托福句子簡(jiǎn)化題難題匯總

OGAppliedArtsandFineArts因果Sincethelawsofphysics,notsomearbitrarydecision,havedeterminedthegeneralformofapplied-artobjects,theyfollowbasicpatterns,somuchsothatfunctionalformscanvaryonlywithincertainlimits.2.Whichofthefollowingbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentence?Incorrectanswerchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.○Functionalapplied-artobjectscannotvarymuchfromthebasicpatternsdeterminedbythelawsofphysics.○Thefunctionofapplied-artobjectsisdeterminedbybasicpatternsinthelawsofphysics.○Sincefunctionalapplied-artobjectsvaryonlywithincertainlimits,arbitrarydecisionscannothavedeterminedtheirgeneralform.○Thegeneralformofapplied-artobjectsislimitedbysomearbitrarydecisionthatisnotdeterminedbythelawsofphysics.TheOriginsofCetaceans讓步Thestructureofthebackboneshows,however,thatAmbulocetusswamlikemodernwhalesbymovingtherearportionofitsbodyupanddown,eventhoughaflukewasmissing.10.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.○EventhoughAmbulocetusswambymovingitsbodyupanddown,itdidnothaveabackbone.○ThebackboneofAmbulocetus,whichallowedittoswim,providesevidenceofitsmissingfluke.○AlthoughAmbulocetushadnofluke,itsbackbonestructureshowsthatitswamlikemodernwhales.○B(yǎng)ymovingtherearpartsoftheirbodiesupanddown,modernwhalesswiminadifferentwayfromthewayAmbulocetusswam.DesertFormation因果Theextremeseriousnessofdesertificationresultsfromthevastareasoflandandthetremendousnumbersofpeopleaffected,aswellasfromthegreatdifficultyofreversingorevenslowingtheprocess.10.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.○Desertificationisasignificantproblembecauseitissohardtoreverseandaffectslargeareasoflandandgreatnumbersofpeople.○Slowingdowntheprocessofdesertificationisdifficultbecauseofpopulationgrowththathasspreadoverlargeareasofland.○Thespreadofdesertsisconsideredaveryseriousproblemthatcanbesolvedonlyiflargenumbersofpeopleinvariouscountriesareinvolvedintheeffort.○Desertificationisextremelyhardtoreverseunlessthepopulationisreducedinthevastareasaffected.EarlyCinema因果Herefusedtodevelopprojectiontechnology,reasoningthatifhemadeandsoldprojectors,thenexhibitorswouldpurchaseonlyonemachine-aprojector-fromhiminsteadofseveral.3.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentencefromthepassage?Incorrectanswerchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.○Edisonwasmoreinterestedindevelopingavarietyofmachinesthanindevelopingatechnologybasedononlyone.○Edisonrefusedtoworkonprojectiontechnologybecausehedidnotthinkexhibitorswouldreplacetheirprojectorswithnewermachines.○Edisondidnotwanttodevelopprojectiontechnologybecauseitlimitedthenumberofmachineshecouldsell.○Edisonwouldnotdevelopprojectiontechnologyunlessexhibitorsagreedtopurchasemorethanoneprojectorfromhim.Aggression對(duì)比Forexample,peoplewhobelievethataggressionisnecessaryandjustified-asduringwartime-arelikelytoactaggressively,whereaspeoplewhobelievethataparticularwaroractofaggressionisunjust,orwhothinkthataggressionisneverjustified,arelesslikelytobehaveaggressively.8.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectanswerchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.○Peoplewhobelievethattheyarefightingajustwaractaggressivelywhilethosewhobelievethattheyarefightinganunjustwardonot.○Peoplewhobelievethataggressionisnecessaryandjustifiedaremorelikelytoactaggressivelythanthosewhobelievedifferently.○Peoplewhonormallydonotbelievethataggressionisnecessaryandjustifiedmayactaggressivelyduringwartime.○Peoplewhobelievethataggressionisnecessaryandjustifieddonotnecessarilyactaggressivelyduringwartime.ArtisansandIndustrialization并列Apprenticeswereconsideredpartofthefamily,andmasterswereresponsiblenotonlyforteachingtheirapprenticesatradebutalsoforprovidingthemsomeeducationandforsupervisingtheirmoralbehavior.○Mastersdemandedmoralbehaviorfromapprenticesbutoftentreatedthemirresponsibly.○Theresponsibilitiesofthemastertotheapprenticewentbeyondtheteachingofatrade.○Masterspreferredtomaintainthetradewithinthefamilybysupervisingandeducatingtheyoungerfamilymembers.○Masterswhotrainedmembersoftheirownfamilyasapprenticesdemandedexcellencefromthem.SwimmingMachinesOnepotentialproblemisthatopeningthemouthtobreathedetractsfromthestreamliningofthesefishesandtendstoslowthemdown.○Thesefishesoftenhaveaproblemopeningtheirmouthswhileswimming.○Thestreamliningofthesefishespreventsthemfromslowingdown.○Thestreamliningofthesefishestendstoslowdowntheirbreathing.○Openingthemouthtobreathecanreducethespeedofthesefishes.Nineteenth-CenturyPoliticsintheUnitedStates對(duì)比TheWhigswerestrongestinthetowns,cities,andthoseruralareasthatwerefullyintegratedintothemarketeconomy,whereasDemocratsdominatedareasofsemisubsistencefarmingthatweremoreisolatedandlanguishingeconomically.○WhigswereabletoattractsupportonlyinthewealthiestpartsoftheeconomybecauseDemocratsdominatedinotherareas.○WhigandDemocraticareasofinfluencewerenaturallysplitbetweenurbanandruralareas,respectively.○ThesemisubsistencefarmingareasdominatedbyDemocratsbecameincreasinglyisolatedbytheWhigs'controlofthemarketeconomy.○TheDemocrats'powerwasgreatestinpoorerareaswhiletheWhigswerestrongestinthoseareaswherethemarketwasalreadyfullyoperating.TheExpressionofEmotionsTheForealsodisplayedfamiliarfacialexpressionswhenaskedhowtheywouldrespondiftheywerethecharactersinstoriesthatcalledforbasicemotionalresponses.○TheFore'sfacialexpressionsindicatedtheirunwillingnesstopretendtobestorycharacters.○TheForewereaskedtodisplayfamiliarfacialexpressionswhentheytoldtheirstories.○TheForeexhibitedthesamerelationshipoffacialexpressionsandbasicemotionsthatisseeninWesternculturewhentheyactedoutstories.○TheForewerefamiliarwiththefacialexpressionsandbasicemotionsofcharactersinstories.GeologyandLandscape轉(zhuǎn)折Hillsandmountainsareoftenregardedastheepitomeofpermanence,successfullyresistingthedestructiveforcesofnature,butinfacttheytendtoberelativelyshort-livedingeologicalterms.○Whentheyarerelativelyyoung,hillsandmountainssuccessfullyresistthedestructiveforcesofnature.○Althoughtheyseempermanent,hillsandmountainsexistforarelativelyshortperiodofgeologicaltime.○Hillsandmountainssuccessfullyresistthedestructiveforcesofnature,butonlyforashorttime.○Hillsandmountainsresistthedestructiveforcesofnaturebetterthanothertypesoflandforms.LoieFuller讓步Althoughherearlytheatricalcareerhadincludedstintsasanactress,shewasnotprimarilyinterestedinstorytellingorexpressingemotionsthroughdance;thedramaofherdancingemanatedfromhervisualeffects.○Fullerwasmoreinterestedindance’svisualimpactthaninitsnarrativeoremotionalpossibilities.○Fullerusedvisualeffectstodramatizethestoriesandemotionsexpressedinherwork.○Fullerbelievedthatthedramaofherdancingsprangfromheremotionalstyleofstorytelling.○Fuller’sfocusonthevisualeffectsofdanceresultedfromherearlytheatricaltrainingasanactress.GreenIcebergs轉(zhuǎn)折Oneexplanationforgreenicebergsattributestheircolortoanopticalillusionwhenblueiceisilluminatedbyanear-horizonredSun,butgreenicebergsstandoutamongwhiteandblueicebergsunderagreatvarietyoflightconditions.○Oneexplanationnotesthatgreenicebergsstandoutamongothericebergsunderagreatvarietyoflightconditions,butthisisattributedtoanopticalillusion.○Oneexplanationforthecolorofgreenicebergsattributestheircolortoanopticalillusionthatoccurswhenthelightfromanear-horizonredSunshinesonablueiceberg.○Oneexplanationforgreenicebergsattributestheircolortoagreatvarietyoflightconditions,butgreenicebergsstandoutbestamongothericebergswhenilluminatedbyanear-horizonredSun.○Oneexplanationattributesthecolorofgreenicebergstoanopticalillusionunderspeciallightconditions,butgreenicebergsappeardistinctfromothericebergsunderagreatvarietyoflightconditions.TPO-1Groundwater轉(zhuǎn)折Iftheporesarelarge,thewaterinthemwillexistasdropstooheavyforsurfacetensiontohold,anditwilldrainaway;butiftheporesaresmallenough,thewaterinthemwillexistasthinfilms,toolighttoovercometheforceofsurfacetensionholdingtheminplace;thenthewaterwillbefirmlyheld.○Surfacetensionisnotstrongenoughtoretaindropsofwaterinrockswithlargeporesbutitstrongenoughtoholdontothinfilmsofwaterinrockswithsmallpores.○Waterinrocksisheldinplacebylargeporesanddrainsawayfromsmallsizeporesthroughsurfacetension.○Smallporesandlargeporesbothinteractwithsurfacetensiontodeterminewhetherarockwillholdwaterasheavydropsorasathinfilm.○Iftheforceofsurfacetensionistooweaktoholdwaterinplaceasheavydrops,thewaterwillcontinuetobeheldfirmlyinplaceasathinfilmwhenlargeporesexist.TheOriginsofTheater轉(zhuǎn)折Forexample,someearlysocietiesceasedtoconsidercertainritesessentialtotheirwell-beingandabandonedthem,nevertheless,theyretainedaspartsoftheiroraltraditionthemythsthathadgrownuparoundtheritesandadmiredthemfortheirartisticqualitiesratherthanfortheirreligioususefulness.○Asociety’sritesweremorelikelytoberetainedintheoraltraditionifitsmythswereadmiredforartisticqualities.○Theartisticqualityofamythwassometimesanessentialreasonforasocietytoabandonitfromtheoraltradition.○Someearlysocietiesstoppedusingmythsintheirreligiouspracticeswhenritesceasedtobeseenasusefulforsocialwell-being.○Mythssometimessurvivedinasociety’straditionbecauseoftheirartisticqualitiesevenaftertheywerenolongerdeemedreligiouslybeneficial.TimberlineVegetationonMountains因果Windvelocityalsoincreaseswithaltitudeandmaycauseseriousstressfortrees,asismadeevidentbythedeformedshapesathighaltitudes.○B(yǎng)ecauseoftheirdeformedshapesathighaltitudes,treesarenotlikelytobeseriouslyharmedbythestrongwindstypicalofthosealtitudes.○Asaltitudeincreases,thevelocityofwindsincrease,leadingtoaseriousdecreaseinthenumberoftreesfoundathighaltitudes.○Thedeformedshapesoftreesathighaltitudesshowthatwindvelocity,whichincreasewithaltitude,cancauseserioushardshipfortrees.○Increasedwindvelocityathighaltitudesdeformstheshapesoftrees,andthismaycauseseriousstressfortrees.TPO-3Architecture因果，對(duì)比Inorderforthestructuretoachievethesizeandstrengthnecessarytomeetitspurpose,architectureemploysmethodsofsupportthat,becausetheyarebasedonphysicallaws,havechangedlittlesincepeoplefirstdiscoveredthem—evenwhilebuildingmaterialshavechangeddramatically.○Unchangingphysicallawshavelimitedthesizeandstrengthofbuildingsthatcanbemadewithmaterialsdiscoveredlongago.○B(yǎng)uildingmaterialshavechangedinordertoincreasearchitecturalsizeandstrength,butphysicallawsofstructurehavenotchanged.○Whenpeoplefirststartedtobuild,thestructuralmethodsusedtoprovidestrengthandsizewereinadequatebecausetheywerenotbasedonphysicallaws.○Unlikebuildingmaterials,themethodsofsupportusedinarchitecturehavenotchangedovertimebecausetheyarebasedonphysicallaws.DepletionoftheOgallalaAquifer轉(zhuǎn)折EstimatesindicatethattheaquifercontainsenoughwatertofillLakeHuron,butunfortunately,underthesemiaridclimaticconditionsthatpresentlyexistintheregion,ratesofadditiontotheaquiferareminimal,amountingtoabouthalfacentimeterayear.○DespitethecurrentimpressivesizeoftheOgallalaaquifer,theregion’sclimatekeepstheratesofwateradditionverysmall.○Althoughtheaquiferhasbeenaddingwaterattherateofonlyhalfacentimeterayear,itwilleventuallyaccumulateenoughwateroffillLakeHuron.○B(yǎng)ecauseoftheregion’spresentclimaticconditions,waterisbeingaddedeachyeartotheaquifer.○Evenwhentheregionexperiencesunfortunateclimaticconditions,theratesofadditionofwatercontinuetoincrease.TheLong-TermStabilityofEcosystems否定Manyecologistsnowthinkthattherelativelong-termstabilityofclimaxcommunitiescomesnotfromdiversitybutfromthe“patchiness”oftheenvironment,anenvironmentthatvariesfromplacetoplacesupportsmorekindsoforganismsthananenvironmentthatisuniform.○Ecologistsnowthinkthatthestabilityofanenvironmentisaresultofdiversityratherthanpatchiness.○Patchyenvironmentsthatvaryfromplacetoplacedonotoftenhavehighspeciesdiversity.○Uniformenvironmentscannotbeclimaxcommunitiesbecausetheydonotsupportasmanytypesoforganismsaspatchyenvironments.○Apatchyenvironmentisthoughttoincreasestabilitybecauseitisabletosupportawidevarietyoforganisms.TPO-4DeerPopulationsofthePugetSound遞進(jìn)Inadditiontofindinganincreaseofsuitablebrowse,likehuckleberryandvinemaple,ArthurEinarsen,longtimegamebiologistinthePacificNorthwest,foundqualityofbrowseintheopenareastobesubstantiallymorenutritive.○ArthurEinarsen’slongtimefamilywiththePacificNorthwesthelpedhimdiscoverareaswheredeerhadanincreaseinsuitablebrowse.○ArthurEinarsenfoundthatdeforestedfeedinggroundsprovideddeerwithmoreandbetterfood.○B(yǎng)iologistlikeEinarsenbelieveitisimportanttofindadditionalopenareaswithsuitablebrowsefordeertoinhabit.○AccordingtoEinarsen,huckleberryandvinemapleareexamplesofvegetationthatmaysomedayimprovethenutritionofdeerintheopenareasofthePacificNorthwest.CaveArtinEurope因果Perhaps,likemanycontemporarypeoples,UpperPaleolithicmenandwomenbelievedthatthedrawingofahumanimagecouldcausedeathorinjury,andifthatwereindeedtheirbelief,itmightexplainwhyhumanfiguresarerarelydepictedincaveart.○UpperPaleolithicpeople,likemanycontemporarypeoples,believedthatiftheydrewahumanimageintheircaveart,itwouldcausedeathorinjury.○Manycontemporarypeoplebelievethatthedrawingofahumanimagecancausedeathorinjury,sothey,likeUpperPaleolithicpeople,rarelydepictedhumanfiguresintheircaveart.○IfUpperPaleolithicpeople,likemanycontemporarypeoples,believedthatthedrawingofahumanimagecouldcausedeathorinjury,thisbeliefmightexplainwhyhumanfiguresarerarelydepictedincaveart.○Althoughmanycontemporarypeoplesbelievethatthedrawingofahumanimagecancausedeathorinjury,researcherscannotexplainwhyUpperPaleolithicpeoplerarelydepictedhumanfiguresintheircaveart.PetroleumResourcesContinuedsedimentation—theprocessofdeposits’settlingontheseabottom—buriestheorganicmatterandsubjectsittohighertemperaturesandpressures,whichconverttheorganicmattertooilandgas.○Highertemperaturesandpressurespromotesedimentation,whichisresponsibleforpetroleumformation.○Depositsofsedimentsontopoforganicmatterincreasethetemperatureofandpressureonthematter.○Increasepressureandheatfromtheweightofthesedimentturntheorganicremainsintopetroleum.○Theremainsofmicroscopicorganismstransformintopetroleumoncetheyareburiedundermud.TPO-5MineralsandPlantsThisscenariobeginswiththeplantingofhyperaccumulatingspeciesinthetargetarea,suchasanabandonedmineoranirrigationpondcontaminatedbyrunoff.○B(yǎng)eforeconsideringphytoremediation,hyperaccumulatingspeciesofplantslocaltothetargetareamustbeidentified.○Theinvestigationbeginswithanevaluationoftoxicsitesinthetargetareatodeterminetheextentofcontamination.○Thefirststepinphytoremediationistheplantingofhyperaccumulatingplantsintheareatobecleanedup.○Minesandirrigationpondscanbekeptfrombecomingcontaminatedbyplantinghyperaccumulatingspeciesintargetedareas.TheOriginofthePacificIslandPeople轉(zhuǎn)折ContrarytotheargumentsofsomethatmuchofthepacificwassettledbyPolynesiansaccidentallymaroonedafterbeinglostandadrift,itseemsreasonablethatthisfeatwasaccomplishedbydeliberatecolonizationexpeditionsthatsetoutfullystockedwithfoodanddomesticatedplantsandanimals.○SomepeoplehavearguedthatthePacificwassettledbytraderswhobecamelostwhiletransportingdomesticatedplantsandanimals.○TheoriginalPolynesiansettlerswereprobablymaroonedontheislands,buttheymayhavebeenjoinedlaterbycarefullypreparedcolonizationexpeditions.○Althoughitseemsreasonabletobelievethatcolonizationexpeditionswouldsetoutfullystocked,thisiscontradictedbymuchoftheevidence.○ThesettlementofthePacificislandswasprobablyintentionalandwellplannedratherthanaccidentalassomepeoplehaveproposed.TheCambrianExplosion轉(zhuǎn)折Atonetime,theanimalspresentinthesefossilbedswereassignedtovariousmodernanimalgroups,butmostpaleontologistsnowagreethatallTommotianfossilsrepresentuniquebodyformsthataroseintheearlyCambrianperiodanddisappearedbeforetheendoftheperiod,leavingnodescendantsinmodernanimalgroups.○TheanimalsfoundintheTommotianfossilbedwereoncethoughttobelongtoavarietyofmodernanimalgroups,butnowtheyarethoughttohavedescendedfromasinglegroup.○AnimalsintheTommotianfossilbedswereinitiallyassignedtomodernanimalgroupsbutarenowthoughttobelongtogroupsthatemergedanddiedoutduringtheCambrianperiod.○Thoughatfirsttheythoughtotherwise,paleontologistsnowagreethattheanimalsintheTommotianhavebodyformsfromwhichmodernanimalshavedescended.○ItisunclearwhethertheTommotianfossilsfromtheearlyCambrianperiodrepresentuniquebodyformsorwhethertheyshouldbeassignedtovariousmodernanimalgroups.TPO-6PoweringtheIndustrialRevolution讓步Onlythelastofthesewassuitedatalltothecontinuousoperatingofmachines,andalthoughwaterpoweraboundedinLancashireandScotlandandrangrainmillsaswellastextilemills,ithadonegreatdisadvantage:streamsflowedwherenatureintendedthemto,andwater-drivenfactorieshadtobelocatedontheirbankswhetherornotthelocationwasdesirableforotherreasons.○Runningwaterwasthebestpowersourceforfactoriessinceitcouldkeepmachinesoperatingcontinuously,butsinceitwasabundantonlyinLancashireandScotland,mostmillsandfactoriesthatwerelocatedelsewherecouldnotbewaterdriven.○Thedisadvantageofusingwaterpoweristhatstreamsdonotnecessarilyflowinplacesthatarethemostsuitableforfactories,whichexplainswhysomanywater-poweredgrainandtextilemillswerelocatedinundesirableplaces.○Sincemachinescouldbeoperatedcontinuouslyonlywhererunningwaterwasabundant,grainandtextilemills,aswellasotherfactories,tendedtobelocatedonlyinLancashireandScotland.○Runningwaterwastheonlysourceofpowerthatwassuitableforthecontinuousoperationofmachines,buttomakeuseofit,factorieshadtobelocatedwherethewaterwas,regardlessofwhethersuchlocationsmadesenseotherwise.WilliamSmith轉(zhuǎn)折Butasmoreandmoreaccumulationsofstratawerecatalogedinmoreandmoreplaces,itbecameclearthatthesequencesofrockssometimesdifferedfromregiontoregionandthatnorocktypewasevergoingtobecomeareliabletimemarkerthroughouttheworld.○Thediscoveryofregionaldifferencesinthesequencesofrocksledgeologiststobelievethatrocktypescouldsomedaybecomereliabletimemarkers.○Carefulanalysisofstratarevealedthatrockscannotestablishgeologicaltimebecausethepatternofrocklayersvariesfromplacetoplace.○Smith'scatalogsofrockstrataindicatedthatthesequencesofrocksaredifferentfromplacetoplaceandfromregiontoregion.○B(yǎng)ecausepeopledidnotcatalogregionaldifferencesinsequencesofrocks,itwasbelievedthatrockscouldneverbereliabletimemarkers.InfantileAmnesia因果Physiologicalimmaturitymaybepartofwhyinfantsandtoddlersdonotformextremelyenduringmemories,evenwhentheyhearstoriesthatpromotesuchrememberinginpreschoolers.○Incompletephysiologicaldevelopmentmaypartlyexplainwhyhearingstoriesdoesnotimprovelong-termmemoryininfantsandtoddlers.○Onereasonwhypreschoolersfailtocomprehendthestoriestheyhearisthattheyarephysiologicallyimmature.○Giventhechancetohearstories,infantsandtoddlersmayformenduringmemoriesdespitephysiologicalimmaturity.○Physiologicallymaturechildrenseemtohavenodifficultyrememberingstoriestheyheardaspreschoolers.TPO-7TheGeologicHistoryoftheMediterranean因果Asaresultofcrustaladjustmentsandfaulting,theStraitofGibraltar,wheretheMediterraneannowconnectstotheAtlantic,opened,andwatercascadedspectacularlybackintotheMediterranean.○ThestraitofGibraltarreopenedwhentheMediterraneanandtheAtlanticbecameconnectedandthecascadesofwaterfromoneseatotheothercausedcrustaladjustmentsandfaulting.○TheMediterraneanwasdramaticallyrefilledbywaterfromtheAtlanticwhencrustaladjustmentsandfaultingopenedtheStraitofGibraltar,theplacewherethetwoseasarejoined.○ThecascadesofwaterfromtheAtlantictotheMediterraneanwerenotasspectacularasthecrustaladjustmentsandfaultingthatoccurredwhentheStraitofGibraltarwasconnectedtothoseseas.○AsaresultofcrustaladjustmentsandfaultingandthecreationoftheStraitofGibraltar,theAtlanticandMediterraneanwereconnectedandbecameasingleseawithspectacularcascadesofwaterbetweenthem.AncientRomeandGreeceLikethestoneofRomanwall,whichwereheldtogetherbothbytheregularityofthedesignandbythatpeculiarlypowerfulRomancement,sothevariouspartsoftheRomanrealmwerebondedintoamassive,monolithicentitybyphysical,organizational,andpsychologicalcontrols.○TheregularityandpowerofstonewallsinspiredRomansattemptingtounifythepartsoftheirrealm.○AlthoughtheRomansuseddifferenttypesofdesignswhenbuildingtheirwalls,theyusedregularcontrolstomaintaintheirrealm.○SeveraltypesofcontrolunitedtheRomanrealm,justasdesignandcementheldRomanwallstogether.○Romansbuiltwallstounitethevariouspartsoftheirrealmintoasingleentity,whichwascontrolledbypowerfullaws.Agriculture,Iron,andtheBantuPeoples對(duì)比UnlikeintheAmericas,wheremetallurgywasaverylateandlimiteddevelopment,Africanshadironfromarelativelyearlydate,developingingeniousfurnacestoproducethehighheatneededforproductionandtocontroltheamountofairthatreachedthecarbonandironorenecessaryformakingiron.○WhileAmericanironmakersdevelopedthelatestfurnaces,Africanironmakerscontinuedusingearliertechniques.○AfricansproducedironmuchearlierthanAmericans,inventingtechnologicallysophisticatedheatingsystems.○IronmakingdevelopedearlierinAfricathanintheAmericasbecauseofthereadyavailabilityofcarbonandironore.○B(yǎng)othAfricaandtheAmericasdevelopedthecapacityformakingironearly,butAfricanmetallurgydevelopedataslowerrate.TPO-8ExtinctionoftheDinosaursManyplantsandanimalsdisappearabruptlyfromthefossilrecordasonemovesfromlayersofrockdocumentingtheendoftheCretaceousupintorocksrepresentingthebeginningoftheCenozoic(theeraaftertheMesozoic).○ThefossilrecordsuggeststhattherewasanabruptextinctionofmanyplantsandanimalsattheendoftheMesozoicera.○FewfossilsoftheMesozoicerahavesurvivedintherocksthatmarktheendoftheCretaceous.○FossilsfromtheCretaceousperiodoftheMesozoicuptothebeginningoftheCenozoicerahavebeenremovedfromthelayersofrockthatsurroundedthem.○PlantsandanimalsfromtheMesozoicerawereunabletosurviveintheCenozoicera.RunningWateronMars?轉(zhuǎn)折Butdetractorsmaintainthattheterracescouldalsohavebeencreatedbygeologicalactivity,perhapsrelatedtothegeologicforcesthatdepressedtheNorthernHemispherefarbelowthelevelofthesouth,inwhichcasetheyhavenothingwhatevertodowithMartianwater.○B(yǎng)utdetractorsarguethatgeologicalactivitymayberesponsibleforthewaterassociatedwiththeterraces.○B(yǎng)utdetractorsarguethattheterracesmayhavebeenformedbygeologicalactivityratherthanbythepresenceofwater.○B(yǎng)utdetractorsarguethattheterracesmayberelatedtogeologicalforcesintheNorthernHemisphereofMars,ratherthantoMartianwaterinthesouth.○B(yǎng)utdetractorsarguethatgeologicalforcesdepressedtheNorthernHemispheresofarbelowthelevelofthesouththattheterracescouldnothavebeenformedbywater.TPO-9ColonizingtheAmericasviatheNorthwestCoastFladmark’shypothesisreceivedadditionalsupportformfromthefactthatthegreatestdiversityinnativeAmericanlanguagesoccursalongthewestcoastoftheAmericas,suggestingthatthisregionhasbeensettledthelongest.○B(yǎng)ecausethisregionhasbeensettledthelongest,italsodisplaysthegreatestdiversityinNativeAmericanlanguages.○Fladmark'shypothesisstatesthatthewestcoastoftheAmericashasbeensettledlongerthananyotherregion.○ThefactthatthegreatestdiversityofNativeAmericanlanguagesoccursalongthewestcoastoftheAmericanslendsstrengthtoFradmark'shypothesis.○AccordingtoFladmark,NativeAmericanlanguageshavesurvivedthelongestalongt