外文翻譯-如何發(fā)展我國的機(jī)械自動化技術(shù)

hhhhHowtodevelopChina'smachineryautomationtechnologyThereisatechnicalpolicy,weshouldseektruthfromfacts,everythingfromChina'sspecificnationalconditions,anddoagoodjobinthebasicworkofChina,andgotheroadofdevelopmentofmechanicalautomationtechniques.1combinedwiththesituationofourcountry,thedevelopmentofthemodernmechanicalautomationtechniquesDomesticandforeignindustrialhistorytellsus,realizethemechanicalautomationisbyelementarytoadvanced,fromsimpletocomplex,fromimperfecttoperfectthedevelopmentprocess.Whentheoperationofthemachineadoptstheautomaticcontroller,modeofproductionfromthemechanizationgraduallytransitiontothemechanicalcontrol(traditional)automation,digitalautomationcontrol,computercontrolandautomation.Theonlyestablishedfactoryautomation,productionprocesstobefullyautomated,canmaketheproductivityimproving,automationtoachievetheadvancedphase.Mechanicalautomationtechniquesfromthiscentury20timefirstinmachinerymanufacturingcoldprocessingoflargequantitiesofproductionprocessbegantodevelopapplications,after60timetomeettheneedsofthemarketandchange,inordertoenhancethemechanicalmanufacturingindustryonthemarketandflexiblequickresponseability,begintobuildthevariabilityofautomatedproductionsystems,namelyaroundthecomputertechnologyofflexibleautomation.Itisinthemanufacturingsystemisunchangedorchangedundertheconditionoflow,equipmentorproductionmanagementprocessthroughtheautomaticdetection,informationprocessing,analysisandjudgmentautomaticallyachievethedesiredoperationoraprocess,andcanautomaticallyfromthemanufactureofaparttocreateanotherkindofdifferentparts.Socialpracticehasproved,thisdefinitionofmanufacturingautomationandmostofthecontemporaryenterpriseactualincompatibility.Contemporarysocietyisnotinscienceandtechnology,materialandpersonnelreadytomaketheautomationconditions,insistondoingsoonlyperceptibly.Inthecaseofdiscreteproductionmachinerymanufacturingindustryisnotexceptionalalso,difficultywillbegreater.Ourcountryservesasadevelopingcountry,consideringallthetechnicalproblemsofproductionwhenthepremisemustbeapplied.China'sabsorptionofforeignflexiblemanufacturingsystem(Pseudo-FMS),istoensurethatthenecessaryproductionflexibilityunderthepremise,optimizationofman-machineinterface,notexcessivepursuitofautomation,asfaraspossibletoestablishperfectinformationsystem,tofullydevelopthecomputermanagementbenefit.Systemofadvancedautomationequipmentandgeneralequipmentsystemcoexist,certainlinkallowsthemanualintervention.Thisisatypicalcombinedwithnationalconditions,theimplementationofadvancedprinciplesofautomationtechnologysolutions.Trackingofforeignadvancedtechnology,combinedwiththeactualdevelopment,promotionanddevelopmentofsuitableforthenationalconditionsofourcountryCIMStechniqueisnecessary.Nowourcountryshouldinthedigestionandabsorption,interconnectinternationalusefulautomationtechnologyonthebasisofthetheory,wedofromthemechanicalmanufacturingindustryofourcountry'sactualsituation,developmentinnovation,formedwiththenationalcharacteristicsofthedevelopmentofautomationtechnologytheoryanddoctrine,carriedaroundcomputertechnologyflexibleautomationtechnologyresearchanddevelopment,astheprerequisitetoapplywhat,needsolveswhatenterpriseapplicationproject,obtainpracticalexperienceofapplication.Foreign(suchastheEuropeanmediumdevelopedcountry)currentlydevelopmentislocalintegration,suchasCAD/CAPP/CAMintegration,CADintegrationwithMIS,MISandMHSintegration.Executebenefitdrivepolicy,investmentwiththeabilitytosupport,tothefuturewhentheconditionismatureimplementationsuitableforChina'snationalconditionsandcharacteristicsofmoderateintegrationenterprise.2combinedwiththepracticalproduction,payattentiontothepracticaldevelopmentofmechanicalautomationtechniquesAdvancedmanufacturingtechnologyofalltruemeaningliesinapplication.Thedevelopmentofmechanicalautomationtechnology,shouldbetheenterprise'sproductionandtechnologydevelopmentoftheactualneedsandspecificrequirementoriented.Onlyontherightproductsadoptingautomationmodeofproduction,sowecangetgoodtechnicalandeconomicbenefitandsocialeconomicbenefit.China'sdevelopmentofmechanicalautomationtechnology,shouldcombinetheorywithpractice,payattentiontopractical,whichproducestonationaleconomyactualbenefits.Theblinddoautomation,automaticline,annualproductiontaskonlyrequired1to2monthstofinishthelowloadingrateofproductionisalsototendtothenationaleconomyshouldbecorrected,donotproducesignificantpromotion,inefficienttoslowup.Whatwewantisabenefit,notonlyspeed.OnlywithNCmachinetoolasanexample,in1958ChinabeganthestudyofNCmachinetoolsCNCtechnology.From70totheearly80's,ourcountrythedevelopmentofCNCmachinetoolsandlackofaclearstrategicthinking,howtosolveourcountrymanufacturingtechnologyinwhichthemajortechnicalproblems,doesnotseemtobeveryclear,withastrongtechnologyofcolortechnology,emphasisonspeed,ignoringtheefficiency,resultinginalotofCNCmachinetoolsonlysamples,exhibits,failstoprovidethegoods,fortheactualproduction.Inthemid70'ssuccessfuldevelopmentofCNCmachinetools,CNCnoncirculargearshaperinaddition,NCsplitconemillingmachinecanprovidegoodsusedinproduction,quitealotofNCmachinetoolfailureofnormalgoods,andevensomeCNCmachineeventuallyscrapped.Inthelate80andthe"eightfive"planperiod,China'sCNCmachinetoolautomationtechnologydevelopmentisrapid,butinzigzags.Thereasonsforthissituationismanysided,butmainlyinthedevelopmentstrategywitherror:hostkeybackwhenthemaindomesticmarket,didnotmeettheneedsofproductionthedevelopmentofCNCmachinetoolautomationtechnology,theresultisaCNCmachinetoolbreedalthoughmany,andstructuralpropertiesofrepeatedmore,affectedtheautomationofCNCmachinetoolsinthepracticalapplication;CNCsystemresearchprogressdiscomfort,hostandmatchingpiecesofquality,butalsowithhomebredchangeofraterise,sothatthereliabilityofthemachinetoolisreduced,qualityproblemsemergeinanendlessstream,usersreflectthe"bebesiegedonallsides".IntheNCmachinetool,canbeusednormally,cannotnormaluseandcan'tuseeachaccountedfor1/3.WhilethenormalandstableoperationoftheNCmachinetoolutilizationrateisverylowalso.Oftheabove,ithasaffectedourcountrymachineryautomationtechnologydevelopmentandapplication.3thedevelopmentoflessinvestment,quickandlowcostautomationtechnologyDevelopmentoflowcostautomationtechnology,potentialisgreat,perspectiveiswide,investmentprovince,geteffectivefast,improvethedegreeofautomation,canreceivethetwicetheresultwithhalftheefforteffecttotheeconomy,forourcountrypresentstagedevelopmentneedsandcharacteristics.90timeAmericanMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyproposedleanproductionLP(LeanProduction)model,iswiththesmallestinvestment,maximizeoutputspecificperformance.JapanToyotacompanyadoptsthetimelyproductionofJIT(JustInTime),totalqualitymanagementTQC(TotalQualltyControl)andgrouptechnology(GroupTechnologyGT),flexibleoperationsandrespectforhumanityasthepillaroftheleanproductionmode,sothatthedegreeofautomationisnothighthefactoryachievedgoodbenefit.TheFinlandNOKOADatamachinefactoryassemblyworkshophasamakes286,386and486microcomputerflexibleproductionline,itdoesnotfullyautomatedequipment,interspersedbymeansofcomputerguidedartificialparticipation,willnewandhightechnologyandoriginaltechnologyskillfullycombinedtogether,thustheproductioncostthelower,whilehavingaflexiblemanufacturingsystemperformance.Infactleanproductionitselfmeansfromthenationalconditionsandtheactualsituation.Universalmachinelocalautomationmodificationhasimportantsignificance.Inourcountryinfutureoflowcost,convenientrepairgeneralmachinetoolrequirementornotdeclinedsharply,becauseamajorityofthemarkettownandtownshipenterprises,smallfactories,laboratories,workshopsandotherlarge-scaleenterprisestool.Atpresentourcountrymachinerymanufacturingenterpriseshaveallkindsofgeneralmachinetoolsuptoabout3200000units,ofwhichtherearemanyhighperformanceproductionequipment,butduetothelackofthenecessaryauxiliarydevice,controldevice,torealizetheautomaticcycledevice,andthedegreeofautomationequipmentisverylow.Ifforsomemachinetoolstoincreaseorconfigurationsuchasautomaticfeedingdevice,cuttingtoolsandmachinetoolautomaticworkcyclesystem,canachievesingleprocessautomationorsemi-automation;forsomesuchassemiautomaticmulticutterlathe,hydrauliccopyinglathe,grinderandgearprocessingmachine,configureautomaticbinandaworkpieceautomaticloadingandunloadingdevice,canrealizetheprocessautomation.Universalmachinetoolautomationmodification,istherealizationofmassproductionofsingleorautomatedproductionlineautomationisoneoftheimportantways,intheproductupdatefrequentvarietyandmassproduction,theeconomytoimprovethedegreeofautomation,butalsohasgoodeconomiceffect.如何發(fā)展我國的機(jī)械自動化技術(shù)這里有個(gè)技術(shù)政策問題，應(yīng)實(shí)事求是，一切從我國的具體國情出發(fā)，做好各項(xiàng)基礎(chǔ)工作，走中國的機(jī)械自動化技術(shù)發(fā)展之路。結(jié)合我國國情，發(fā)展現(xiàn)代機(jī)械自動化技術(shù)國內(nèi)外的工業(yè)發(fā)展史告訴我們，實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)械自動化是一個(gè)由低級到高級、由簡單到復(fù)雜、由不完善到完善的發(fā)展過程。當(dāng)機(jī)器的操作采用自動控制器后，生產(chǎn)方式才從機(jī)械化逐步過渡到機(jī)械控制（傳統(tǒng)）自動化、數(shù)字控制自動化、計(jì)算機(jī)控制自動化。只有建立了自動化工廠后，生產(chǎn)過程才能全盤自動化，才能使生產(chǎn)率全面提高，達(dá)到自動化的高級理想階段。機(jī)械自動化技術(shù)從本世紀(jì)20年代首先在機(jī)械制造冷加工大批量生產(chǎn)過程中開始發(fā)展應(yīng)用，60年代后為適應(yīng)市場的需求和變化，為增強(qiáng)機(jī)械制造業(yè)對市場靈活快速反應(yīng)的能力，開始建立可變性自動化生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)，即圍繞計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的柔性自動化。它是在制造系統(tǒng)不變或變化較小的情況下，機(jī)器設(shè)備或生產(chǎn)管理過程通過自動檢測、信息處理、分析判斷自動地實(shí)現(xiàn)預(yù)期的操作或某種過程，并能夠自動地從制造一種零件轉(zhuǎn)換到制造另一種不同的零件。社會實(shí)踐證明，這種定義下的制造系統(tǒng)自動化與當(dāng)代大多數(shù)企業(yè)的實(shí)際不相容。當(dāng)代社會還沒有在科學(xué)技術(shù)、物質(zhì)和人員方面準(zhǔn)備好實(shí)現(xiàn)這一自動化的條件，硬要這么做只會事倍功半。這種情況對于離散生產(chǎn)方式的機(jī)械制造業(yè)也不例外，難度會更大些。我國作為一個(gè)發(fā)展中國家，考慮一切生產(chǎn)技術(shù)問題時(shí)的前提必須是適用。我國消化吸收國外柔性制造系統(tǒng)(Pseudo-FMS),是要在確保必要的生產(chǎn)柔性的前提下，優(yōu)化人機(jī)界面，不過分追求自動化，盡可能建立較為完善的信息系統(tǒng)，充分發(fā)展計(jì)算機(jī)管理的效益。系統(tǒng)中先進(jìn)的自動化裝備和普通設(shè)備并存，系統(tǒng)的某些環(huán)節(jié)允許人工干預(yù)。這是一個(gè)典型的結(jié)合國情、實(shí)施適用先進(jìn)方針的自動化技術(shù)解決方案。跟蹤國外先進(jìn)技術(shù)發(fā)展，結(jié)合實(shí)際地研制、推廣和發(fā)展適合我國國情的CIMS技術(shù)是必要的。我國目前應(yīng)在消化吸收、融匯貫通國際上有用的自動化技術(shù)理論的基礎(chǔ)上，努力做到從我國機(jī)械制造業(yè)的實(shí)際情況出發(fā)，發(fā)展創(chuàng)新，形成有國情特征的發(fā)展自動化技術(shù)理論和學(xué)說，進(jìn)行圍繞計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的柔性自動化技術(shù)開發(fā)研究，以適用為前提，急需什么就解決什么的企業(yè)應(yīng)用項(xiàng)目，取得實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)再推廣應(yīng)用。國外(如歐洲中等發(fā)達(dá)國家)目前發(fā)展的也是局部集成，如CAD/CAPP/CAM的集成，CAD與MIS的集成，MIS與MHS的集成等。實(shí)行效益驅(qū)動的政策，投資上有能力支持，待將來?xiàng)l件成熟時(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)適合我國國情及企業(yè)特點(diǎn)的適度集成。結(jié)合生產(chǎn)實(shí)際，注重實(shí)用發(fā)展機(jī)械自動化技術(shù)先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)的全部真諦在于應(yīng)用。發(fā)展機(jī)械自動化技術(shù)，應(yīng)以企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)和技術(shù)發(fā)展的實(shí)際需要及具體條件為導(dǎo)向。只有對合適的產(chǎn)品采用與之相適應(yīng)的自動化方式進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)，才能收到良好的技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和社會經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。我國發(fā)展機(jī)械自動化技術(shù)，應(yīng)結(jié)合實(shí)際，注重實(shí)用，即對國民經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)生實(shí)際效益。那種盲目搞自動化、搞自動線的做法，全年生產(chǎn)任務(wù)只需1?2個(gè)月就完成的低負(fù)荷率生產(chǎn)也要搞的傾向應(yīng)當(dāng)糾正，對國民經(jīng)濟(jì)不產(chǎn)生顯著促進(jìn)、效率低下的要緩搞。我們要的是效益，而不單純是速度。僅以數(shù)控機(jī)床為例，1958年我國開始研究數(shù)控機(jī)床NC技術(shù)。70?80年代初期，我國發(fā)展數(shù)控機(jī)床缺乏明確的戰(zhàn)略思想，究竟解決我國制造技術(shù)中哪些主要技術(shù)問題，似乎并不十分明確，帶有濃厚的就技術(shù)論技術(shù)色彩，