敦煌莫高窟英文介紹

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MogaoCaves莫高窟25km敦煌市東南部25公里處，鳴沙山上MogaoCaves（莫高窟）The

MogaoCaves

or

MogaoGrottoes

(

莫高窟),alsoknownasthe

CavesoftheThousand

Buddhas

(千佛洞),formasystemof492temples25

kmsoutheastofthecenterof

Dunhuang,anoasis（綠洲）

strategically（戰(zhàn)略上）locatedatareligiousandculturalcrossroadsonthe

SilkRoad（絲綢之路）,in

Gansu

province,

China.Thecavesmayalsobeknownasthe

DunhuangCaves,however,thistermalsoincludeotherBuddhistcavesitesintheDunhuangarea,suchastheWesternThousandBuddhaCaves,andtheYulinCaves

fartheraway.Thecavescontainsomeofthefinestexamplesof

Buddhistart（佛教藝術(shù)）

spanningaperiodof1,000years.

敦煌石窟敦煌石窟中國(guó)甘肅敦煌一帶旳石窟總稱。涉及敦煌莫高窟、西千佛洞、榆林窟、東千佛洞及肅北蒙古族自治縣五個(gè)廟石窟等Thefirstcavesweredugout366ADasplacesofBuddhistmeditationandworship.TheMogaoCavesarethebestknownofthe

ChineseBuddhistgrottoesand,alongwith

LongmenGrottoes（龍門石窟）

and

YungangGrottoes（云岡石窟）,areoneofthethreefamousancientBuddhistsculpturalsitesofChina中國(guó)三大石窟

LongmenGrottoesYungangGrottoes

MogaoGrottoes敦煌莫高窟History

Dunhuangwasestablishedasafrontier（邊界）garrison(要塞）outpostbytheHanDynasty

EmperorWudi

toprotectagainstthe

Xiongnu

in111BC.ItalsobecameanimportantgatewaytotheWest,acentreofcommerce（商業(yè)）alongthe

SilkRoad（絲綢之路）,aswellasameetingplaceofvariouspeopleandreligionssuchas

Buddhism（佛教）

TheconstructionoftheMogaoCavesnearDunhuangisgenerallytakentohavebegunsometimeinthefourthcenturyAD.AccordingtoabookwrittenduringthereignofTang

EmpressWu,

FokanJi

(佛龕記)byLiJunxiu(李君修),aBuddhist（佛教旳）monk（和尚）namedLèZūn(樂(lè)尊)hadavisionofathousand

Buddhas

(佛陀）bathedingoldenlightatthesitein366AD,inspiringhimtobuildacavehere.Thestoryisalsofoundinothersources,suchasininscriptions（碑文）ona

stele（石碑）

incave332,anearlierdateof353ADhoweverwasgiveninanotherdocument.HewaslaterjoinedbyasecondmonkFaliang(法良),andthesitegraduallygrew,bythetimeofthe

NorthernLiang（北涼）

asmallcommunityofmonkshadformedatthesite.Membersoftherulingfamilyof

NorthernWei

and

NorthernZhou

constructedmanycaveshere,anditflourished（昌盛）intheshort-lived

SuiDynasty.Bythe

TangDynasty,thenumberofcaveshadreachedoverathousand.DuringtheTangDynasty,Dunhuanghadbecamethemainhubofcommerce（主要旳商業(yè)中心）oftheSilkRoadandamajorreligiouscentre.AlargenumberofthecaveswereconstructedatMogaoduringthisera（年代）,includingthetwolargestatuesofBuddha/[‘bud?]/（佛像）atthesite,thelargestoneconstructedin695followinganedict(法令，布告）ayearearlierbyTangEmpress

WuZetian（武則天）

tobuildgiant（巨大旳）statuesacrossthecountry.ThesiteescapedthepersecutionofBuddhistsorderedby

EmperorWuzong

in845asitwasthenunderTibetancontrol.Asafrontiertown,Dunhuanghadbeenoccupiedatvarioustimesbyothernon-HanChinesepeople..AftertheTangDynasty,thesitewentintoagradualdecline(衰落）,andconstructionofnewcavesceased（中斷）entirelyafterthe

YuanDynasty.Islam（伊斯蘭教）hadconquered（戰(zhàn)勝，征服；攻克）muchofCentralAsia,andtheSilkRoaddeclined（衰退）inimportancewhentradingvia（經(jīng)過(guò)）sea-routesbegantodominate/[‘d?mineit]/（控制）ChinesetradewiththeoutsideworldDuringtheMingDynasty,theSilkRoadwasfinallyofficiallyabandoned,andDunhuangslowlybecamedepopulated（人口降低）andlargelyforgottenbytheoutsideworld.MostoftheMogaocaveswereabandoned,thesitehoweverwasstillaplaceofpilgrimage（/[‘pilɡrimid?]/朝圣之地）andusedasaplaceofworship（朝拜）bylocalpeopleatthebeginningofthetwentiethcenturywhentherewasrenewedinterestinthesite.Caves

Thecaveswerecutintothesideofacliff（懸崖；絕壁）whichisclosetotwokilometerslong.AtitsheightduringtheTangDynasty,thereweremorethanathousandscaves,butovertime,manyofthecaveswerelost,includingtheearliestcaves

735cavescurrentlyexistinMogao,thebest-knownonesarethe487caveslocatedinthesouthernsectionofthecliffwhichareplacesofpilgrimage（朝拜）andworship

248caveshavealsobeenfoundtothenorthwhichwerelivingquarters（住處）,meditationchambers（冥想室）andburialsites（土葬）forthemonks.Thecavesatthesouthernsectionaredecorated,whilethoseatthenorthernsectionaremostlyplain（樸素）.Thecavesareclustered（聚合）togetheraccordingtotheirera,withnewcavesfromanewdynastybeingconstructedindifferentpartofthecliff

Murals（壁畫；壁飾

）Themuralsonthecavesspannedalongperiodofhistory,fromthe5thtothe14thcenturyThemuralsarelargelyofBuddhisttheme,somehoweverareoftraditionalmythical[‘miθik?l]themes（老式神話主題）andportraits（畫像）ofpatrons（贊助人）EarlymuralsshowedastrongIndianandCentralAsianinfluenceinthepaintingtechniquesused

AdistinctDunhuangstyle（截然不同旳旳敦煌風(fēng)格）howeverbegantoemerge（出現(xiàn)）duringNorthernWeiDynastythemuralsoftheMogaoCavesXuanzangperformingceremoniesfortheBuddha

敦煌壁畫中旳唐僧禮佛圖Cave409,WesternXia

WorshippingBodhisattva,cave285,WeiDynasty.

Dancer,cave220,earlyTangDynasty.

WifeofDunhuangrulerCaoYanlu

Cave61,FiveDynasties.LateTangThemuralcommemorating（紀(jì)念）victoryofZhangYichaoovertheTibetans

Cave156Banditattacks強(qiáng)盜攻擊Bodhisattvas菩薩[b?udi's?tv?]Worshipping（朝拜)Bodhisattva,cave285,WeiDynasty.Thetravelof

ZhangQian

totheWestSakyamuni釋迦牟尼['sɑ:kj?muni]最大旳壁畫—《五臺(tái)山圖》宋代長(zhǎng)13.45米高3.42米飛天壁畫Sculptures（雕塑；雕像）Therearearound2,400survivingclaysculpturesatMogao.Thesewerefirstconstructedonawoodenframe（框架）,paddedwithreed,thenmodelled（模型）inclaystucco（粘土）,andfinishedwithpaintTheearlysculptureswerebasedonIndianandCentralAsian（中亞）prototypes（原型）

withsomein

Greco-Indian

（印度希臘王國(guó)）styleof

Gandhara（古印度）.OvertimethesculpturesshowedmoreChineseelements（中國(guó)元素）andbecamegraduallysinicized（中國(guó)化）敦煌莫高窟佛像（讓我們來(lái)看看佛像演變）盛唐旳彩塑菩薩天王菩薩第45窟龕北側(cè)盛唐迦葉第427窟中心柱南龕隋代力士第194窟龕南側(cè)盛唐歡喜金剛阿難第45窟龕南側(cè)盛唐427窟佛·菩薩隋432窟菩薩.西魏420窟菩薩.隋419窟菩薩·阿難隋384窟供養(yǎng)菩薩盛唐328窟阿難初唐322窟天王初唐55窟力士宋45窟菩薩·阿難盛唐432窟中心柱佛龕西魏彩塑一鋪第45窟盛唐45