2007年全國入學統(tǒng)一考試英語試題

Section UseofReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)By1830theformerSpanishandPortuguesecolonieshad eindependentnationsTheroughly20million大1家ofthesenationslooked大2家tothefuture.BorninthecrisisoftheoldregimeandIberianColonialism,manyoftheleadersofindependence大3家theidealsofrepresentativeernment,careers大4家totalent,domofcommerceandtrade,the大5家toprivateproperty,andabelieftheindividualasthebasisofsociety.大6家therewasabeliefthatthenewnationsshouldbesovereignandindependentstateslargeenoughtobeeconomicallyviableandintegratedbya大7家setoflaws.Ontheissueof大8家ofreligionandthepositionofthechurch,大9therewaslessagreement大10家theleadership.RomanCatholicismhadbeenthestatereligionandtheonlyone大11家bytheSpanishcrown.大12家mostleaderssoughttomaintainCatholicism大13家theofficialreligionofthenewstates,somesoughttoendthe大14家ofotherfaiths.ThedefenseoftheChurchbecamearallying大15家fortheconservatives.Theidealsoftheearlyleadersofindependencewereoftenegalitarian,equalityofeverythingBolivarhadreceivedaidfromHaitiandhad大16家inreturntoabolishslaveryintheareasheliberated.By1854slaveryhadbeenabolishedeverywhereexceptSpain’s大17家colonies.Earlypromisestoendnandtaxesonpeopleofmixedorigincamemuch大18家becausethenewnationsstillneededtherevenuesuchpolicies大19.Egalitariansentimentsweretemperedbyfearsthatthemassofthepopulationwas 大20家self-ruleand[A][A][A][A][A][A][B][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A]puzzledhostilepessimisticunpreparedSection ReadingPartAReadthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C],or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Ifyouweretoexaminethebirthsofeverysocceryerin2006’sWorldCuptournament,youwouldmostlikelyfindanoteworthyquirk:elitesocceryersaremorelikelytohavebeenbornintheearliermonthsoftheyearthaninthelatermonths.IfyouthenexaminedtheEuropeannationalyouthteamsthatfeedtheCupandprofessionalranks,youwouldfindthisstrangephenomenontobeevenmoreWhatmightaccountforthisstrangephenomenon?Hereareafewguesses:a)certainastrologicalsignsconfersuperiorsoccerskills;b)winter-bornbabiestendtohavehigheroxygencapacity,whichincreasessoccerstamina;c)soccer-madparentsaremorelikelytoconceivechildreninspringtime,attheannualpeakofsoccerd)noneoftheAndersEricsson,a58-year-oldpsychologyprofessoratFloridaStateUniversity,sayshebelievesstronglyin“noneoftheabove.”EricssongrewupinSweden,andstudiednuclearengineeringuntilherealizedhewouldhavemoreopportunitytoconducthisownresearchifheswitchedtopsychology.Hisfirstexperiment,nearly30yearsago,involvedmemory:trainingatohearandthenrepeatarandomseriesofnumbers.“Withthefirstsubject,afterabout20hoursoftraining,hisdigitspanhadrisenfrom7to20,”Ericssonrecalls.“Hekeptimproving,andafterabout200hoursoftraininghehadrisentoover80numbers.”Thissuccess,coupledwithlaterresearchshowingthatmemoryitselfisnotgeneticallydetermined,ledEricssontoconcludethattheactofmemorizingismoreofacognitiveexercisethananintuitiveone.Inotherwords,whateverinborndifferencestwopeoplemayexhibitintheirabilitiestomemorize,thosedifferencesareswampedbyhowwelleach“encodes”theinformation.Andthebestwaytolearnhowtoencodeinformationmeaningfully,Ericssondetermined,wasaprocessknownasdeliberatepractice.Deliberatepracticeentailsmorethansimplyrepeatingatask.Rather,itinvolvessettingspecificgoals,obtainingimmediatefeedbackandconcentratingasmuchontechniqueason Ericssonandhiscolleagueshavethustakentostudyingexpertperformersinawiderangeofpursuits,includingsoccer.Theygatherallthedatatheycan,notjustperformancestatisticsandbiographicaldetailsbutalsotheresultsoftheirownlaboratoryexperimentswithhighachievers.Theirworkmakesaratherstartlingassertion:thetraitwecommonlycalltalentishighlyoverrated.Or,putanotherway,expertperformers–whetherinmemoryorsurgery,balletorcomputerprogramming–arenearlyalwaysmade,notborn.ThebirthdayphenomenonfoundamongsocceryersismentionedstresstheimportanceofprofessionalspotlightthesoccersuperstarsintheWorldintroducethetopicofwhatmakesexpertexinwhysomesoccerteamsybetterthanTheword“mania”(Line4,Paragraph2)mostprobablyAccordingtoEricsson,gooddependsonmeaningfulprocessingofresultsfromintuitiveratherthancognitiveisdeterminedbygeneticratherthanpsychologicalrequiresimmediatefeedbackandahighdegreeofEricssonandhiscolleaguesbelievetalentisadominatingfactorforprofessionalbiographicaldataprovidethekeytoexcellenttheroleoftalenttendstobehighachieversowetheirsuccessmostlytoWhichofthefollowingproverbsisclosesttothemessagethetexttriesto“Faithwillmove“Onereapswhatone“Practicemakes“Likefather,likeForthepastseveralyears,theSundaynewspapersupplementParadehasfeaturedacolumncalled“AskMarilyn.”PeopleareinvitedtoqueryMarilynvosSavant,whoatage10hadtestedatamentallevelofsomeoneabout23yearsold;thatgaveheranIQof228–thehighestscoreeverrecorded.IQtestsaskyoutocompleteverbalandvisualogies,toenvisionpaperafterithasbeenfoldedandcut,andtodeducenumericalsequences,amongothersimilartasks.SoitisabitconfusingwhenvosSavantfieldssuchqueriesfromtheaverageJoe(whoseIQis100)as,What’sthedifferencebetweenloveandfondness?Orwhatisthenatureofluckandcoincidence?It’snotobvioushowthecapacitytovisualizeobjectsandtofigureoutnumericalpatternssuitsonetoanswerquestionsthathaveeludedsomeofthebestpoetsandClearly,inligence passesmorethanascoreonatest.Justwhatdoesitmeantobesmart?Howmuchofinligencecanbespecified,andhowmuchcanwelearnaboutitfromneurology,genetics,computerscienceandotherfields?ThedefiningtermofinligenceinhumansstillseemstobetheIQscore,eventhoughIQtestsarenotgivenasoftenastheyusedtobe.Thetestcomesprimarilyintwoforms:theStanford-BinetInligenceScaleandtheWechslerInligenceScales(bothcomeinadultandchildren’sversion).Generallycostingseveralhundreddollars,theyareusuallygivenonlybypsychologists,althoughvariationsofthembookstoresandtheWorldWideWeb.SuperhighscoreslikevosSavant’sarenolongerpossible,becausescoringisnowbasedonastatisticalpopulationdistributionamongagepeers,ratherthansimplydividingthementalagebythechronologicalageandmultiplyingby100.Otherstandardizedtests,suchastheScholasticAssessmentTest(SAT)andtheGraduateRecordExam(GRE),capturethemainaspectsofIQtests.Suchstandardizedtestsmaynotassessalltheimportantelementsnecessarytosucceedinschoolandinlife,arguesRobertJ.Sternberg.Inhisarticle“HowInligentIsInligenceTesting?”,Sternbergnotesthattraditionaltestbestassessyticalandverbalskillsbutfailtomeasurecreativityandpracticalknowledge,componentsalsocriticaltoproblemsolvingandlifesuccess.Moreover,IQtestsdonotnecessarilypredictsowelloncepopulationsorsituationschange.ResearchhasfoundthatIQpredictedleadershipskillswhenthetestsweregivenunderlow-stressconditions,butunderhigh-stressconditions,IQwasnegativelycorrelatedwithleadership–thatis,itpredictedtheopposite.AnyonewhohastoiledthroughSATwilltestifythattest-takingskillalsomatters,whetherit’sknowingwhentoguessorwhatquestionstoskip.WhichofthefollowingmayberequiredinaninligenceAnsweringphilosophicalFoldingorcuttingpaperintodifferentlingthedifferencesbetweencertainChoosingwordsorgraphssimilartothegivenWhatcanbeinferredaboutinligencetestingfromParagraphPeoplenolongeruseIQscoresasanindicatorofinMoreversionsofIQtestsarenowavailableontheThetestcontentsandformatsforadultsandchildrenmaybeScientistshavedefinedtheimportantelementsofhumaninPeoplenowadayscannolongerachieveIQscoresashighasvosSavant’sthescoresareobtainedthroughdifferentcomputationalcreativityratherthanyticalskillsisemphasizedvosSavant’scaseisanextremeonethatwillnotthedefiningcharacteristicofIQtestshasWecanconcludefromthelastparagraphtestscoresmaynotbereliableindicatorsofone’sIQscoresandSATresultsarehighlytestinginvolvesalotoftraditionaltestareoutofWhatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsIQDuringthepastgeneration,theAmericanmiddle-classfamilythatoncecouldcountonhardworkandfairytokeepitselffinanciallysecurehadbeentransformedbyeconomicriskandnewrealities.Nowapinkslip,abaddiagnosis,oradisappearingspousecanreduceafamilyfromsolidlymiddleclasstonewlypoorinafewmonths.Injustonegeneration,millionsofmothershavegonetowork,transformingbasicfamilyeconomics.Scholars,makers,andcriticsofallstripeshavedebatedthesocialimplicationsofthesechanges,butfewhavelookedatthesideeffect:familyriskhasrisenaswell.Today’sfamilieshavebudgetedtothelimitsoftheirnewtwo-paycheckstatus.Asaresult,theyhavelosttheparachutetheyoncehadintimesoffinancialsetback–aback-upearner(usuallyMom)whocouldgointotheworkiftheprimaryearnergotlaidofforfellsick.This“added-workereffect”couldsupportthesafetynetofferedbyunemploymentinsuranceordisabilityinsurancetohelpfamiliesweatherbadtimes.Buttoday,adisruptiontofamilyfortunescannolongerbemadeupwithextra efromanotherwise-stay-at-homepartner.Duringthesameperiod,familieshavebeenaskedtoabsorbmuchmoreriskintheirretirement e.Steelworkers,airlineemployees,andnowthoseintheautoindustryarejoiningmillionsoffamilieswhomustworryaboutinterestrates,stockmarketfluctuation,andtheharshrealitythattheymayoutlivetheirretirementmoney.Formuchofthepastyear,BushnedtomoveSocialSecuritytoasaving-accountmodel,withretireestradingmuchoralloftheirguaranteedpaymentsforpaymentsdependingoninvestmentreturns.Foryoungerfamilies,thepictureisnotanybetter.Boththeabsolutecostofhealthcareandtheshareofitbornebyfamilieshaverisen–andnewlyfashionablehealth-savingsnsarespreadingfromlegislativehallstoWal-Martworkers,withmuchhigherdeductiblesandalargenewdoseofinvestmentriskforfamilies’futurehealthcare.Evendemographicsareworkingagainstthemiddleclassfamily,astheoddsofhavingaweakelderlyparent–andalltheattendantneedforphysicalandfinancialassistance–havejumpedeightfoldinjustoneFromthemiddle-classfamily,muchofthis,understandably,looksfarlesslikeanopportunitytoexercisemorefinancialresponsibility,andagooddealmorelikeafrighteningaccelerationofthewholesaleshiftoffinancialriskontotheiralreadyoverburdenedshoulders.Thefinancialfallouthasbegun,andthepoliticalfalloutmaynotbefarbehind. efamiliesareatgreaterfinancialriskinthesafetynettheyusedtoenjoyhastheirchancesofbeinglaidoffhavegreatlytheyaremorevulnerabletochangesinfamilytheyaredeprivedofunemploymentordisabilityAsaresultofBush’sreform,retiredpeoplemayahighersenseoflesssecuredlesschancetoaguaranteedAccordingtotheauthor,health-savingsnshelpreducethecostofpopularizeamongthemiddlecompensateforthereducedincreasethefamilies’investmentItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphfinancialriskstendtooutweighpoliticalthemiddleclassmayfacegreaterpoliticalfinancialproblemsmaybringaboutpoliticalfinancialresponsibilityisanindicatorofpoliticalWhichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthisTheMiddleClassontheTheMiddleClassontheTheMiddleClassinTheMiddleClassinItneverrainsbutitpours.Justasbossesandboardshavefinallysortedouttheirworstaccountingandcompliancetroubles,andimprovedtheirfeeblecorporationernance,anewproblemthreatenstoearnthem–especiallyinAmerica–thesortofnastyheadlinesthatinevitablyleadtoheadsrollingintheexecutivesuite:datainsecurity.Left,untilnow,toodd,low-levelITstafftoputright,andseenasaconcernonlyofdata-richindustriessuchas sandairtravel,protectionisnowhighontheboss’sagendainbusinessesofeverySeveralmassiveleakagesofcustomerandemployeedatathisyear–fromorganizationsasdiverseasTimeWarner,theAmericandefensecontractorApplicationsInternationalCorpandeventheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley–haveleftmanagershurriedlypeeringintotheirintricateITsystemsandbusinessprocessesinsearchofpotentialvulnerabilities.“Datais inganassetwhichneedstobeguardedasmuchasanyotherasset,”saysHaimMendelsonofStanfordUniversity’sbusinessschool.“Theabilitytoguardcustomerdataisthekeytomarketvalue,whichtheboardisresponsibleforonbehalfofshareholders.”Indeed,justasthereistheconceptofGenerallyAcceptedAccountingsuggestedEliNoamofNewYork’sColumbiaBusinessSchool.“Settingtheproperinvestmentlevelforsecurity,redundancy,andrecoveryisamanagementissue,notatechnicalone,”hesays.Themysteryisthatthisshouldcomeasasurprisetoanyboss.Surelyitshouldbeobvioustothedimmestexecutivethattrust,thatmostvaluableofeconomicassets,iseasilydestroyedandhugelyexpensivetorestore–andthatfewthingsaremorelikelytodestroytrustthanalettingsensitivealdatagetintothewrongThecurrentstateofaffairsmayhavebeenencouraged–thoughnotjustified–bythelackoflegalpenalty(inAmerica,butnotEurope)fordataleakage.UntilCaliforniarecentlypassedalaw,Americanfirmsdidnothavetolanyone,eventhevictim,whendatawentastray.Thatmaychangefast:lotsofproposeddata-securitylegislationisnowngtheroundsinWashington,D.C.Meanwhile,thetheftofinformationaboutsome40millioncredit-cardaccountsinAmerica,disclosedonJune17th,overshadowedahugelyimportantdecisionadayearlierbyAmerica’sFederalTradeCommission(FTC)thatputscorporateAmericaonnoticethatregulatorswillactiffirmsfailtoprovideadequatedatasecurity.Thestatement“Itneverrainsbutitpours”isusedtothefiercebusinessthefeebleboss-boardthethreatfromnewstheseverityofdataAccordingtoParagraph2,someorganizationschecktheirsystemstofindwhetherthereisanyweakwhatsortofdatahasbeenwhoisresponsibleforthehowthepotentialspiescanbeInbringinguptheconceptofGASPtheauthorismakingthepointshareholders’interestsshouldbeproperlyattendedinformationprotectionshouldbegivenduebusinessesshouldenhancetheirlevelofaccountingthemarketvalueofcustomerdatashouldbeAccordingtoParagraph4,whatpuzzlestheauthoristhatsomebossesfailseethelinkbetweentrustanddataperceivethesensitivityofalrealizethehighcostofdataappreciatetheeconomicvalueofItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5dataleakageismoresevereinFTC’sdecisionisessentialtodataCaliforniatakestheleadinsecuritylegalpenaltyisamajorsolutiontodataPartBYouaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutwhatparentsaresupposedtodotoguidetheirchildrenintoadulthood.ChooseaheadingfromthelistA—Gthatbestfitsthemeaningofeachnumberedpartofthetext(41-45).Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Therearetwoextraheadingsthatyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)SetaGoodExampleforYourceTimeLimitsonLeisureTalkabouttheFutureonaRegularHelpKidsDevelopCoHelpYourKidsFigureOutWhoTheyBuildYourKids’SenseofHowCanaParentMothersandfatherscandoalottoensureasafelandinginearlyadulthoodfortheirkids.Evenifajob’sstartingsalaryseemstoosmalltosatisfyanemergingadult’sneedforrapidcontent,thetransitionfromschooltoworkcanbelessofasetbackifthestart-upadultisreadyforthemove.Hereareafewmeasures,drawnfrommybookReadyorNot,HereLifeComes,thatparentscantaketopreventwhatIcall“work-life大41大41Youcanstartthisprocesswhentheyare11or12.Periodicallyreviewtheiremergingstrengthsandweaknesseswiththemandworktogetheronany likedifficultyincommunicatingwellorcollaborating.Also,identifythekindsofintereststheykeepcomingbackto,astheseoffercluestothecareersthatwillfitthem大42大42Kidsneedarangeofauthenticrolemodels–asopposedtomembersoftheirclique,popstarsandvauntedathletes.Haveregulardinner-tablediscussionsaboutpeoplethefamilyknowsandhowtheygotwheretheyare.Discussthejoysanddownsidesofyourowncareerandencourageyourkidstoformsomeideasabouttheirownfuture.Whenaskedwhattheywanttodo,theyshouldbediscouragedfromsaying“Ihavenoidea.”Theycanchangetheirminds200times,buthavingonlyafoggyviewofthefutureisoflittlegood.大43大43Teachersareresponsibleforteachingkidshowtolearn;parentsshouldberesponsibleforteachingthemhowtowork.Assignresponsibilitiesaroundthehouseandmakesuredeadlinesaremet.Encourageteenagerstotakeapart-timejob.Kidsneedplentyofpracticedelayinggratificationanddeployingeffectiveorganizationalskills,suchasmanagingtimeandsettingpriorities.大44大44yinggamesencouragesimmediatecontent.AndhoursofwatchingTVshowswithcannedlaughteronlyteacheskidstoprocessinformationinapassiveway.Atthesametime,listeningthroughearphonestothesamemonotonousbeatsforlongstretchesencourageskidstostayinsidetheirbubbleinsteadofpursuingotherendeavors.Alltheseactivitiescanpreventthegrowthofimportantcommunicationandthinkingskillsandmakeitdifficultforkidstodevelopthekindofsustainedconcentrationtheywillneedformostjobs.大45大45Theyshouldknowhowtodealwithsetbacks,stressesandfeelingsofinadequacy.Theyshouldalsolearnhowtosolveproblemsandresolve s,waystobrainstormandthinkcritically.Discussionsathomecanhelpkidspracticengthesethingsandhelpthemapplytheseskillstoeverydaylifesituations.Whataboutthesonordaughterwhoisgrownbutseemstobestrugglingandwanderingaimlesslythroughearlyadulthood?Parentsstillhaveamajorroletoy,butnowitismoredelicate.Theyhavetobecarefulnottocomeacrossasdisappointedintheirchild.Theyshouldexhibitstronginterestandrespectforwhatevercurrentlyintereststheirfledgingadult(asnaiveorillconceivedasitmayseem)while apartnerinexploringoptionsforthefuture.Mostofall,thesenewadultsmustfeeltheyarerespectedandsupportedbyafamilythatappreciatesPartCReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsThestudyoflawhasbeenrecognizedforcenturiesasabasicinlectualdisciplineinEuropeanuniversities.However,onlyinrecentyearshasit eafeatureofundergraduateprogramsinCanadianuniversities.(46)Traditionally,legallearninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsasthespecialpreserveoflawyers,ratherthananecessarypartoftheinlectualequipmentofaneducated.Happily,theolderandmorecontinentalviewoflegaleducationisestablishingitselfinanumberofCanadianuniversitiesandsomehaveevenbeguntoofferundergraduatedegreesinIfthestudyoflawisbeginningtoestablishitselfaspartandparcelofageneraleducation,itsaimsandmethodsshouldappealdirectlytojournalismeducators.Lawisadisciplinewhichencouragesresponsiblejudgment.Ontheonehand,itprovidesopportunitiestoyzesuchideasasjustice,democracyanddom.(47)Ontheother,itlinkstheseconceptstoeverydayrealitiesinamannerwhichisparalleltothelinksjournalistsforgeonadailybasisastheycoverandcommentonthenews.Forexample,notionsofevidenceandfact,ofbasicrightsandpublicinterestareatworkintheprocessofjournalisticjudgmentandproductionjustasincourtsoflaw.Sharpeningjudgmentbyabsorbingandreflectingonlawisadesirablecomponentofajournalist’sinlectualpreparationforhisorhercareer.(48)Buttheideathatthejournalistmustunderstandthelawmoreprofoundlythananordinarycitizenrestsonanunderstandingoftheestablishedconventionsandspecialisamajorsubjectforjournalists.Thebetterinformedtheyareaboutthewaythestateworks,thebettertheirreportingwillbe.(49)Infact,itisdifficulttoseehowjournalistswhodonothaveacleargraspofthebasicfeaturesoftheCanadianConstitutioncandoacompetentjobonpoliticalstories.Furthermore,thelegalsystemandtheeventswhichoccurwithinitareprimarysubjectsforjournalists.Whilethequalityoflegaljournalismvariesgreatly,thereisanunduerelianceamongstmanyjournalistsoninterpretationsdtothemby(50)Whilecommentandreactionfromlawyersmayenhancestories,itispreferableforjournaliststorelyontheirownnotionsofsignificanceandmaketheirownjudgments.Thesecanonlycomefromawell-groundedunderstandingofthelegalsystem.SectionIIIPartWritealettertoyouuniversitylibrary,makingsuggestionsforimprovingitsYoushouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEETDonotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use“LiMing”Donotwritetheaddress.(10PartWriteanessayof1