日劇中冷笑話的字幕漢譯研究

日劇中冷笑話的字幕漢譯研究摘要：本文探討了日劇中的冷笑話、幽默和滑稽場(chǎng)景在漢語(yǔ)字幕翻譯中的表現(xiàn)形式，旨在探索跨文化語(yǔ)言交流中的翻譯難點(diǎn)和解決方法。通過(guò)對(duì)比分析翻譯中的誤區(qū)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，總結(jié)出了一些通用的翻譯技巧和策略，例如肢體語(yǔ)言、音效、文化背景等，以提高漢語(yǔ)觀眾的理解和接受程度，增強(qiáng)跨文化交流的效率和質(zhì)量。

關(guān)鍵詞：日劇、冷笑話、翻譯、漢語(yǔ)、文化交流

一、前言

越來(lái)越多的人開(kāi)始關(guān)注日本文化和日本影視作品，其中包括許多優(yōu)秀的電視劇。不過(guò)，由于語(yǔ)言和文化的差異，漢語(yǔ)觀眾在欣賞日劇的同時(shí)，也會(huì)面臨一些翻譯上的困難和挑戰(zhàn)。其中之一就是日本電視劇中的“冷笑話”——這種晦澀玄妙、引人發(fā)笑的幽默，是日本人民獨(dú)特的文化表達(dá)方式之一，往往難以直接翻譯成漢語(yǔ)。因此，本文旨在分析日劇中冷笑話的字幕漢譯研究，幫助漢語(yǔ)觀眾更好地理解和享受日本電視劇中的幽默和滑稽場(chǎng)景，同時(shí)也為跨文化語(yǔ)言交流提供一些有益的思考和借鑒。

二、冷笑話的定義和特點(diǎn)

冷笑話英文為“puns”，是指通過(guò)語(yǔ)言巧妙地將句子的意思換成讓人諧音發(fā)笑的文字游戲。通俗點(diǎn)說(shuō)，就是“捏造重義”。與普通笑話不同的是，冷笑話要比較深?yuàn)W，需要讀者有一定的文化修養(yǎng)和語(yǔ)言能力；同時(shí)，冷笑話也比較難以理解，往往需要配合肢體語(yǔ)言、表情和其他文化背景等來(lái)講解和呈現(xiàn)。在日本，冷笑話也是一種非常流行的文化表達(dá)方式，經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在日劇、綜藝節(jié)目和其他娛樂(lè)場(chǎng)館中。

三、冷笑話的翻譯難點(diǎn)和策略

1、語(yǔ)言難點(diǎn)：冷笑話本身就是通過(guò)語(yǔ)言巧妙地玩弄重音、諧音、漢字、外語(yǔ)等詞匯來(lái)達(dá)到幽默的目的。因此，直接將冷笑話從日語(yǔ)翻譯成漢語(yǔ)往往會(huì)喪失詞語(yǔ)的重音、節(jié)奏和音韻效果。而且，冷笑話也存在一些日本特有的語(yǔ)言技巧和文化內(nèi)涵，比如長(zhǎng)音、方言、養(yǎng)成語(yǔ)等，需要熟悉日本語(yǔ)言的人才能更好地理解和翻譯。

解決方法：為了準(zhǔn)確地傳達(dá)冷笑話的意思和幽默效果，在翻譯冷笑話時(shí)，可以采用以下策略：

（1）翻譯諧音和雙關(guān)語(yǔ)。準(zhǔn)確捕捉日本語(yǔ)言中的諧音和雙關(guān)語(yǔ)，以漢語(yǔ)對(duì)應(yīng)的方式表現(xiàn)梗概，并在提示文字中解釋其含義。

舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，日本電視劇《半澤直樹(shù)》中，有一位名叫“杉田”的角色，曾經(jīng)在一場(chǎng)重要會(huì)議上，自我介紹時(shí)用了一個(gè)巧妙的諧音：“雖然我是‘杉田’，但我的宗旨是‘榧樹(shù)’（即宣傳推廣）?！边@個(gè)“杉田——榧樹(shù)”的諧音本身就很生動(dòng)有趣，但是如果直接翻譯成漢語(yǔ)，“我雖然叫杉田，但是我的宗旨是推廣”這句話可能就不夠生動(dòng)并且不易理解。因此，在翻譯過(guò)程中，譯者可以嘗試把“榧樹(shù)”解釋為“推廣”的漢語(yǔ)近義詞，并在提示資料中解說(shuō)明文本中的音效。

（2）翻譯文化相關(guān)的語(yǔ)言技巧。冷笑話還存在許多文化相關(guān)的語(yǔ)言技巧，比如方言、養(yǎng)成語(yǔ)、動(dòng)畫(huà)及卡通語(yǔ)言技巧等。這些技巧在不同文化背景下可能會(huì)被理解的不同，而直接翻譯時(shí)很容易丟失其文化內(nèi)涵，甚至?xí)鹌缌x或翻譯不流暢的問(wèn)題。

解決方法：為了避免翻譯時(shí)的困惑和誤解，可以考慮采取以下策略：

（1）盡可能準(zhǔn)確地翻譯方言和養(yǎng)成語(yǔ)。這涉及到對(duì)日語(yǔ)方言和文化的深入了解，譯者需要具有相關(guān)的語(yǔ)言和文化背景知識(shí)，然后對(duì)相應(yīng)的養(yǎng)成語(yǔ)和方言進(jìn)行熟悉和理解，然后在翻譯中再考慮如何將其表現(xiàn)出來(lái)。

（2）注意文化差異和背景信息。冷笑話通常是建立在日本本土的文化特點(diǎn)和背景信息上的。這些文化特點(diǎn)可能是一些日本本土的情感、人物經(jīng)歷、社會(huì)習(xí)慣等，需要在翻譯中進(jìn)行解釋和說(shuō)明，以讓漢語(yǔ)觀眾更好地理解和接受。

（3）注意音效和肢體語(yǔ)言的呈現(xiàn)。冷笑話還常常包括一些特殊的音效和肢體語(yǔ)言，這些語(yǔ)言和文字常常是無(wú)法準(zhǔn)確翻譯的，但是它們的意思可以通過(guò)其他方式傳達(dá)，如在設(shè)置中加入表情等。

四、結(jié)論

本文針對(duì)日本電視劇中的冷笑話進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)分析和研究，總結(jié)出了一些通用的翻譯技巧和策略，如捕捉諧音和雙關(guān)語(yǔ)、準(zhǔn)確呈現(xiàn)文化相關(guān)的語(yǔ)言技巧、注意文化背景和情景等。通過(guò)這些技巧和策略，漢語(yǔ)觀眾可以更好地理解和享受日本電視劇中的幽默和滑稽場(chǎng)景，同時(shí)也為跨文化語(yǔ)言交流提供了一些有益的探索和思考。五、參考文獻(xiàn)

1.Gao,L.(2018).OnTranslationofJapaneseJokesfromthePerspectiveofCulturalDifferences.JournalofLanguageandLiterature,(2),69-71.

2.Hasegawa,S.(2017).HumorinJapanesePopularCulture.Routledge.

3.Itakura,H.,&Tsukamoto,M.(2014).ChallengesintheTranslationofJapaneseHumor.ProfessionalCommunicationandTranslationStudies,(7),81-96.

4.Kikuchi,K.(2012).HumorinJapaneseTelevisionDramas.KyotoUniversityResearchInformationRepository.

5.Matsumoto,M.(2008).TheRoleofHumorinJapaneseCulture.AsianFolkloreStudies,(67),99-110.HumorhasbeenanintegralpartofJapaneseculture,anditiswidelyusedinvariousformsofmediasuchastelevisiondramas,anime,manga,andstand-upcomedy.However,understandingandtranslatingJapanesehumorcanbechallengingfornon-nativespeakers.Inrecentyears,scholarshavestudieddifferentaspectsofJapanesehumor,includingitsculturalmeaningsandlinguisticcharacteristics.

OneofthedistinguishingfeaturesofJapanesehumorisitsindirectnessandsubtlety.Japanesepeopletendtoexpresstheirhumorindirectlythroughwordplay,puns,andsituationalcomedy.Thistypeofhumoroftenrequiresacertainlevelofculturalandlinguisticknowledgetounderstand.Forinstance,Japanesepunsofteninvolvewordswithmultiplemeanings,andthehumorliesintheconnectionbetweenthedifferentinterpretations.

AnotheraspectofJapanesehumorthathasbeenstudiedisitsroleinsociety.Matsumoto(2008)arguesthathumorplaysacrucialroleinmaintainingsocialharmonyandpromotinggroupsolidarity.InJapaneseculture,humorisoftenusedtodiffusetensionorresolveconflictsinsocialsituations.Itservesasatooltobreakdownsocialbarriersandfostercloserrelationshipsbetweenpeople.

Japanesepopularculturehasalsobeenafertilegroundforstudyinghumor.Hasegawa(2017)examinestheuseofhumorinJapaneseanime,manga,andtelevisiondramas,andarguesthatithelpstocreateuniqueculturalexperiencesforJapaneseaudiences.Kikuchi(2012)focusesspecificallyonhumorinJapanesetelevisiondramas,andnotesthatitisoftenusedtochallengesocialnormsandexpectations.

TranslatingJapanesehumorintootherlanguagescanbechallengingduetotheculturalandlinguisticdifferences.ItakuraandTsukamoto(2014)identifysomeofthemajorchallengesintranslatingJapanesehumor,includingtheuseofpuns,culturalreferences,andtheinterplaybetweenwordsandvisuals.TheysuggestthattranslatorsneedtohaveadeepunderstandingofJapanesecultureandlanguagetocapturethehumoraccurately.

Inconclusion,JapanesehumorisarichandnuancedformofexpressionthatreflectsthevaluesandtraditionsofJapaneseculture.Ithasbeenstudiedfromvariousangles,includingitsculturalsignificance,linguisticcharacteristics,anduseinpopularculture.UnderstandingandtranslatingJapanesehumorrequiresadeepunderstandingofJapaneselanguageandculture,anditcanprovideinsightsintotheuniqueaspectsofJapanesesociety.OneofthehallmarksofJapanesehumorisitssubtletyandnuance,wheremeaningisoftenconveyedthroughimpliedcontextsanddoubleentendres.ThisrequiresastrongcommandoftheJapaneselanguage,aswellasanunderstandingoftheculturalreferencesandsocialcuesthatunderliemanyjokes.

Forexample,punsareapopularformofhumorinJapan,withnumerouswordsandphrasesinthelanguagehavingmultiplemeaningsthatcanbeexploitedforcomediceffect.Thesepunsoftenrelyonwordplayandhomonyms,whereasinglewordcanhavevastlydifferentmeaningsdependingonthecontextitisusedin.

Similarly,situationalhumoriscommoninJapan,withmanyjokesrelyingonthecontextofaparticularsituationorevent.Thiscanincludeeverythingfrompokingfunatsocialnormsandexpectationstofindinghumorinthemundaneroutinesofdailylife.

AnotherkeyelementofJapanesehumorisitsuseofironyandself-deprecation,wherethetellerofthejokeoftenputsthemselvesdownorhighlightstheirownflawsforcomediceffect.ThisisevidentinmanyformsofJapanesepopularculture,fromtheexaggeratedfacialexpressionsandphysicalcomedyofanimeandmangatothedrywitandsatireofJapanesecomedians.

Overall,JapanesehumorisacomplexandmultifacetedformofexpressionthatreflectstheuniquevaluesandtraditionsofJapaneseculture.Forthoselookingtounderstandandappreciatethishumor,adeepunderstandingofJapaneselanguageandcultureisessential,alongwithanopenmindandawillingnesstolookbeyondthesurfacelevelofajoke.Japanesehumoralsoreliesheavilyonwordplayandpuns,knownas"dajare"or"oyajigyagu"inJapanese.Thesepunsofteninvolvesimilar-soundingwordsthathavedifferentmeaningsorhomophonesthathavedifferentkanji(Chinesecharacters).Dajarecanbeseenineverythingfromadvertisingsloganstocomicstrips,andareoftenincludedinJapanesetelevisionshowsandstand-upcomedyacts.

AnothersignificantaspectofJapanesehumoristheuseofparodyandsatire.Japanesecomediansoftentakeoncurrentevents,popularculture,andpublicfigures,andusesatiretocriticizeandpokefunatthem.Forexample,thepopularcomedianduo"Downtown"regularlyappearsonJapanesetelevisiontoprovidehumorouscommentaryonnewseventsandvarioussocialissues.TheirwittyandsarcasticremarksoftenresonatewithJapaneseaudiences,whoappreciatetheirabilitytoturnserioustopicsintosomethingmorelightheartedandentertaining.

Atthesametime,Japanesehumoralsohasasentimentalside.OneexampleisthepopularJapaneseconceptof"natsukashii."Thisworddescribesasenseofnostalgiclongingforthepast,oftenassociatedwithchildhoodmemoriesorimagesoftraditionalJapan.NatsukashiiisfrequentlyusedinJapanesetelevisiondramas,wherecharacterswilloftenreflectonpastexperiencesormementosthatholdspecialsentimentalvalue.ThisideaofnostalgiaandlongingforsimplertimesisakeypartofJapanesehumorandculture,andhelpstomakeJapanesehumorfeelrelatableandaccessibletomanypeople.

Finally,it'sworthnotingthatJapanesehumorisnotalwayseasytounderstandorappreciatefornon-nativespeakers.CulturaldifferencesandlanguagebarrierscanmakeitchallengingtofullyunderstandandappreciatethenuancesofJapanesehumor.However,withtimeandeffort,itispossibletodevelopanunderstandingofJapanesehumor,andtoappreciatetheuniquehumorandculturalvaluesthatitembodies.

Inconclusion,JapanesehumorisacomplexanddiverseformofexpressionthatreflectsmanyaspectsofJapaneseculture,includingwordplay,parody,satire,sentimentality,andabsurdity.Byunderstandingthesedifferentelements,itispossibletogainadeeperappreciationofJapanesehumoranditsculturalsignificance.Ultimately,whetherwearelaughingatasillyanimememeorreflectingonchildhoodmemoriesofnatsukashii,humorisoneofthemanywaysthatwecanconnectwithandunderstanddifferentculturesaroundtheworld.OneofthemostsignificantaspectsofJapanesehumorisitswordplay.Japaneseisalanguagerichinhomophones,whicharewordsthatsoundthesamebuthavedifferentmeanings.ThismakesiteasyforJapanesehumoriststocreatepunsandjokesthatplayonthemultiplemeaningsofwords.Infact,punsaresoprevalentinJapanesehumorthattheyhaveadedicatedname,"oyajigyagu,"whichreferstothetypeofdadjokesthatoldermenareknowntotell.

AnothercommonformofJapanesehumorisparody.Japanesepopcultureandmediahavelongbeenknownfortheirtendencytocreateparodiesofpopularsongs,TVshows,andmovies.Forexample,onefamousJapanesecomedyduocalled"Downtown"regularlycreatesparodymusicvideosthattakepopularsongsandgivethemahumorousspin.Parodyisoftenusedasawaytopokefunatsomethingortocommentonsocialissues,anditisapopularformofhumornotjustinJapan,butworldwide.

SatireisanotherformofhumorthatisprevalentinJapan.JapanesesatireoftentakesonamoresubtleformthanWesternsatire,withhumoristsoftenusingunderstatedorabsurdisthumortomaketheirpoint.Forexample,inthepopularmangaseries"KochiKame,"theprotagonistisoftenshowntobeagood-for-nothingpoliceofficerwhoconstantlybreaksthelawinordertogethisway.ThisisaclearsatireontheJapanesepoliceforce,whichhasareputationforbeingcorruptandinefficient.

SentimentalityisanotherkeyaspectofJapanesehumor.ManyJapanesecomediesareinfusedwithasenseofnostalgiaorwistfulness,andhumoristsoftenusesentimentalismasawaytocreateempathyandconnectionwiththeiraudiences.Forexample,theconceptof"natsukashii"(awordthatroughlytranslatesto"nostalgic"or"longingforthepast")isacommonthemeinJapanesehumor.Manycomediesusenostalgiaasawaytoevokefeelingsofwarmthandfamiliarityintheirviewers.

Finally,absurdityisahallmarkofJapanesehumor.ManyJapanesecomediesfeaturebizarreorsurrealsituationsthatdefylogicorreason,andthistypeofhumorisoftenseenasawaytobreakfreefromtheconstraintsofsocietalnormsandexpectations.Forexample,inthepopularanimeseries"Nichijou,"thecharactersoftenfindthemselvesinabsurdsituationsthatareplayedforlaughs,suchaswhenonecharacteraccidentallycreatesatinynuclearexplosioninherkitchen.

Inconclusion,JapanesehumorisacomplexandmultifacetedformofexpressionthatreflectsmanydifferentaspectsofJapaneseculture.ByunderstandingthedifferentelementsofJapanesehumor,wecangainadeeperappreciationofitsculturalsignificanceanditsabilitytoconnectpeopleacrossdifferentlanguagesandcultures.Humorisanimportantpartofthehumanexperience,anditisthroughlaughterandsharedexperiencesthatwecanbuildbridgesbetweendifferentcommunitiesandfindcommonground.OneaspectofJapanesehumoristheuseofwordplayandpuns.Thisisoftenexpressedintheformof"oyajigyagu,"or"old-manjokes,"whicharecornyjokesthatcanbeenjoyedbypeopleofallages.Thesejokesoftenplayonthemultiplemeaningsofwordsorusehomonymstocreatehumor.Forexample,"Whatdoyoucallafakenoodle?Animpasta!"ThistypeofhumorisnotuniquetoJapan,butitswidespreadprevalenceinJapaneseculturehighlightstheimportanceoflinguisticandliteraryarts.

AnotherelementofJapanesehumoristheuseofironyandsatire,oftenseeninanimeandmanga.Thistypeofhumorcanreflectsocialandpoliticalissueswhilealsoprovidingaformofescapismfortheaudience.Forexample,theanime"OnePunchMan"satirizessuperherotropesbyfeaturingaprotagonistwhoissopowerfulthathedefeatsenemieswithasinglepunch,whichmocksthetypicalclimaxofsuperherobattles.Byusinghumortocommentonsocietalissues,Japanesehumorcarriesauniqueblendofentertainmentandsocialcommentary.

Japanesehumoralsoofteninvolvesphysicalcomedy,suchasexaggeratedfacialexpressionsandcomedicgestures.Thegenreofmanzaicomedy,featuringtwoperformersengaginginrapid-firedialogueandslapstickhumor,isapopularformofphysicalcomedy.Manzaicomediansuseexaggeratedphysicalmovementsandvocalinflectiontocreateamusementfortheiraudiences.PhysicalcomedyisespeciallypopularinJapan