportforBuildingsandConstructionwaspreparedbyProf.IanHamiltonandDr.HarryKennardfromUniversityCollegeLondon(UCL)andOliverRapf,Dr.JuditKockat,Dr.SheikhZuhaib,Dr.ZsoltToth,MargauxBarrettandCarolineMilnefromtheBuildingsPerformanceInstituteEurope(BPIE),withcontributionsfromDr.ClaraDelmastro,YannickMonschauerandDr.ChiaraCamarasaandRafaelMartinezGordonfromtheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)(TheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)contributedtothe2022GlobalStatusReportforBuildingsandConstructionbyprovidingdataonkeyenergy,emissionsandactivitymetricsforthebuildingssector.TheIEAdatausedinthispublicationispartofthe2022editionsofIEA'sTrackingCleanEnergyProgressandtheAfricaEnergyOutlookreports.);IbtissemBouattayfromSC2A;TunisiaGreenBuildingCouncil;InsafBenOthmaneandOmarWanasfromOecumeneSpacesforDignity;Prof.AnnaDyson,Dr.Mae-lingLokkoandDr.AlyMohamedfromYaleUniversity;Dr.NaomiKeenafromMcGillUniversity,andProfKarenScrivenerandHishamHafezfromEcolePolytechniqueFederaledeLausanne(EPFL);withsupportfromJonathanDuwyn,PaulineGuerecheau,NoraSteurerandYijunCuifromtheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme(UNEP)/GlobalAllianceforBuildingsandConstruction(GlobalABC).ThecontentsofthisreportdonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsorpoliciesofUNEPorcontributoryorganizations.MentionofacommercialentityorproductinthispublicationdoesnotimplyendorsementbyUNEP.ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationsofmaterialdonotimplytheexpressionsofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartofUNEPorcontributoryorganizationsconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territory,cityareaoritsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundariesorthedesignationofitsname,frontiers,orboundaries.ThementionofacommercialentityorproductinthispublicationdoesnotimplyendorsementbyUNEP.TheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)contributedtothe2022GlobalStatusReportforBuildingsandConstructionbyprovidinginsightsanddataonkeyenergy,emissionsandactivitymetricsforthebuildingssector.TheIEAdatausedinthispublicationispartofthe2022editionsofIEA'sTrackingCleanEnergyProgressandtheAfricaEnergyOutlookreports.Theauthorswouldliketothankthefollowingmembersandpartnerswhosupportedthisreportwiththeirimportantcontributions,input,commentsandreviews:AbdouIdrisOmar,DepartmentofEnergyEfficiencyinBuilding,FacultyofEngineering,UniversityofDjiboutiAdrianaGuadalupeSalazarRuiz,GIZAdeAwujoola,GCModgil,AhmedBolbol,ASHRAEAishwaryaIyer,YaleSchooloftheEnvironmentAlejandraAcevedo,UniversidaddeLimaAndre-DanielMueller,SwissAgencyforDevelopmentandCooperation(SDC),SwitzerlandAngelicaOspina,ColombiaGreenBuildingCouncil(ColombiaGBC)AnnaZinecker,ProgrammeforEnergyEfficiencyinBuildings(PEEB)/DeutscheGesellschaftfurInternationaleZusammenarbeit(GIZ)GmbHBrianDean,SustainableEnergyforAllCarlElefante,Architecture2030,ClimateHeritageNetworkCarlosBohorquez,MunicipalityofMedellin,ColombiaChristinaCheong,GGGIChristineLemaitre,GermanSustainableBuildingCouncil(DGNB)DanielRondinel,McGillUniversityDonavanStorey,ReallDuncanGibb,REN21SecretariatEdwardDeWernaMagalhaes,LondonSouthbankUniversityEfrenFranco,ICAElizabethChege,SustainableEnergyforAllFaisalAlFadl,SaudiGreenBuildingFoum(SGBF)FrederickWirekoManu,CouncilforScientificandIndustrialResearchBuildingandRoadsResearchInstitute(CSIR-BRRI,Ghana)GCModgil,ASHRAEGregoireBrethome,Construction21HarveyJones,WorldGreenBuildingCouncil(WorldGBC)IbrahimNiang,AARMBN,SenegalIdrissKathrada,Inoal/Novasirhe,FidicIlyasEssabai,MinistryofNationalTerritoryPlanning,UrbanPlanning,HousingandCityPolicy(MUAT),KingdomofMoroccoIremGencer,YildizTechnicalUniversityJeanCarroon,GoodyClancyJeffLittleton,ASHRAEJeromeBilodeau,NaturalResourcesCanada(NRCan)KamelSahnoun,PresidentoftheTunisianOrderofEngineersKarimSelouane,ResallienceKennedyMatheka,StateDepartmentforPublicWorks,KenyaKizaZehra,RoyalInstitutionofCharteredSurveyors(RICS)KurtEmilEriksen,VELUXA/SLucaDeGiovanetti,WorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(WBCSD)LudwigLabuzinski,denaMarkStewart,ScottishGovernmentMelissaLott,CentreonGlobalEnergyPolicy,CGEPMinaHasman,SOMEfrenFranco,ICAMokoladeJohnson,UniversityofLagosMosesItanola,BIMAfricaOluSoluade,AOSConsultingPeterCox,ClimateHeritageNetworkPeterGraham,GlobalBuildingsPerformanceNetworkRanaKachab,Oecumene?SpacesForDignityRebeccaMoir,WorldGBCRegisMeyer,MinistryfortheEcologicalTransition(MTES),FrenchRepublicRiadhBhar,GuidehouseGermanyGmbHRobBernhardt,PassiveHouseCanadaRobynPender,HistoricEngland,ClimateHeritageNetworkRolandHunziker,WorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(WBCSD)SilkeKrawietz,SETANetworkWolframSchmidt,BAMYorkOstermeyer,CUESanalyticsINGERANDERSEN,Under-Secretary-GeneraloftheUnitedNationsandExecutiveDirectoroftheUNEnvironmentProgrammeFOREWORDThewarningsissuedbytheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)abouttheconsequencesofclimatechangearenolongerwarnings.Theyarereality.In2022,wesawheatwavesacrosstheglobe.Wesawwildfiresthatdestroyedforests,homes,andlives.Wesawdroughtsthatarethreateningthefoodsecurityofmillionsofpeople.IfwedonotrapidlycutemissionsinlinewiththeParisAgreement,wewillbeindeepertrouble.Decarbonizingthebuildingssectorby2050iscriticaltodeliveringtheseemissioncuts一andtoaddressingthewidertripleplanetarycrisisofclimatechange,natureandbiodiversityloss,andpollutionandwaste.However,asthe2022BuildingsGlobalStatusReportshows,thesectorisnotmakingthedeepsystemicchangesneededtogetonthepathtothisgoal.Afterthepandemicslowdown,thesector'soperationalemissionsin2021reboundedtotwopercentmorethantheall-timehighsetin2019.Onepositivesignisthatinvestmentinbuildingenergyefficiencygrewaround16percentin2021,butthisgrowthistentativeinthefaceofacost-of-livingcrisisin2022andmustbesustainedtoachievebuildingsectordecarbonisation.Buildingsectorenergyintensitydidnotimprovein2021andrenewableenergygrowthinbuildingsremainsmodest,althoughgreenbuildingcertificationareimproving.Yet,asthereportshows,thesectorcanchange.Forexample,risingfossilfuelcostsmakecontinuedinvestmentinenergyefficiencymoreattractive一althoughtheerosionofpurchasingpowermightslowinvestment.Thesolutionmaylieingovernmentsdirectingrelieftowardslowandzero-carbonbuildinginvestmentactivitiesthroughfinancialandnon-financialincentives,particularlyforthosewhoaremostvulnerabletoenergypriceshocks.Therearealsoopportunitiesinrethinkingconstructionmaterials.Rawresourceuseispredictedtodoubleby2060一withconstructionmaterialssuchasconcreteandsteelalreadymajorcontributorstogreenhousegasemissions.However,thesectorcanreduceitsimpactby,forexample,lookingatalternativematerialsanddecarbonizingcement.TheuseofalternativematerialsisparticularlyrelevantfortheAfricancontinent,aspecialfocusofthereport.MuchofthenewhousingstockoverthecomingdecadeswillbebuiltinAfrica.Toavoidincreasingemissionsandcreatebuildingsthatareresilienttotheimpactsofclimatechange,Africancountriesshouldlookatsustainableconstructionmaterialsandtechniques,inwhichthecontinentisrich.Yes,wearerunningoutoftimetogetontopofthetripleplanetarycrisis.Yes,thebuildingssectorisnotdoingenoughtochange.However,byfollowingtherecommendationsinthisreport,thesectorcancatchupandcreatebuildingsthatarezero-carbon,resourceefficientandresilient.TABLEOFCONTENTS\o"CurrentDocument"Acknowledgementsiii\o"CurrentDocument"StatementsofsupportfromGlobalABCmembers x\o"CurrentDocument"Executivesummary xv\o"CurrentDocument"Disruptivetrendsimpactingbuildingandconstructiondecarbonizationin2021and2022 25\o"CurrentDocument"Emergentchallengesfordecarbonizingthebuildingstock 27\o"CurrentDocument"EmissionsreboundfromCOVID\o"CurrentDocument"andeffortsforeconomicrecovery 28\o"CurrentDocument"Solutionsforgovernmentsanddecisionmakers 28\o"CurrentDocument"GlobalBuildingsClimateTracker 32\o"CurrentDocument"DescriptionoftheTracker 33\o"CurrentDocument"Statusin2021:Assessingprogress\o"CurrentDocument"towardsthe2050decarbonizationgoal 34\o"CurrentDocument"Post-pandemicreboundandeconomicrecovery 34\o"CurrentDocument"DecarbonizationprogresssincetheParisAgreement 35\o"CurrentDocument"Summaryoftheresults 363.\o"CurrentDocument"Globalbuildingsandconstructionstatus 37\o"CurrentDocument"Constructionactivitiesglobalandregional 38\o"CurrentDocument"Energyinthebuildingsandconstructionsector 41\o"CurrentDocument"Emissionsinthebuildingssector 42\o"CurrentDocument"IPCCAR6findingsforbuildings 44\o"CurrentDocument"4. Sustainablebuildingsandconstructionpolicies 46\o"CurrentDocument"Internationalpolicyand\o"CurrentDocument"nationallydeterminedcontributions 47\o"CurrentDocument"Buildingenergycodes 50\o"CurrentDocument"Zero-emission/energycodesandtheParisAgreement 52\o"CurrentDocument"Greenbuildingcertification 53\o"CurrentDocument"Minimumenergyperformancestandardsandlabels 555.\o"CurrentDocument"Investmentandfinancingforsustainablebuildings 57TOC\o"1-5"\h\z\o"CurrentDocument"Regionalfocus:Africa 59\o"CurrentDocument"Introduction 60\o"CurrentDocument"DecarbonizingtheAfricanbuildingsandconstructionsector 65\o"CurrentDocument"Theroutetonetzerothroughnationalinitiatives 67\o"CurrentDocument"Topicfocus:Buildingmaterials 71\o"CurrentDocument"Buildingmaterialsandtheclimate:Statusandsolutions 72\o"CurrentDocument"Towardstheadoptionofa\o"CurrentDocument"whole-life-cycleandsystems-thinkingapproach 73\o"CurrentDocument"Challenge:Procurementandimplementation\o"CurrentDocument"ofmaterials-fromdatatoactionableknowledge 74\o"CurrentDocument"Avoidingcarbonemissionsbybuildingbetter,and(with)less 75\o"CurrentDocument"Adaptandshiftbyusing\o"CurrentDocument"biobasedprocessestoreducecarbonemissions 77\o"CurrentDocument"Reducingthecarbonemissions\o"CurrentDocument"andurbanheatislandeffectofconcretesurfacesthroughbiomaterials(greenroofs,facadesandwalls) 77\o"CurrentDocument"Summaryofindustrytrendsand\o"CurrentDocument"impedimentstoglobaldecarbonizationofbuildingmaterials 79\o"CurrentDocument"Casestudy:Shift-low-carbon\o"CurrentDocument"buildingalternativesinWestAfrica 81\o"CurrentDocument"Casestudy:Adapt-Carbonfootprintofbuildingmaterials\o"CurrentDocument"andhousingtypologiesinrapidlydevelopingurbanIndia 82\o"CurrentDocument"Casestudy:shift-Neighbourhood-level\o"CurrentDocument"life-cyclecarbonfootprintinFinland 83\o"CurrentDocument"Roadmapsforbuildingsandconstruction 84\o"CurrentDocument"GlobalABCsupportandcoordinationonroadmaps 85\o"CurrentDocument"ASEANRoadmapfor\o"CurrentDocument"Energy-EfficientBuildingsandConstruction 85\o"CurrentDocument"DanishNationalStrategyforSustainableConstruction 85\o"CurrentDocument"ColombiaNetZeroCarbonBuildingroadmap 85\o"CurrentDocument"RoadmapforanEnergyEfficient,\o"CurrentDocument"Low-CarbonBuildingsandConstructionSectorinIndonesia 86\o"CurrentDocument"EUPolicyWholeLifeCarbonRoadmapforbuildings 86\o"CurrentDocument"Emergingroadmapactivities 86\o"CurrentDocument"Keyrecommendationsforpolicyanddecisionmakers 88\o"CurrentDocument"References 91\o"CurrentDocument"Annex:GlobalBuildingsClimateTracker 100LISTOFFIGURESNote:ReferencetoemissionsinthisreportreferstodirectorindirectCO2LISTOFFIGURESNote:ReferencetoemissionsinthisreportreferstodirectorindirectCO2emissionsfrombuildingsoperations,ortheCO2fromenergyusedinmaterialsproduction,ortheCO?equivalentformaterialsprocessemissions,suchasfromconcreteandsteel.\o"CurrentDocument"Figure1.Globalbuildingsand\o"CurrentDocument"constructionkeytrends2015and2021 16\o"CurrentDocument"Figure2.Directreferencepathtoa\o"CurrentDocument"zero-carbonbuildingstocktarget\o"CurrentDocument"in2050(left);zoomintotheperiod\o"CurrentDocument"between2015and2021,comparing\o"CurrentDocument"theobservedGlobalBuildingsClimateTOC\o"1-5"\h\zTrackertothereferencepath(right) 17\o"CurrentDocument"Figure3.Energyconsumptioninbuildingsbyfuel,2010-2021(left)andCO?emissionsinbuildings2010-2021(right) 18\o"CurrentDocument"Figure4. Mentionsofbuildings\o"CurrentDocument"acrossallcountries'latestNDCs 19\o"CurrentDocument"Figure5. Africa'sfinalenergy\o"CurrentDocument"consumptionbysector2020-2030 21\o"CurrentDocument"Figure6.Fromdatatoactionableknowledge:\o"CurrentDocument"Howtogettherightinformationto\o"CurrentDocument"stakeholdersattherightphaseof\o"CurrentDocument"thebuiltenvironmentprocesslifecycle\o"CurrentDocument"inordertofacilitatemaximum\o"CurrentDocument"decarbonizationthroughsystems-thinking22\o"CurrentDocument"Figure7.Globalbuildingsenergydemand\o"CurrentDocument"andfloorareagrowthundertheIEATOC\o"1-5"\h\zNetZeroEmissionsby2050Scenario 26\o"CurrentDocument"Figure8.Compositionofthe\o"CurrentDocument"GlobalBuildingsClimateTrackershowingitselementsandtheirweight 33Figure9.DecarbonizationofbuildingsusingtheGlobalBuildingsClimateTracker2021 34\o"CurrentDocument"Figure10.Directreferencepathtoa\o"CurrentDocument"zero-carbonbuildingstocktarget\o"CurrentDocument"in2050(left);zoomintotheperiod\o"CurrentDocument"between2015and2021,comparing\o"CurrentDocument"theobservedGlobalBuildingsClimateTOC\o"1-5"\h\zTrackertothereferencepath(right) 36\o"CurrentDocument"Figure11.ChangeinconstructionactivitiesinselectedG20countries,2015-2021(relativeto2015) 38Figure12.Globalfloorareaandbuildingsenergyintensity,2010-2021 38\o"CurrentDocument"Figure13.Differentlevelsofzero-carbonbuildings 40\o"CurrentDocument"Figure14.Energyconsumptioninbuildingsbyfuel,2010-2021(left),andshareofbuildingsintotalfinalenergyconsumptionsin2021(right) 41\o"CurrentDocument"Figure15. CO2emissionsinbuildings2010-2021(left)andshareofbuildingsinglobalenergyandprocessemissionsin2021(right) 42\o"CurrentDocument"Figure16.IPCCAR6WGIII-OverviewofA)Global\o"CurrentDocument"buildingemissionreductionscenarios\o"CurrentDocument"andB)Mitigationoptionsandtheir\o"CurrentDocument"estimatedrangesofcostsand\o"CurrentDocument"potentialsin2030 45\o"CurrentDocument"Figure17.NDCmentionsofbuildings 47\o"CurrentDocument"Figure18.Globalstatusof\o"CurrentDocument"buildingenergycodesin2021 50\o"CurrentDocument"Figure19.Shareofenergyconsumptionfor\o"CurrentDocument"selectedend-usescoveredbyminimum\o"CurrentDocument"energyperformancestandards(MEPS)or\o"CurrentDocument"mandatorycomparativelabels,2000-2021 56TOC\o"1-5"\h\z\o"CurrentDocument"Figure20.PopulationgrowthperhourinAfricancities 60\o"CurrentDocument"Figure21.Globalpopulationlivinginslums2018(percentofpopulation) 61\o"CurrentDocument"Figure22.Vulnerabilitytoclimatechange.Thelowestlevelofvulnerabilityisgivenascoreof0,thehighest100 61Figure23.Africa'sfinalenergyconsumptionbysector2020-2030 62\o"CurrentDocument"Figure24.Greencertificationprojectsacross\o"CurrentDocument"Africa(bluelabels)andinitiatives\o"CurrentDocument"relatingtoconstructionmaterials(orangelabels) 67\o"CurrentDocument"Figure25.Constructionmaterialsare\o"CurrentDocument"settodominateresourceconsumption\o"CurrentDocument"infast-growingdevelopingeconomies,\o"CurrentDocument"withbuildingmaterial-relatedemissions\o"CurrentDocument"projectedtoincreasebyTOC\o"1-5"\h\z3.5to4.6GtCOzeq/yearby2060 72\o"CurrentDocument"Figure26.Whole-lifeandsystems-thinkingapproachtoenablemultiplestakeholdersateachdecisionpoint 73\o"CurrentDocument"Figure27.Materialsselectionandimplementationaffectsthecarbonfootprintofabuildingoveritslifecycle 75\o"CurrentDocument"Figure28.Fromdatatoactionableknowledge:\o"CurrentDocument"Howtogettherightinformationto\o"CurrentDocument"stakeholdersattherightphaseof\o"CurrentDocument"thebuiltenvironmentprocess 76\o"CurrentDocument"Figure29.Greeninfrastructure\o"CurrentDocument"andbiomaterialsystems 78\o"CurrentDocument"Figure30.Annualbuildingmaterialstrade\o"CurrentDocument"forGhana(2020)andSenegal(2019)\o"CurrentDocument"andcorrespondingCO2emissions\o"CurrentDocument"fromcementbuildingmaterial\o"CurrentDocument"production,basedondatafrom\o"CurrentDocument"ChathamHouse(2021)\o"CurrentDocument"andGlobalCarbonAtlas2019 81LISTOFBOXESABBREVIATIONSLISTOFBOXESABBREVIATIONSTOC\o"1-5"\h\z\o"CurrentDocument"Box1.Europeanresponsetotheenergycrisis 30\o"CurrentDocument"Box2.DeclarationonSustainableUrbanization31\o"CurrentDocument"Box3. Explainingthe\o"CurrentDocument"GlobalBuildingsClimateTracker 34\o"CurrentDocument"Box4. Definingnet-zero-carbon buildings39\o"CurrentDocument"Box5.GlobalCO?emissionsfrombrick,aluminiumandglassproduction 43\o"CurrentDocument"Box6. Trendsinproductionof\o"CurrentDocument"low-carboncement 43\o"CurrentDocument"Box7. UpdatedFrameworkGuidelinesfor\o"CurrentDocument"EnergyEfficiencyStandardsinBuildings53\o"CurrentDocument"Box8.Examplesoflow-carbonandtraditionalconstructionapproachesinAfrica 63Box9.Net-zeroconstructionmethodsinAfrica69\o"CurrentDocument"Box10.Advancedconstructionpracticesandsustainableandzero-carbonmaterials 70LISTOFTABLESTable1.Buildings-relatedstatementsinNDCs 48\o"CurrentDocument"Table2.Selectedcountries'first,firstupdated,andsecondNDCswithbuilding-focusedactions,submittedsinceSeptember2021 49\o"CurrentDocument"Table3.Buildingenergycodesstatusin2022 51Table4.Globalbuildingcertificationprogrammes 54\o"CurrentDocument"Table5.ChallengesandopportunitiesforAfrica'sbuildingssector 64\o"CurrentDocument"Table6.SelectionofAfricanNDCsrelatedtobuildings 65°C degreesCelsiusASEAN AssociationofSoutheastAsianNationsBPIE BuildingsPerformanceInstituteEuropeCBECS CommercialBuildingsEnergyConsumptionSurveyCO? carbondioxideEJ exajouleEU EuropeanUnionGBCT GlobalBuildingsClimateTrackerGDP grossdomesticproductGlobalABCGlobalAllianceforBuildingsandConstructionGt gigatonIEA InternationalEnergyAgencyIECC InternationalEnergyConservationCodeIFC InternationalFinanceCorporationILO InternationalLabourOrganizationIPCC IntergovernmentalPanelon ClimateChangekWh kilowatt-hourLEED LeadershipinEnergyandEnvironmental Designm2 squaremetresMEPS minimumenergyperformancestandardNDC NationallyDeterminedContributionNZE netzeroemissionsOECD OrganisationforEconomicCo-operation andDevelopmentPEEBProgrammeforEnergyEfficiencyinBuildingsPV photovoltaicSDG SustainableDevelopmentGoalt tonTWh terawatt-hourSEforAll SustainableEnergyforAllUN United NationsUNEP United Nations Environment ProgrammeUNFCCC United Nations FrameworkConvention onClimateChangeW wattSTATEMENTSOFSUPPORTFROMGLOBALABCMEMBERSSTATEMENTSOFSUPPORTFROMGLOBALABCMEMBERSManaFernandaAGUIRREExecutiveDirectorofChileGreenBuildingCouncil/ChairoftheAmericasregionalNetworkoftheWorldGreenBuildingCouncilChileGreenBuildingCouncilChileAlthoughmanycountrieshavemadeprogressingeneratinginitiativesalignedwithcarbonneutralitygoalsforthebuiltenvironment,informationprovidedbyreferringorganizationssuchasGlobalABCthroughvaluableresourcessuchastheGlobalStatusReportforBuildingsandConstruction,hasmadetheurgencyofacceleratingthetransformationoftheconstructionsectortowardsonethatnotonlyreducesitsemissionsbutisalsoresilientandregenerativeevident.FaisalALFADLChiefRepresentativetotheUnitedNationsSaudiGreenBuildingForumFaisalALFADLChiefRepresentativetotheUnitedNationsSaudiGreenBuildingForumSaudiArabiaAUTODESKUnitedStatesAndrewANAGNOSTCEOAUTODESKUnitedStatesAndrewANAGNOSTCEOElenaANASTASIADOUArchitectElenaANASTASIADOUArchitectPublicWorksDepartmentMinistryofCommunicationsandWorkCyprusWearesogladthatthe2022editionofGlobalABC'sflagshipGlobalStatusReportforBuildingsandConstruction(GlobalABC)willbelaunchedsoononNovemberandwouldbeavailableforallofustousethebenefits,discussandlearnfromitsexample.LindsayBAKERCEOInternationalLivingFutureInstituteLindsayBAKERCEOInternationalLivingFutureInstituteUnitedStatesTheglobalbuildingsindustryhasanenormousresponsibilitytotransformtowardsare
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