表示將來時(shí)間的幾種方法

表示將來時(shí)間的幾種方法：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來，主要用于確定的計(jì)劃或不隨主觀意志而改變的，按時(shí)刻表或日程表安排將要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。句中一般有明確的將來時(shí)間狀語。用于這種情況的動(dòng)詞有：be,begin,finish,end,start,learnTheprofessorstartshislecturenextweek.Thetrainleavesatsixo'clock.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來，主要用于近期計(jì)劃或表示一種即將發(fā)生的情形。這種情形常常用于那些表示運(yùn)動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞：come,go,leave,arrive,fly等。句中通常有明確的將來時(shí)間狀語。Myuncleiscomingrightaway. I'mmeetingMr.Drellthisnight.“begoingtodo"表示事先考慮過的意圖，計(jì)劃或根據(jù)一些客觀事實(shí)所作的預(yù)見。I'mnotgoingtolendhimanyofmybooksagain.Lookattheseclouds.It'sgoingtorain."willdo"表示對(duì)事態(tài)發(fā)展的預(yù)見或在一定條件下的意圖或意志；這種情形可以用于行有條件從句或時(shí)間從句的句中。I'llfoanythingforyou,ifyoulike.Unlessyouworkhardfromnowon,oryou'llfailtheexam."betodo”用于表示近期的正式安排，傳達(dá)命令指示或分配工作任務(wù)等。Sheistobemarriedtomorrow.Nooneistoentertheofficewithoutthepermissionofthemanager."beabouttodo"表示瞬時(shí)將來時(shí)間，以為“頃刻或馬上就要……"Theareabouttoleave.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)1.這兩種時(shí)態(tài)在與since和for引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語連用時(shí)有所不同A.在與since和for引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語連詞時(shí)：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)延續(xù)了一段時(shí)間 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)——表示動(dòng)作將要延伸到將來Ihavebeenhereforthreeyears.Ihavebeenlivinghereforthreeyears.B.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成。 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)一表動(dòng)作仍在進(jìn)行中Hehascutupthemeat. Hehasbeencuttingupthemeatthislasthour.動(dòng)詞將來完成時(shí)態(tài)willhavedone表示在將來的某個(gè)時(shí)期或某一動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前，另一個(gè)動(dòng)作將要結(jié)束。他強(qiáng)調(diào)“將來的將來”的動(dòng)作。他也可以用來表示在將來的時(shí)間內(nèi)，兩個(gè)動(dòng)作一先一后。先完成的動(dòng)作要用“將來完成時(shí)”，后一個(gè)動(dòng)作要用“一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)”。Whenyoufinishyourhomework,Iwillhavesleptforthreehours.BythenextweekendIwillhavestudiedGermanforjustthreeyears.動(dòng)詞過去完成時(shí)態(tài)在意since引起的狀語從句中，用一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)候較多。IsawLiYunlastweek.WehadnotseeneachothersincewepartedinSian.nosooner…than,hardly…when,scarcely…when,barely...when中主句動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí)態(tài),從句中用過去時(shí)態(tài).Nosoonerhadthegamebegunthanitstartedraining.Thegamehadhardly/scarcely/barelybegunwhenitstartedraining.Ihadnosoonerreturnedthanheend,hope,plan,mean,want,think等動(dòng)詞的過去完成時(shí)可以用來表示一本打算做而沒有做的事。Ihadintendedtocomeovertoseeyoulastnight,butsomeonecalledandIcouldn'tgetaway.昨晚本想來看你的，但有人來找，脫不開身。Wehadhopedtocatchthe9:30train,butfounditwasgone.某些特定句型中的時(shí)態(tài)要求在“Thisisthefirsttime..."后用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)Thisisthefirsttimetheyhavetraveledbyair..在"It/Thisis+adj.最高級(jí)+名詞”后的從句中，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。ThisisthemostinterestingbookthatIhaveeverreadthisyear.在“Itis/hasbeenalongtimesince..."B用過去時(shí)。IthasbeentwentyyearssinceIleftmyhometown.4)在“Itis(high)time...”后用過去時(shí)。It'stimewewenthome.非謂語動(dòng)詞.不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語，通常跟在賓語后面，補(bǔ)充說明前面的主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)尚不完善的地方。Computersenableustosolvemathproblemsveryquickly.Iwarnedhernottobesolateagain..有些及物動(dòng)詞的賓語后常跟不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語，構(gòu)成復(fù)活賓語：ask,tell,invite,force,get,allow,wish,want,like,hate,help,leave,expect,prefer,encourage,advise,persuade,permit,remind,request,order,warn,mean,cause,command,compel,determine,enable,inform,mean,oblige,request,require,urge,compete,instruct,prefer,press,can'tbear等Wouldyoulikeustogowithyou?Theydidn'tallowhertoparkthecarinthisstreet.Weshouldpreferthemtocomenextweek..不定式在以下動(dòng)詞后作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，應(yīng)該省略小品詞"to":感官動(dòng)詞：see,watch,observe,notice,fell,hear,behold,perceive使動(dòng)動(dòng)詞：let,have,make某些詞組：lookat,listento,would/hadrather…than,wouldyouplease,would/hadbetter,ratherthan,mayjustaswell,prefer…ratherthan.eg.Mrs.BrownmademestayinNewYorkfortwomoreweeks.Didyounoticehimleavethehouse?I'llhaveherworkforyourcompany.Iprefergobybusratherthanwalk.I'dratherplaytennisthanswim.注意：當(dāng)以上動(dòng)詞被用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，必須加上小品詞"to”。Hewasseentogoouttwohoursago.不定式在except,but后面作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，也要省略“to”Icoulddonothingbutstayinthevillageforthenight.Hewilldoanythingexceptlendyoumoney..有些動(dòng)詞后面常接“賓語+tobe有些動(dòng)詞后面常接“賓語+tobe_+形容詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，且tobe常?？梢允÷裕@些詞有：believe,think,know,prove,consider等Ibelievehim(tobe)innocent.Hewasconsidered(tobe)generous..不定式常在enough,so...as,soas,inorder等詞組后，作目的，結(jié)果，程度等狀語Heisnotoldenoughtodriveacar.Goinquietlysoasnottowakethebaby.Marywouldn'tbesocarelessastoforgetherkey.Shedecidedtoworkharderinordertocatchupwiththeothers..有些及物動(dòng)詞用不定式作賓語：want,likewish,hope,manage,offer,promise,pretend,tend,desire,care,expect,refuse,fail,plan等。Shecan'tdecidewhattodo.Shehatedtomoveformsuchanicevillage..不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)主動(dòng)式被動(dòng)式一般式towritetobewritten進(jìn)行式tobewriting完成式tohavewrittentohavebeenwritten分詞.分詞作狀語，表時(shí)間，原因，方式，結(jié)果，條件，讓步和伴隨情況等。作狀語的分詞通常放在句首或句尾，有時(shí)也放在句子的主謂語之間。分詞作狀語時(shí)，他的邏輯上的主語(它是隱含的，在句中并不表現(xiàn)出來)英語句子的主語一致。Relyingonourwonefforts,weovercameallthedifficulties.Hearingthenews,theyalljumpedwithjoy.Thechildfell,strikinghisheadagainstthedoorandcuttingit.Givenbetterattention,thetreescouldgrowbetter..為了表示明確的時(shí)間或條件，有時(shí)也可在分詞前面加when,while,if等連詞。Whenleavingtheairport,shewavedagainandagaintous.Whilewaitingforthetrain,IhadalongtalkwithJane.Iftranslatedwordbyword,thesentencewillbemeaningless..分詞有時(shí)也可以有自己獨(dú)立的邏輯上的主語(即與句子的主謂不一致)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，在很多情況下表示時(shí)間、原因、條件或伴隨的動(dòng)作或情況。Theholidaysbeingover,theybegantogetdowntodotheirworkagain.Somanypeoplebeingabsent,wedecidedtoputthemeetingoff.Weatherpermitting,thefootballmatchwillbeplayedonWednesday.Wewentfarintotheforest,herfatheractingasguide.有時(shí)，這種獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)還可用介詞“with"引導(dǎo)。Hestoodtherewithhishandscrossedbeforehim.Withtearsrollingdownhercheeks,shecarefullycoveredhermother'sbodywithsand..在see,hear,feel,watch,notice等動(dòng)詞后即可用現(xiàn)在分詞也可用不帶to的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。區(qū)別在于：現(xiàn)在分詞強(qiáng)調(diào)正在進(jìn)行和發(fā)展之中，而不定式表示動(dòng)作的全過程已經(jīng)結(jié)束.Shesawthemangettingonthetruck.Shesawthemangetonthetruckanddriveoff.--Doyouhearsomeoneknockingatthedoor?--Yes,Iheardhimknockthreetimes.5.分詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)主動(dòng)形式被動(dòng)形式一般式writingbeingwritten完成式havingwrittenhavingbeenwritten動(dòng)名詞1.以下及物動(dòng)詞及短語動(dòng)詞常用動(dòng)名詞作賓語：avoid,finish,suggest,stop,mind,enjoy,require,postpone,delay,practice,excuse,risk,consider,miss,imagine,deny,escape,admit,acknowledge,advise,anticipate,appreciate,complete,defer,detest,dread,encourage,fancy,facilitate,favor,imagine,include,mind,postpone,propose,recall,resist大部分“動(dòng)介型”短語動(dòng)詞，只能后接動(dòng)名詞作賓語：thinkof,giveup,succeedin,aimat,can'tstand,putoff,insiston,can'thelp,begoodat,dowellin,dependon,keepon,feellike,leaveoff,betired(afraid,capable,fond)of:以下為氣。"型：beusedto,objectto,devoteoneselfto,stickto,respondto,confessto,submitto,lookforwardto,agreeto,seeto(照料)，adaptto,applyto,accedeto,getto,turnto,adjustto,beaccustomedto,prefer...to,等。eg.Shesuggestedspendinganotherdayinthemountainarea.Healwaysavoidsgivingusadirectanswer.Ienjoyseeingyouandtalkingaboutoldtimes.There'snowaytoescapedoingthework.Bytakingthebackwaysheescapedbeingseen.Ipreferswimmingtoplayingfootball.Tomobjectedtobeingtreatedlikeachild.require,need,worth后面的動(dòng)名詞具有被動(dòng)意義Doesyourcarrequireservicing?動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)主動(dòng)形式被動(dòng)形式一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone賓語從句：.賓語從句可用that引導(dǎo)，這是that僅起連接作用，不充當(dāng)從句中的成分。如果連接詞要在從句中起語法作用（如充當(dāng)賓語，主語，表語），就要使用連接代詞what等引導(dǎo)從句。WemustdowellwhatthePartyassignsustodo.Weknowthattheparrotcan'treallyspeak..賓語從句也可以用how,when,which,why,who,where等詞來引出；注意此時(shí)即使主句是一個(gè)疑問句，賓語從句也必須保持陳述句的語序，賓語從句也必須保持陳述句的語序IwouldliketoaskyouwhenyoubeganlearningEnglish.Canyoutellmewherehelives?.介詞賓語從句跟在介詞后面的賓語從句一般不能有that來引出，在英語中只有在except,in,but,besides,save等五個(gè)介詞后允許用that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，其他跟介詞后面不能跟有that引出的賓語從句，而只能跟由what,how,whether等引出的賓語從句；當(dāng)然，可跟由that引出的賓語從句的那五個(gè)介詞，后面也可跟其他詞引出的賓語從句。Weallagreedwithhimonwhathesaid.Thatisaninstanceofhowcomputersareusedinourdailylife.有些adj.的后面也可以跟賓語從句；這樣的形容詞有：sure,glad,certain,sorry,afraid,worried,aware等Ihavenotfoundmybookye;infact,IamnotsurewhereIcouldhavedonewithit.Iamawarethatyouhavebeenexceptionallykindtome.表語從句表語從句通常由that引出；但是how,when,where,why,what等也可以引出表語從句.常見的表語從具有：.“thereason...that"表示"理由是 "Thereasonhehasbeensuchasuccessisthathenevergivesup.（千萬不要把這個(gè)句型誤用成：thereason...because.it（this,that）isbecause...表示“這是因?yàn)?”Itisbecauseaconductorcarryingaelectriccurrentissurroundedbyamagneticfield.Thisisbecauseironcontainsmorecarbonthansteel.同位語從句1.同位語從句起進(jìn)一步解釋說明先行詞的作用。先行詞通常是一些抽象名詞:fact,news,order,idea,truth,plan,theory,belief,proof,appeal,possibility,doubt,evidence,hope,likelihood,message,promise,reply,rumour,proposal,suggestion等等ThenewsthattheChinesefootballteamhasbeatenJapanesefootballteamisveryinspiring.關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句.能夠在從句中可以作主語，狀語，定語和補(bǔ)足語；作賓語時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞常?？梢允÷裕篢hemovie(that/which)wesawlastnightwasveryinteresting..關(guān)系代詞whose再從句中作定語時(shí)，可以用"the+n.+of+which(whom)"替代。Thechildrenwhoseparents(=theparentsofwhom)werekilledintheearthquakearetakencareofbythegovernment.Theyhavealreadyfoundanewalloywhoseproduction(theproductionofwhich)iseasy.關(guān)系代詞that和which的語法區(qū)別：只能用that的情況:1)當(dāng)定語從句所修飾的先行詞的前面有all,any,no,only,little,much等修飾時(shí)，或這些先行詞本身就是all,one,any,little,much,anything,nothing等不定代詞式。Allthatglittersisnotgold.Iaminterestedinallthatyouhavetoldme.IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?2)當(dāng)先行詞前面有"the+only(first,last,next,same,very)"等修飾詞時(shí)：Shewastheonlygirlintheclassthatknewwherehewas.ThisistheveryfilmthatIwanttosee.3)當(dāng)先行詞的前面有形容詞的最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)：Riceisthemostimportantfoodthatweeat.只能用which的情況：.作介詞的賓語時(shí)Thisisthegardeninwhichthechildrenoftenplayswitheachother..與代詞，數(shù)詞，或名詞詞組連接引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時(shí)：Iboughtadozeneggs,sixofwhichbrokewhenIdroppedtheboxatmydoor.Wehadameeting,thepurposeofwhichwascompletelyunclear..指代整個(gè)句子，引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時(shí)Someoftheroadswereflooded,whichmadeourjourneyverydifficult.關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句.能夠引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系副詞有：when:表時(shí)間，用來修飾表時(shí)間的名詞：day,year,thetime,等where:表地點(diǎn)，用來修飾表地點(diǎn)的名詞：place,area,house等why:表原因，用來修飾表原因的名詞：reason等how:表方法，用來修飾表方法的名詞：way等GonearethedayswhenShanghaiwasaparadisefortheimperialistadventurers.ThereasonwhyTomdidn'tturnupwasnotmadeclear..關(guān)系副詞when,where,why再從句中作定語時(shí)，可用“介詞+which"替換；Theriverwasveryroughthedaywhen(=onwhich)wecrossedtheriver.Thereasonwhy(=forwhich)thetemperatureissohighhasn'tbeenknownyet.as引出的定語從句：as常在such...as和same...as的結(jié)構(gòu)中作關(guān)系代詞，引出定于從句。Suchpeopleasyoudescribearerarenowadays.Mystandonthisproblemisjustthesameasitwasfouryearsago.關(guān)系代詞的省略.在限定性定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞有時(shí)可省略；但是在非限定性定語從句中，不能省。.當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作賓語或表語時(shí)，或者關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作介詞的賓語，而該介詞又位于句尾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞可省略：ThebookIneedisnotinthelibrary.Thefewpointsthepresidentstressedinhisreportareveryimportantindeed.Hereisthemanyou'vebeenlookingfor..連接詞sothat與so(such)...that的區(qū)別sothat可以表示“目的”和“結(jié)果”，它引導(dǎo)的狀語從句，相當(dāng)于inorderthat引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句；so...that只能引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句。Youmustpracticedailysothatyouwillwintherace(目的)Speaktohimslowlysothathemayunderstandyoubetter(結(jié)果)Charleswassoangrythathecouldnotspeak.(結(jié)果).連接詞so...that與such...that表結(jié)果的區(qū)別so...that:表示如此…以至于之意，用于以下句型：“so+adj./adv.+that從句"和"so+adj.+n.(a/an+單數(shù)可數(shù)n.,復(fù)數(shù)名詞，不可數(shù)名詞+that從句)such…that:表示這樣.?.(一個(gè))…以至于之意，用于以下句型：“such+adj.+復(fù)數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞+that從句”和“such+(a/an)+adj.+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+that從句Hewassoclumsythatheruinedeverything.MycarisinsuchabadconditionthatIcan'tdriveit.Itwassuchhotweatherthateveryonewenttothebeach.Itwassolargearoomthatahundredpeoplelookedlostinit.==Itwassuchalargeroomthat .條件狀語從句：通常由下列連詞弓I導(dǎo)：if,unless,suppose(supposing),provided(that);providing(that):onconditionthat;as(so)longas;incaseSuppose(Supposing)wecan'tgetthenecessarydata,whatshallwedo?We'llletyouusetheroomprovided(providing)youkeepitcleanandtidy.Sendmeamessageincaseyouhaveanydifficulty.I'lllendyoumycomputeroncondition(that)youkeepitingoodshape虛擬語氣wish+that從句表示一種不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，從句的位于要用虛擬語氣，即去式表示現(xiàn)在，過去完成式表示過去。IwishIcouldaffordtobuythisTVset.IwhishIhadnotmadesuchaseriousmistake..should(oughtto)+完成式表式過去的虛擬，應(yīng)當(dāng)而實(shí)際并沒有做到。Mikewascaughtintheheavyrainthismorning.Heshouldhavebroughtanumbrellabeforeleavinghome..表示命令，愿望，建議，要求等動(dòng)詞之后that從句的位于動(dòng)詞要求用虛擬語氣，即用動(dòng)詞原形或用should+v.這類動(dòng)詞有：command,order,ask,request,demand,suggest,propose,insistdesire,require,urge,maintaindeserve,recommend,intend,prefer,advise,decideWecommandedthathe(should)comeearly.Thelawyeraskedthatthecase(should)bepostponedforonemonth.Theteacherinsistthatallthestudents(should)beontime..Itis+下列adj.+that從句，要求主語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用虛擬語氣，即用should+v.一般形容詞：good,better,essential,important,necessary,vital,natural,urgent,imperative,advisable,表示驚訝，厭惡，不解等形容詞：用來強(qiáng)調(diào)“驚訝”pity,interesting,strange,odd,amazing,astonishing,surprising,annoying,ridiculous,absurd,sorry,shocked,astonished,incredible等某些動(dòng)詞的過去分詞：ordered,proposed,desired,requested,arranged,recommended,demanded...Itisimportantthattheexperiment(should)bedone.Itisdesiredthatwe(should)geteverythingreadybeforeFriday.Itwasarrangedthattheyleavethefollowingweek..用以表示愿望或祈禱的虛擬語氣，不論其人稱的單復(fù)數(shù)如何，動(dòng)詞都用原形。Heavenhelpus.Godblessyou..在ifonly引出的句孑中ifonly表示“但愿”，“要是……就好了"ifonly引出的句孑中，過去式動(dòng)詞表示一種意愿或假設(shè)，"would+v”表示一種一時(shí)很難實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，動(dòng)詞過去完成時(shí)表示希望和過去的事實(shí)相反的情況出現(xiàn)。IfonlyIhadmoretimetothinkaboutit.Ifonlyhewouldnoteatsomuchsugar.Ifonlyhehadtakenmyadviceyearsago..在wouldrather,wouldsooner后的that從句中wouldrather和wouldsooner的意思是“寧愿”，其后的that從句中用過去式動(dòng)詞表示尚未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，用過去完成時(shí)動(dòng)詞表示對(duì)已發(fā)生的動(dòng)作的某種愿望。Iwouldrather/sooneryoucametomorrow.Iwouldrather/sooneryouhadgonetheretoo..在itis(high)time后的that從句中itistimethat表示“該是 的時(shí)候了”。that從句中一般使用過去時(shí)動(dòng)詞It's(high)timethatwetookfirmmeasurestoprotectoutenvironment.It'shightimethatwedidsomethingtostoppollution..在以lest,forfearthat,incase引出的從句中l(wèi)est和forfearthat都表示“唯恐，免得”。incase表示"以防萬一”。由他們引出的從句中一般使用“should+v.'構(gòu)成的謂語。Hetookhisumbrellawithhimlestitshouldrain.Heputhisovercoatoverhimforfearthatheshouldcatchcold.Takesomemoenywithyouincaseyoushouldneedit..錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間非正式條件句中的虛擬語氣有時(shí)候，條件從句表示的動(dòng)作和主句表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在不同的時(shí)間，動(dòng)詞的形式要根據(jù)表示的時(shí)間來調(diào)整。Ifwehadsetoutearlier,wewouldn'tbewalkingintherain.Ifwehadn'tgoteverythingreadybynow,weshouldbehavingterribletimetomorrow..在帶有butfor引出的短語的句子中butfor表示“假如某事沒有發(fā)生或不存在，就……”，句孑動(dòng)詞一般要用虛擬語氣Butforthestormwewouldhavebeenintime.Wewouldhavebeeninrealtroublebutforyourhelp..butthat從句的句孑中。butthat的意思是“假使不……”或“要不是……”。butthat從句中用陳述語氣，主句中用虛擬語氣Butthatyouhelpedhim,hewouldhavefailed.Butthatshesawitwithherowneyes,shecouldnothavebelievedit..在帶有with或without短語的一些句孑中with或without引出的短語有時(shí)表示和事實(shí)相反，此時(shí)句中動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語氣。Iwouldhavesucceededwithyourhelp,如果有你的幫助，我本會(huì)成功的。Wewouldneverhavegottherewithouttheguide.如果沒有向?qū)В覀兪菦Q不可能到達(dá)那兒的。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞.表示猜測的不同深度."may/might+have+V-ed"表示對(duì)過去發(fā)生的行為的推測，含有“想必”，”也許”之意；"Might+have+V-ed"還可以用于對(duì)本來可能發(fā)生而實(shí)際上未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作表示感嘆或遺憾。Tomhaveknownthefactsinceyesterday.Theteachermayhavetoldhimaboutit.YoumighthavetoldTomthegoodnewsearlier.."can/could+have+V-ed"表示對(duì)過去發(fā)生的事情的懷疑和不肯定；表示可能做某事或本可以做某事Wecouldhavestartedalittleearlier.本應(yīng)該做)Hecouldn'thaveheardthenewsasitwasreleasedonlyafewminutesago.(懷疑)Theycan'thavegoneoutbecasuethelight'son.."must+have+V-ed"結(jié)構(gòu)，常常用于肯定句中，表示對(duì)過去發(fā)生的行為的推測，含有“一定”，“準(zhǔn)是”的意思。如果在否定句中表示一定沒有發(fā)生之意，則要用“can't/couldn't+have+V-ed"形式Heisplayingfootballnow,hemusthavefinishedhishomework.Thejudgecan't/couldn'thavesenthimtojailforjustforforgettingaparkingticket..表示對(duì)過去或現(xiàn)在一些事情的回顧和評(píng)論."should+have+V-ed”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示過去該做而實(shí)際沒有做的動(dòng)作或行為，其否定式則表示發(fā)生了不該發(fā)生的行為。其同義有幾個(gè)"oughttohave+V-ed",表示過去“早該”，“本當(dāng)”之意，語氣更強(qiáng)。Theyshouldhavemadeagoodjobofit.Nowyouareinpoorhealth.Yououghtnottohaveworkedsohard.."needn't+have+V-ed"結(jié)構(gòu)用于評(píng)論過去已發(fā)生事情本無需發(fā)生，含有“不必”之意。Youneedn'thavecomeoveryourself..“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+V-ing"結(jié)構(gòu)表示推測或評(píng)論某動(dòng)作是否正在進(jìn)行。Hemustbestudyingintheclassroom.Hecanbehelpinghismotherforsuppr.“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+havebeen+V-ing"結(jié)構(gòu)表示推測或評(píng)論過去某動(dòng)作是否正在進(jìn)行或已經(jīng)在進(jìn)行之中。Theyshouldn'thavebeenchattingthem..可以看作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的短語."usedto+V."過去經(jīng)常Heusedtosmokealot.."hadbetter+V"表示"最好是…”，"不如…"You'dbetterhurryupifyouwanttogethomebeforedark.."hadrather+V...than"和"wouldrather+V...than"表示"寧肯...不愿“不愿”Wewould/hadratherdiethanyield."cnanothelp+丫-畝8"表示"禁不住…”WhenIheardthestory,Icouldnothelplaughing.."cannotbut+V"“不得不”Marrycannotbutsing.主謂一致主謂一致三原則：.語法一致：絕大多數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞在人稱和單復(fù)數(shù)上取決于主語的人稱和單復(fù)數(shù)：Manyastudenthasbeenwreckedbythoserocks.Manystudentshavebeenwreckedbythoserocks..意義一致：有時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于主語的單復(fù)數(shù)意義而不是形式。在集合名詞中尤其如此Sixtypeoplemeansahugeparty.Sixtypeoplewerepresent..就近一致：當(dāng)主語是由連詞等連接的一個(gè)短語時(shí)，往往采取就近原則。Eithertheshirtsforthesweaterwasagoodbuy.Eitherthesweaterortheshirtswereagoodbuy.謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式的情形.不定式短語，動(dòng)名詞作主語時(shí)TomasterEnglishisnoteasy.WhathesaidisnottrueSleepingtoolongisnothealthytous..表時(shí)間、距離、重量、長度、價(jià)值等的名詞，不論單復(fù)數(shù)，當(dāng)他們作主語時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)Fivethousanddollarsisnotasmallamountofmoney.Twoweekswasallowedformakingthenecessarypreparations..限定詞each,every,one,either,neither,manya,morethanone,notonlyone等作主語或修飾主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞一般是單數(shù)Eachoftheteachershasateachingplan.Neitherofthetwoboyswasanygood.Morethanonepersonhasprotestedagainsttheproposal.Manyastudentstakespartintheparty..短語"aportion(series,species,swarm,kind,etc)of+名詞”作主語時(shí)，以及短語"adeal(amount,quantity,proportion)+不可數(shù)名詞"作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。Aportionofgoodshasbeentransportedtothecity.Aseriesofdebatesbetweenthelecturerswasscheduledforthenextweekend.Adealoffishhasbeensoldatthemarket.注意：quantities后面的名詞無論是可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)還是不可數(shù)名詞，謂語動(dòng)詞均用復(fù)數(shù)形式。Alargequantityofheatisgeneratedbythesteamengine.Largequantitiesofsteamareusedbymodernindustryinthegenerationofpower..有and連接的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的名詞或代詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)形式HeandIaregoodfriends.但在以下情形中，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).用and連接的名詞或代詞前都有every,each,no,many等修飾事：Eachboyandeachgirlisexpectedtocontributesomethingtomakethisshowsuccessful.Everyhourandeveryminuteisprec