literature review(如何寫文獻綜述)

Criticalreading

WritingaLiteratureReview

Week72016librarygenesis/v_show/id_XMTM2MDU2Nzg2MA==.htmlhtml2021/5/91OutlineNecessityofwritingaLRClassificationsofLRMajorcomponentsWritingproceduresWritingprinciplesDifficultiesandsolutionsHomework2021/5/921.Whydoweneedreviewingliterature?Noresearchiscarriedoutinavacuum;Alinkbetweenthepastandthefuture;Naturallyleadtoyourproposedstudy.2021/5/93Lead-inreading《文獻綜述撰寫的原則和方法》張慶宗Whatisaliteraturereview?What’suseofwritingLR?2021/5/94Whatisaliteraturereview?Aliteraturereviewisanobjective,thoroughsummaryandcriticalanalysisoftherelevantavailableresearchandnon-researchliteratureonthetopicbeingstudied(Hart,1998).2021/5/95up-to-dateinformationonatopic;formthebasisforthejustificationforfutureresearchinthearea;gathersbasicinformationaboutaparticularsubjectfrommanysources;limitpersonalbiases(CarnwellandDaly,2001).2021/5/96CriteriaofagoodLRGoodstructuring

Accurateuseofterminology

Accuratereferencing

(Colling,2003).2021/5/97Whattoreview?TofindoutresearchbackgroundoftheresearchareaToknowabouttheothers’

contributionTodetectweakpointsinthecurrentresearchToprovidetheframework,methodologicalassumptions,data-collectiontechniques,keyconcepts2021/5/98ReviewfocusesTheprevailingandcurrenttheoriesunderlyingtheresearchproblems;Themaincontroversiesabouttheissueandabouttheproblem;Themajorfindingsinthearea;Thestudiesconsideredtobethebetterones,andthereason;2021/5/995.Thetypesofresearchstudieswhichcanprovidethebasisforthecurrenttheoriesandcontroversies;6.Criticismoftheworkinthearea;7.Therationaleandpurposeoftheproposedstudy.2021/5/9102.ClassificationBackgroundHistoryTheory翻譯圖式研究綜述體驗式教學法研究綜述Methodology翻譯教學與研究的新框架——語料庫翻譯學綜述Comprehensive英語寫作中糾錯性反饋的有效性與策略文獻綜述2021/5/911ExamplesESP的性質、范疇和教學原則——兼談在我國高校開展多種類型英語教學的可行性

近三十年來我國高校英語專業(yè)教學回顧與展望

秦秀白華南理工大學學報(社會科學版)外語教師教育研究綜述劉學惠外語教學與研究2021/5/9123.MajorelementsinLR

2021/5/9134.WritingprinciplesMajorprinciplestofollow:Reviewthesourcesthataremostrelevanttoyourthesis.Describeorwriteyourreviewasclearandobjectiveasyoucan.2021/5/914TipsDefinekeytermsorconceptsclearlyandberelevanttoyourtopic.Discusstheleast-relatedreferencetoyourquestionfirstandthemostrelevantlast.Concludeyourreviewwithabriefsummary.Startwritingyourreviewearly.2021/5/9155.DifficultiesContentOrganizing2021/5/916ShouldIlistallthedefinitionsofaterm?CommonproblemAdozenofdefinitionDmunicationstrategiesandL2speakingabilityCommunication;communicationstrategies;communicationcompetence?

Variablestobemeasuredinyourstudyhavetobedefinedconceptually.2021/5/917ExampleRelationshipbetweenmotivationandL2achievementofnon-EnglishmajorsEducation?OfthechildrenandmiddleschoolstudentsinL1learning?OftheadultinL2learning?Solution:L2motivationinandoutsidetheChinesecontextAdultL2learning2021/5/918WhatshallIdoiftherearenoempiricalstudiestobecommented?UseofL1inL2writingNoempiricalstudies.Solution:UseofL1inL2reading?Speaking?Examinefromawiderperspectiveandsearchforthemostpertinentstudiestoevaluate.2021/5/919Difficultiesinorganizingnologiclinkamongsubheadings

fragmentarypatches,notcoherent

Funnelapproach

漏斗原則fromthegeneraltothespecificfromtheabstracttotheconcreteformthetheoreticaltotheempiricalfromthe“l(fā)ongshots”tothe“close-ups”fromothers’toyourstudy2021/5/920Difficultiesinorganizing2.Aseriesofempiricalstudiesneedtobedescribedorcommentedon.Howtopresentthem?

commonwaystopresent:variablesresearchdesigns:cross-sectional;longitudinaltypesofsubjectsdesignsindata-collectionfindingstheoreticalassumptions(e.g.:L2proficiency)2021/5/921Frequently-occurringproblems1.NodirectrelevanceRelevancyisthefirstandparamountcriterionforjudgingthequalityofareview.“Howisitrelevanttomystudy?”2.NoproperheadingsandclearsignpostProperheadingshelpreadersanticipatethecontentandcapturetheflowofargument.Attention!Numberingandwording(parallelism)2021/5/92223語體(genre)意識:AcademicEnglishvs.ColloquialEnglish:我們對網絡經濟越來越有興趣。neteconomy人們對網上購物作了很多研究。onlineshopping2021/5/92324我們對網絡英語越來越有興趣。We’remoreandmoreinterestedinnetEnglish.We’vemoreandmoreinterestsinnetEnglish.WeareincreasinglyinterestedinnetEnglish.TherearegrowinginterestsinnetEnglish.NetEnglishhasattractedincreasinginterests.IncreasinginterestshaveemergedinnetEnglish.GrowinginterestshavebeenfocusedonnetEnglish.IncreasinginterestshavebeendirectedtonetEnglish.2021/5/92425人們對網上購物作了很多研究。

We’vedonealotofresearchaboutonlineshopping.There’salotofresearchaboutonlineshopping.Thereisconsiderableresearchinvestigatingonlineshopping.Muchresearchhasbeendonetoexploreonlineshopping.Considerableresearchhasbeenconductedregardingonlineshopping.2021/5/92526GroupSentences1a)Fromtheaboveanalysis,wecanseetheInternetplaysasignificantroleinourdailylife.b)TheaboveanalysisseemstoindicatethattheInternetplaysasignificantroleinourdailylife.2a)MoreandmorestudentsinChinathink

it’sveryimportantforthemtolearnEnglishwell.b)AnincreasingnumberofstudentsinChinamaintainthatitisofgreatsignificanceforthemtocommandtheEnglishlanguage.3a)TheInternethasbothadvantagesanddisadvantages,soweshouldknowhowtouseitproperly.b)TheInternethasbothadvantagesanddisadvantages.Therefore,itisofnecessityforustohavetheknowledgeofhowtouseitproperly.2021/5/92627ColloquialEnglishAcademicEnglishWordlevel:1.length:short&simple,e.g.,alotof;plentyof-moreandmore-think-so2.affixation:noderivedforms-do(research)-alotofWordlevel:1.length:long&complex,e.g.,-considerable;numerous-increasing,increasingly-maintain,state,accordingto-therefore,consequently,hence,thus2.affixation:derivedforms-conduct(research)-numerous,considerableSentencelevel:1.subject:concretenouns/pronouns(e.g.,I,we,you,they)2.length:short&simple3.voice:activevoice4.abbreviations,e.g.,It’s5.omissions,e.g.,“that”asanobjectclausemarkerisoftenomitted.6.synonyms:Notoftenused.Sentencelevel:1.subject:abstractnouns2.lengthandvariety:long&complex3.voice:active&passivevoice4.fewabbreviations,e.g.,Itis5.fewomissions,e.g.,“that”asanobjectclausemarkerisseldomomitted6.synonyms:Oftenused.2021/5/927FrequentprobleminwritingbyCS中國學生在學術寫作中通常出現的問題，如：AtTsinghua,thebestuniversityinChina,considerableimportanceisattachedtoimprovingstudents’Englishinthatallofthemwillhavethechancetouseitaftertheirgraduation.Lackofawarenessofhedging.2021/5/9286.EvaluatingmaterialsBeforeyoureadauthorshipandauthority;accuracyandverifiabilityLR1vs.LR22021/5/929LiteratureReview1Smith(1990)conductedanexperimentonfearandself-esteemwith150undergraduates.Inthestudyhetestedsubjectself-esteemandthenexposedsubjectsoneatatimetoafear-inducingsituation.Hefoundthatthosewithlowerselfesteemfeltgreaterfear.JonesandJones(1982)surveyedelderlyresidents.Therespondentswhohadthegreatestindependence,self-esteem,andphysicalhealth,hadthelowestdegreeoffearofbeingthevictimofcrime.Inastudyofcollegewomen,Rosenberg(1979)foundthatthegreaterindependenceonefelt,thelessthefearofbeingleftaloneinadarkenedroom.DeSallo’sstudy(1984)of45collegemalesfoundthatthosewhohadthegreatestself-esteemfelttheleastdegreeoffailure.Yu(1988)foundthesameforcollegefemales.Hong(1980)conductedatelephonesurveyof200welfarerecipientsandfoundnorelationshipbetweenfeelingsofindependenceandfearofcrime.2021/5/930LiteratureReview2Peoplewithgreaterself-esteemappeartobelessfearful.Laboratorystudieswithcollegestudents(DeSallo,1984;Smith,1990;Yu,1988)findastrongnegativerelationshipbetweenself-esteemandfear.

Thesamerelationshipwasfoundinasurveyofelderlypeople(JonesandJones,1982).Onlyonestudycontradictedthisfinding(Johnson,1985).Thecontradictoryfindingmaybeduetothepopulationused(prisoninmates).Ingeneral,itappearsthatself-esteemandfeararenegativelyrelated.Self-esteemisstronglyrelatedtofeelingsofindependence(seeGomez,1977;Zarnoth,1985),andindependencewasfoundtodecreasefeelingsoffearofcrime(Jones,1982;Rosenberg,1979).

OnlyHong(1980)didnotfindasignificantrelationbetweenindependenceandfearofcrime.Itwastheonlystudythatstudiedwelfarerecipients.2021/5/931CommentsonLR1andLR2綜述2明顯比綜述1要好。Why?綜述1盡管文字表達比較清晰、流暢，但它僅僅只是將相關文獻進行簡單地羅列和排序，也沒有對這些文獻進行評價。綜述2有機地整合了相關文獻，中心意思明確，文字簡潔。主題句(斜體部分)提綱挈領，分別整合了自尊與恐懼、自尊與獨立性關系的研究，同時，對文獻進行了客觀的評價，使讀者對所綜述的文獻有一個直觀、清晰的認識。2021/5/932WhenyoureadTableofcontentsIndexesPrefaces,forewords,glossaries,andappendicesChaptertitles,headings,andsubheadingsOrganizationBeginningsandendings2021/5/933AfteryoureadValuerelevanceoverconvenience.Questionsforyoutoconsider:Howdoesthesourcerelatetoyourthesis?Dateandformofthepublications?Objectivity?Theintendedaudience?Credibility?Critics?Sourcelanguage?Informative?Reappearingfacts?2021/5/934Note-takingThepreliminarybibliographyPBhelpsyoutopinpointsourcesthatprovevaluable.VS.finalbibliographythatusu.appearsattheendofresearchpaper.NotebookpaperCardsorslips2021/5/935InformationyouneedtorecordBookNameofauthor,editorDateTitleandsubtitleEditionPlaceofpublicationPublisherPagenumbersArticleNameofauthor,editorDateTitleandsubtitleNameofpublicationVolumeofprofessionalorscholarlypublicationPagenumbers2021/5/936TypesofnotesQuotationnote(4reasons;lessthan30%)ParaphrasenoteSummarynoteCombinationnoteOutlinenotePersonalcommentnote2021/5/937QualitiesofgoodnotesLegibilityTakenotesoncardsTakenotesininkWriteononlyonesideofacardPutonlyoneideaonacardUsewhateverabbreviationsyoufindconvenientfornotesAccuracyCompleteness2021/5/938AccuracyReadyourresearchmaterialcarefullyReadpreciselyDistinguishamongfacts,inferenceandopinionsUseconventionalmechanicsofspelling,capitalization,andpunctuation2021/5/939CompletenessIdentifythesourceofwhatappearsoneachcardMarkthepagenumbermarkthesubject2021/5/940Homework2:Writingaliteraturereview.2021/5/941Literaturereview:majorcomponents前言（Introduction）：進行該項研究的意義，或者為什么要開展該項研究或為什么要寫這篇文章。主體（國內外研究進展與現狀\LiteratureReview）：（1）在國外（International），都有哪些人或者哪些機構在該領域做了哪些事，開展了哪些方面的研究，他們采用的是什么方法，解決了什么問題，優(yōu)勢在哪，不足又在哪，對于他們存在的不足，你有什么可能的解決方法。（2）在國內（China），都有哪些人或者哪些機構在該領域做了哪些事，開展了哪些方面的研究，他們采用的是什么方法，解決了什么問題，優(yōu)勢在哪，不足又在哪，對于他們存在的不足，你有什么可能的解決方法。 總結（未來展望\Futurework）：對于目前國內外的研究現狀，你認為未來可從哪些方面加以深入研究。2021/5/9427.StepsforWritingaLitReviewPlanningReadingandResearchAnalyzingDraftingRevising2021/5/943AnalyzingSourcesAliteraturereviewisneverjustalistofstudies—italwaysoffersanargumentaboutabodyofresearchAnalysisoccursontwolevels:IndividualsourcesBodyofresearch2021/5/944FourAnalysisTasksoftheLiteratureReviewTASKSOFLITERATUREREVIEW

SUMMARIZE SYNTHESIZECRITIQUECOMPARE2021/5/945SummaryandSynthesisInyourownwords,summarizeand/orsynthesizethekeyfindingsrelevanttoyourstudy.Whatdoweknowabouttheimmediatearea?Whatarethekeyarguments,keycharacteristics,keyconceptsorkeyfigures?Whataretheexistingdebates/theories?Whatcommonmethodologiesareused?2021/5/946SampleLanguageforSummaryandSynthesisNormadinhasdemonstrated…EarlyworkbyHausman,Schwarz,andGraveswasconcerned

with…ElsayedandSterncompared

algorithmsforhandling…AdditionalworkbyKarasawaet.al,Azadivar,andParryet.aldealswith…2021/5/947Example1:SummaryandSynthesis

Undertherestrictionofsmallpopulations,fourpossibleways[toavoidprematureconvergence]werepresented.Thefirstoneistorevisethegeneoperators....GriffithsandMilesappliedadvancedtwo-dimensionalgeneoperatorstosearchtheoptimalcross-sectionofabeamandsignificantlyimproveresults.Thesecondwayistoadjustgeneprobability.LeiteandToppingadoptedavariablemutationprobabilityandobtainedanoutperformedresult.2021/5/948Example2:SummaryandSynthesis

Piaget’stheoryofstagesofcognitivedevelopmentandErikson’sstagesofpsychosocialdevelopmentarecommonlyusedforeducationalpsychologycourses(Borich&Tombari;LeFrancois;Slavinetc.).Piagetdescribedcharacteristicbehaviors,includingartisticonessuchasdrawing,asevidenceofhowchildrenthinkandwhatchildrendoastheyprogressbeyonddevelopmentalmilestonesintoandthroughstagesofdevelopment.2021/5/949ComparisonandCritiqueEvaluatesthestrengthandweaknessesofthework:Howdothedifferentstudiesrelate?Whatisnew,different,orcontroversial?Whatviewsneedfurthertesting?Whatevidenceislacking,inconclusive,contradicting,ortoolimited?Whatresearchdesignsormethodsseemunsatisfactory?2021/5/950Sample1:LanguageforComparisonandCritiqueInthisambitiousbutflawedstudy,JonesandWang…Thesegeneralresults,reflectingthestochasticnatureoftheflowofgoods,aresimilartothosereportedbyRosenblattandRoll…2021/5/951ThecriticalresponsetothepoetryofPhillisWheatleyoftenregistersdisappointmentorsurprise.SomecriticshavecomplainedthattheverseofthisAfricanAmericanslaveisinsecure(Collins78),imitative(Richmond54-66),andincapacitated(Burke33-38)—atworst,theproductofa“Whitemind”(Jameson414-15).Others,incontrast,haveapplaudedWheatley’scritiqueofAnglo-Americandiscourse(Kendrick222-23),herrevisionofliterarymodels…Sample2:LanguageforComparisonandCritique2021/5/952Thesituationistmodelhasalsoreceiveditsshareofcriticism.Oneofthemostfrequentlycitedshortcomingsofthisapproachcentersaroundtheassumptionthatindividualsenterintotheworkcontexttabularasa.Sample3:LanguageforComparisonandCritique2021/5/953EvaluativeAdjectivesUnusualSmallSimpleExploratoryLimitedRestrictedFlawedComplexCompetentImportantInnovativeImpressiveUsefulCareful2021/5/954Analyzing:PuttingItAllTogetherOnceyouhavesummarized,synthesized,compared,andcritiquedyourchosenmaterial,youmayconsiderwhetherthesestudiesDemonstratethetopic’schronologicaldevelopment.Showdifferentapproachestotheproblem.Showanongoingdebate.Centerona“seminal”studyorstudies.Demonstratea“paradigmshift.”2021/5/955WhatdoresearchersKNOWaboutthisfield?WhatdoresearchersNOTKNOW?Whyshouldwe(further)studythistopic?Whatwillmystudycontribute?Analyzing:PuttingItAllTogether2021/5/9568.Drafting:AnOverviewTohelpyouapproachyourdraftinamanageablefashion,thissectionaddressesthefollowingtopics:ExigencyThesisStatementOrganizationIntroductionandconclusionCitations2021/5/957ThesisStatementsThethesisstatementoffersanargumentabouttheliterature.Itmaydoanyoforacombinationofthefollowing:Offeranargumentandcriticalassessmentoftheliterature(i.e.topic+claim).Provideanoverviewofcurrentscholarlyconversations.Pointoutgapsorweaknessesintheliterature.Relatetheliteraturetothelargeraimofthestudy.2021/5/958Example1:ThesisStatementsInspiteofthesedifficultieswebelievethatpre-serviceelementaryartteachersandclassroomteachersneedsomeknowledgeofstagetheoriesofchildren’sdevelopment…[thengoesontoreviewtheoriesofdevelopment]2021/5/959Researchonthemeaningandexperienceofhomehasproliferatedoverthepasttwodecades,particularlywithinthedisciplinesofsociology,anthropology,psychology,humangeography,history,architectureandphilosophy....Manyresearchersnowunderstandhomeasamultidimensionalconceptandacknowledgethepresenceofandneedformultidisciplinaryresearchinthefield.However,withtheexceptionoftwoexemplaryarticlesbyDesprésandSomervillefewhavetranslatedthisawarenessintogenuinely,interdisciplinarystudiesofthemeaningofhome.Example2:ThesisStatements2021/5/960Polyvalencereferstothesimultaneousbindingofmultipleligandsononeentitytomultiplereceptorsonanother....Inthisarticle,Ireviewrecentdevelopmentsinpolyvalenceanddiscussthenumerousopportunitiesforchemicalengineerstomakecontributionstothisexcitingfield,whoseapplicationsincludedrugdiscovery,tissueengineering,andnanofabrication.Example3:ThesisStatements2021/5/961Inthisarticle,wereviewandcritiquescholarshiponplace-basededucationinordertoconsidertheingredientsofacriticalplace-basedpedagogyfortheartsandhumanities...Webeginbyreviewingecohumanism'scallforamorelocallyresponsiveeducationinlightofthemarginalizationofplaceandcommunity…Example4:ThesisStatements2021/5/9629.OrganizationFivecommonapproachestoorganizingthebodyofyourpaperinclude:TopicalDistanttocloseDebateChronologicalSeminalStudy2021/5/963Characteristics1:TopicalMostcommonapproachBreaksthefieldintoanumberofsubfields,subjectareas,orapproachesDiscusseseachsubsectionindividually,sometimeswithcritiquesofeachMostusefulfororganizingalargebodyofliteraturethatdoesnothaveoneortwostudiesthatstandoutasmostimportantoraclearchronologicaldevelopment2021/5/964Threeimportantareasofthisfieldhavereceivedattention:A,B,C.AhasbeenapproachedfromtwoperspectivesFandG.ThemostimportantdevelopmentsintermsofBhavebeen…Chasalsobeenanimportantareaofstudyinthisfield.Characteristics1:Topical2021/5/965Characteristics2:DistanttoCloseAtypeoftopicalorganization,withstudiesgroupedbytheirrelevancetocurrentresearch.Startsbydescribingstudieswithgeneralsimilaritiestocurrentresearchandendswithstudiesmostrelevanttothespecifictopic.Mostusefulforstudiesofmethodsormodels.2021/5/966Method/ModelM(slightlysimilartocurrentresearch)addresses…Drawinguponmethod/modelN(moresimilartocurrentresearch)canhelp...Thisstudyappliestheprocedureusedinmethod/modelO(mostsimilartocurrentresearch)to...Characteristics2:DistanttoClose2021/5/967Characteristics3:DebateAnothertypeoftopicalapproach,withachronologicalcomponent.Emphasizesvariousstrandsofresearchinwhichproponentsofvariousmodelsopenlycriticizeoneanother.Mostusefulwhenclearopposingpositionsarepresentintheliterature.2021/5/968TypicalLanguageofDebateTherehavebeentwo(three,four,etc.)distinctapproachesthisproblem.Thefirstmodelposits…Thesecondmodelarguesthatthefirstmodeliswrongforthreereasons.Instead,thesecondmodelclaims…2021/5/969Characteristics4:ChronologicalListsstudiesintermsofchronologicaldevelopmentUsefulwhenthefielddisplayscleardevelopmentoveraperiodoftimeLinearprogressionParadigmshift2021/5/970ThissubjectwasfirststudiedbyX,whoargued/found…In(date),Ymodified/extended/contradictedX’sworkby…Today,researchbyZrepresentsthecurrentstateofthefield.Characteristics:Chronological2021/5/971Characteristics5:SeminalStudyBeginswithdetaileddescriptionofextremelyimportantstudy.Laterworkisorganizedusinganotherpattern.Mostusefulwhenonestudyisclearlymostimportantorcentralinlayingthegroundworkforfutureresearch.2021/5/972ThemostimportantresearchonthistopicwasthestudybyXin(date).FollowingX’sstudy,researchfellintotwocamps(extendedX’swork,etc.)Characteristics5:SeminalStudy2021/5/973Exercise:OrganizationalPatternsReviewthefourexamplesandanswerthefollowingquestions:Canyouidentifytheorganizationalpatternforeachofthefoursamples?Doyourecognizethesefromyourfield?Whichoneareyoumostlikelytouse?2021/5/974IntroductionsIndicatescopeoftheliteraturereview.Providesomebackgroundtothetopic.Demonstratetheimportanceorneedforresearch.Makeaclaim.Offeranoverview/mapoftheensuingdiscussion.2021/5/975Example:IntroductionThereiscurrentlymuchcontroversyoverhownonhumanprimatesunderstandthebehaviorofotheranimatebeings.Ontheonehand,theymightsimplyattendtoandrecallthespecificactionsofothersinparticularcontexts,andtherefore,whenthatcontextrecurs,beabletopredicttheirbehavior(Tomasello&Call,1994,1997).Ontheotherhand,theymightbeabletounderstandsomethingofthegoalsorintentionsofothersandthusbeabletopredictothers’behaviorsinahostofnovelcircumstances.Severallinesofevidence(e.g.,involvingprocessesofsociallearning;Tomasello,1997)andanumberofanecdotalobservations(e.g.,Savage-Rumbaugh,1984)havebeenadducedonbothsidesofthequestion,butfewstudiesdirectlyaddressthequestion:Dononhumanprimatesunderstandtheintentionsofothers?2021/5/976ConclusionsSummarizethemainfindingsofyourreview.Provideclosure.Explain“sowhat?”Implicationsforfutureresearch. ORConnectionstothecurrentstudy.2021/5/977Example:ConclusionInsummary,althoughthereissomesuggestiveevidencethatchimpanzeesmayunderstandothers’intentions,therearealsonegativefindings(e.g.,Povinellietal.,1998)andahostofalternativeexplanations.Asaconsequence,currentlyitisnotclearwhetherchimpanzees(orothernonhumanprimates)distinguishbetweenintentionalandaccidentalactionsperformedbyothers.Incontrast,thereareseveralstudiesindicatingthatchildrenasyoungas14monthsofagehavesomeunderstandingofothers’intentions,butthelackofcomparativestudiesma