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文檔簡介
MeasuringtheSurfaceTensionConstantofLiquid
bytheUseofCapillary
Aim
Todeterminethesurfacetensionvalueofwateragainstairbythemethodofcapillaryrise.Tolearntheuseofreadingmicroscope.
Thisunequalattractioncausesthewaterattheair-waterinterfacetoactasacohesivesurfaceandtheliquidtoshrinktothesmallestpossiblesurfacearea.
Awatermoleculedeepwithintheliquidexperienceforcesofattractionbyallitsneighbors
netforce=zeroAwatermoleculeatthesurfacelacksneighboring
watermolecules
towardtheinterface
netforceisnot
zero
(directeddownwards
)Introduction
definedas:Surfacetension-Scientificaly
whereisthesurfacetensionoftheliquid.Asdefinedherethedimensionsofsurfacetensionareforceperlength,anditsunitsare.Theforcealongalineofunitlength,wheretheforceisparalleltothesurfacebutperpendiculartotheline,tendingtominishtheareaofthesurfaceTheory
Surfacetensionproducesseveralphenomena.Theriseofaliquidinacapillaryistheresultofsurfacetension.ConsiderthesimplesituationinFig.1,inwhichtheendofacapillarytubeisimmersedinaliquid,oneobservesasubstantialriseofliquidinthecapillaryduetosurfacetension.Thebalancepointcanbeusedasameanstomeasurethesurfacetension:wheredisthediameterofthecapillary,histhecapillaryrise,ρistheliquiddensity,gistheaccelerationduetogravity.Thus,afterdeterminethevalueofhanddinthisexperiment,thesurfacetensionofwater
canbecalculated.Fig.12rhApparatus
ReadingmicroscopeBeakerCapillaryThermometerLightsourceSupportofcapillaryReadingmicroscope
EyepieceObjectivelensFocushandwheelMicrometricaldrumReadingscaleReadingdial
Fig.2Forexample,readingis29.723mminFig.3.(Note:Therecordeddatashouldincludethelastestimatedfigure.)
1-mainscale2-readinglineofmainscale3-micrometricaldrum4-readinglineofmicrometricaldrum
Fig.3Procedure
1Illuminatetheobjectbylightsource,adjustthedirectionoflightandmakethefieldofviewbebright.2Adjusteyepieceuntilthecross-hairisclear.3Getridofthewaterincapillary.Putcapillaryintotheholeofsupportandmaketheendofcapillarydipintothebeakerfilledwithwater.Raiseandlowerthecapillaryseveraltimesuntilitiswetted.Whenthewaterwetsthewallsofthecapillary,thewateris“pulled”upbythesurfacetensionforce.Pullcapillaryupwardfromlowerslowlyuntilitsliquidlevelachievesthehighest.Procedure
4Putthebeakeronobjectstage,findtheclearimageofliquidlevelsofcapillaryandbeakerseparatelybyadjustingthedistancefromlenstoobject.Procedure
hh5Usethereadingmicroscopetodeterminethecapillaryriseofwater.timesProcedure
Fillthetablewithexperimentdata:hmm6Takeoutthecapillaryandgetridofwaterinit.Putthecapillaryonthesupportandmakingtheendofittowardobjectivelens.Adjustthereadingmicroscopeuntilfindtheringimageofcapillaryandthecoloroftheringisgreen(asbelow).Procedure
dd7Determinetheinternaldiameterofthecapillary.Procedure
Fillthetablewithexperimentdata:8Recordthetemperature
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