解析聽力含翻譯題目等

WhydoesthemangotoseetheTofindoutwhyheisnotonthelistofgraduatingToexinwhyhehasnotfulfilledhisgraduationrequirements.#Tofindouttheexactrequirementsforgraduation.#TosubmitarequiredforAccordingtotheregistrar,whatstepiscurrentlytakentoensurethatstudentsfulfilltheirgraduationAcademicrecordsareregularlycheckedbytheregistrar'soffice.#Studentsmeetwithadepartmentchairtontheircoursework.#Studentsreceiveletterslistingthecoursesthattheystillneedtotake.#WarninglettersaresenttostudentswhohavefallenbehindintheircourseWhydoesthemanmentionhisToexinhowheobtainedinformationaboutfieldresearch.#Topointoutthatmanystudentsliketodofieldresearch.#Toshowthatitisdifficulttogetintermediate-levelToemphasizehismotivationtodofiledresearchintwoofhisWhydoestheregistrarlthemantocontacthischair Adeadlinehasalreadypassed.#ThemanhasalimitedtimetoresolvehisThemanfirstneedstofindoutifthechairwillhelphim.#Issuinganewgrademaytakelongerthanexpected.#Listeningagaintopartoftheconversation.Thenanswerthequestion.Whydoestheregistrarimplywhenshesaysthis:Unfortunay,thecomputerisusuallyprettyreliable.SoI'mnotsurewhat'sgoingonhere.#Sheisuncertainaboutthereliabilityofthecomputer.#Shewillapprovetheman'sformdespiteherdoubtsaboutit.#Sheneedsmoreinformationabouttheman'scredits.#SheneedstocallsomeonetohelpherfixcomputerHi,I'dliketodropoffmygraduationform;Iunderstandyouneedthisinordertoprocessmydiploma.Ok,Iwilltakethat.Beforeyouleave,let'smecheckourcomputer.LookslikeyouareOKforgraduation,andhmm...actuallyIamgettingawarningflagonyouracademicrecordhere.##Yeah.Let'sseewhat'swaswhat.OK,areyoufamiliarwithourgraduationrequirements?Well,thenyouknowyouneed48creditsinyourmajorfieldtograduateandatleast24creditsintheintermediatelevelorhigher.Also,afteryoursecondyear,youhavetomeetwithyourdepartmentchairtooutlineanfortherestofyourtimehere.Inthepast,wealsoissuelettersbeforestudents'finalyearbegantoletthemknowwhattheyneededtotakeintheirfinalyeartobeOK,butwedon'tdothat#Idefiniymetwithmychair2yearsago;hetoldmethatIneeded8morecoursesattheintermediatelevelorhigherinthelast2yearstobeOK.SoIamnotsurewhattheproblemis,ImadesureIgotthesecredits.Unfortunay,thecomputerisusuallyprettyreliable;soiamnotsurewhatwasgoingonhere.ItcouldbethatI'vetaken2basiccoursesbutacouplebothofthemwithfieldexperiences.Whatdoyoumean?Well,Icouldonlytakeintrocoursesbecausetherewerenointermediatelevelcoursesavailableforthoseparticulartopics.MychairtoldmethatifIdidindependentfieldresearchinadditiontotheassignedworkineachcourse;theywouldcountasintermediatelevelcourses.Myclassmates,um,well,someofmyclassmates,didthisforaneasywaytomeettheirintermediatecourserequirement,butIdidittogetthekindofdepthinthosetopicsiwasgoingfor.AsitturnedoutIreallyenjoyedthefieldwork.Wasn'tthatsupplementtojustsittingandlisteningtolectures.#Iamsurethat'strue,butthecomputerstillshowingthemissbasiclevelcoursesdespitethefieldwork.Iamnotsurewhattodothen,Imean,shouldIcancelmygraduationparty?No,noreasontogetworriedlikethat.Justcontactyourchairimmediay,ok?lhimtocallmeassoonaspossiblesothatwecanverifyyourfieldworkarrangementandcertifythesecreditsrightaway.It'snotlikethereisanactualdeadlinetodayoranything.Butifmorethanafewweeksgoby,wemighthavearealproblemthatwouldbeverydifficulttofixintimeforyoutograduate.Infact,thereprobablywouldbenothingwecoulddo.#Iwillgeton正確答案，D。主旨題。學(xué)生要交畢業(yè)表格來辦理畢業(yè)手續(xù)。#####那么你知道你需要在主課上獲得48個(gè)學(xué)分才能畢業(yè)嗎，其中至少24########不，沒必要這么擔(dān)心，不過要馬上聯(lián)系你的系，盡快給我打以便我們核實(shí)你的課外調(diào)研安排并#WhatisthemainpurposeoftheTocompareactivehabitatselectionwithpassivehabitatselection.#Toshowthatmosthabitatpreferencesinanimalsarelearned.#Tocomparethehabitatrequirementsofseveralbirdspecies.#Toexaminetheconsequencesofhabitatselectionbyanimals.#Whatelementoftheplover'shabitatinCaliforniawasthreatened?#Theavailabilityoffood.#TheavailabilityofThesafetyofnestsfromhumanTheprotectionofnestsfrompredatoryWhatdoestheprofessorillustratewiththeexampleofthebluewarbler?#Therelationshipbetweenhumanactivityandhabitatloss.#Therelationshipbetweenhabitatandreproductivesuccess.#Theadvantagesofhabitatswithlowvegetationdensity.#ThereproductiveadvantagethatyoungwarblershaveoverolderWhydoestheprofessormentionthepopulationdensityofblackcapsintwodifferenthabitats?#Toex inthesimilarreproductiveratesinthetwohabitats.#Toex intherelationbetweenaspecies'populationdensityanditsnestingbehavior.#Toillustratetheadvantagesofapreferredhabitatoverasecondaryhabitat.#ToillustratethepossibleimpactofmakingapoorhabitatAccordingtotheprofessor,whydidsomeblackcapschooseasecondaryhabitat?#Theywerefollowingamovingfoodsupply.#Theirpreferredhabitatwastakenoverbyanotherbirdspecies.#Theirnestingsitesweredisturbedbyhumanactivity.#TheirpreferredhabitatbecametooWhatcanbeinferredabouttheprofessorwhenshesaysthis?Ok.That'shabitatdestruction.Butnow,whataboutcaseswhereananimalexhibitsaclearchoice,onesuitablehabitatoveranother?Incaseslikethat,dosethepreferencematter?#Sherealizesthatshejustcontradictedastatementshemadeearlier.#Sheisabouttodiscussanotheraspectofthetopic.#ShethinkstheanswertoherquestionisShewantsstudentstorecallacasethatshehasalreadyOK,well,lasttimewetalkedaboutpassivehabitatselection,likentsforexample,theydon'tmakeactivechoicesaboutwheretogrow.Theyaredispersedbysomeotheragent,likethewind.Andiftheseedslandinasuitablehabitat,theydowellandreproduce.Withactivehabitatselection,anorganismisabletophysicallyselectwheretoliveandbreed.Andbecausetheanimalbreedinghabitatissoimportant,we'dexpectanimalspeciestodeveloppreferencesforparticulartypesofhabitats,ceswheretheiroffspringhavethebestchanceofsurvival.Solet'slookattheeffectthesepreferencescanhavebylookingatsomeexamples,butfirstlet'srecap.Whatdowemeanbyhabitat?Frank?#Well,it'sbasicallytheceorenvironmentwhereanorganismnormallylivesandgrows.Right,andaswe'vediscussed,therearesomekeyelementsthathabitatmustcontain,foodobviously,water,anditisgottahavetherightclimateandspacesforphysicalprotection.Andwesawhowimportanthabitatselectioniswhenwelookatthehabitatwheresomeofthefactorsareremoved,perhapsthroughhabitatdestruction.Ijustreadaboutashorebird,theplover.Theploverlivesbytheoceanandfeedsonsmallsfish,insectsandnts.Itblendsinwiththesand,soitwellcamouflagedfrompredatorbirdsabove.Butitlaysitseggsinshallowdepressionsinthesandwithverylittleprotectionaroundthem.Soiftherearepeopleordogsonthebeach,theeggsandfledglingsinthenestarereallyvulnerable.OutinCaliforniawheretherehasbeenalotofhumandevelopmentbytheocean.Theploversarenowathreatenspecies.Soconservationiststrytocreateanewhabitatforthem.Theymadeartificialbeachesandsunbarsinareainaccessibletopeopleanddogs.Andtheploverpopulationisupquiteabitinthoseces.Ok.Thatisanincidencewhereahabitatismadelesssuitable.Butnow,whataboutcaseswhereananimalexhibitsaclearchoicebetweentwosuitablehabitats?Incaseslikethat,doesthepreferencematter?Well,let'slookatthebluewarbler.TheBluewarblerisasongbirdthatlivesintheNorthAmerica.Theyclearlypreferhardwoodswithdenseshrubs,bushesunderneaththetrees.Theyactuallynestintheshrubs,notthetrees.Sotheyareprettyclosetotheground,butthesewarblersalsonestinsthathavelowshrubdensity.It'susuallytheyoungerwarblersthatnestintheseareasbecausethepreferredspots,wheretherearealotofshrubs,aretakenbyorder,moredominantbirds.Andthechoiceofhabitatseemstoaffectreproductivesuccess.Becausetheorderandmoreexperiencedbirdswhonestinthehighdensityshrubareashavesignificantlymoreoffspringthanthoseinlowdensityareas,whichsuggeststhatthechoiceofwheretonestdoeshaveanimpactonthenumberofchickstheyhave.Butapreferredenvironmentdoesn'talwaysseemtocorrelatewithgreaterreproductivesuccess.Forexample,InEurope,studyhasbeendoneofblackcapwarblers.Wejustcallthemblackcaps.Theblackcapscanbefoundintwodifferentenvironments.Uh...Theirpreferredhabitatissneartheedgesofstreams.However,blackcapsalsoliveinpinewoodsawayfromwater.Studieshavebeendoneonthereproductivesuccessrateforthebirdsinbothareas,andtheresultshowedsurprisinglythatthereproductivesuccesswasessentiallythesameinbothareas---thepreferredandthesecondchoicehabitat.Well.Why?Itturnedoutthattherewereactuallyfourtimesasmanybirdpairsorcoupleslivinginthestreamedgehabitatcomparedtotheareaawayfromthestream,sothisstreamedgeareahadamuchdenserpopulationwhichmeantmoremembersofsamespeciescompetingfortheresources,wantingtofeedonsamethingsorbuildtheirnestsinthesameces,whichloweredthesuitabilityoftheprimehabitateventhoughit'stheirpreferredhabitat.Sotheresultsofthestudysuggeststhatwhenthenumberofthecompetitorsintheprimehabitatreachesacertainpoint,thesecondrandomhabitat esjustassuccessfulastheprimehabitat,justbecausetherearefewermembersofthesamespecieslivingthere.Soitlookslikecompetitionforresourcesisanotherimportantfactorindeterminingifparticularhabitatis正確答案，B。細(xì)節(jié)題。教授由藍(lán)鶯的例子講起，為了說明動(dòng)物對(duì)棲息地的選擇確實(shí)對(duì)繁殖成功率有影響。#先讓我們回顧一下，“棲息地”怎么解釋?克？## 是與更高的繁殖成功率掛鉤。比如在歐洲，人們對(duì)黑頭鶯進(jìn)行了研究，我們就叫它黑頭(鶯)黑頭（鶯）能在兩種環(huán)境生存。它們更偏好在溪邊的森林棲息。然而，黑頭（鶯）也能在離水較遠(yuǎn)的松結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)在溪邊的棲息地的鳥類數(shù)量是離水較遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)的四倍之多，溪邊地區(qū)的鳥類更密集，這說明WhatisthelecturemainlyWhytheSalonexhibitionsbecamepopularamongwomensinParis.#WhyFrenchsocietydidnotapproveofartschoolsorwomen.#HowopportunitiesforwomensinParisimproved.#HowwomensinPariscooperatedwithoneanother.#WhatpointdoestheprofessormakeaboutJulianwhenhementionsthatJulian'sartschoolofferedsomeclassesonlyforwomen?#Julian'sschoolwasthefirstartschoolinParistoofferwomen-onlyclasses.#JulianwantedtoencouragethedistinctivestyleofwomeninParis.#Julianviewedhimselfasasocialreformer.#Julianpossessedoutstandingbusinessskills.#Whatdoestheprofessoremphasizeasonebenefitofcompetitioninwomen'sclasses?#Womengainedmoreconfidenceintheir icabilities.#WomenbecameinstructorsinprivateartWomenwereabletoselltheirpaintingsforlargeamountsofmoney.#Womencreatednewstylesofpainting.#Accordingtotheprofessor,whatweretwowaysthatthesituationofwomen shadchangedbythenendofthenineteenthcenturyinParis?Clickon2answers.#WomenandmentookartclassesWomensyedagreaterroleintheSalonexhibitions.#Moreschoolswereestablishedbywomen FewerwomensweretravelingtoWhatdoestheprofessorimplyaboutBashkirtseff'spaintingIntheStudio?#Itwasoneofmanypaintingsthatdepictedawomen'sstudio.#ItdidnotbringBashkirtseffrecognitionforhericability.#Itwascriticizedforanunrealisticdepictionof ItwasbeneficialforbothBashkirtseffandtheschoolwheresheWhatdoestheprofessormeanwhenhesaysIfyouwantedto ean,Pariswasnotagoodcetogo;PariswasTHEcetogo.#Pariswasapopularcetovisit,butnotthebestcetostudyart.#Pariswasthemostimportantceforan tostudyandwork.#LivinginPariswasdifficultforwomen sfromothercountries.#StudinginPariswasbeneficialforsome s,butnotforothers.WehadbeentalkingabouttheartworldinthelatecenturyinParis.TodayI'dliketolookatthewomanwhowenttoParisatthattimeto es.Nowfromyourreading,whatdoyouknowaboutParis,abouttheartworldofParisduringthelate19thcentury?#Peoplecametherefromallovertheworldtostudy.Ithadalotofartschools swhotaughtpainting.Therewere...ourbookmentionsclasses s.Anditwasagoodcetogotostudyart.Ifyouwantedto ean,Pariswasnotagoodcetogo,ParisisTHEcetogo.Andwomencouldfindskilledinstructorsthere.Beforethelate19thcentury,ifthey，womenwhowantedto hadtotakeprivatelessonsorlearnfromfamilymembers.Theyhadmorelimitedoptionsthanmendid.Butaround1870s,some sinParisbegantoofferclassesforfemalestudents.Theseclasseswereforwomenonly.Andbytheendofthe19thcentury,itbecamemuchmorecommonforwomanandmantostudytogetherinthesameclasses.Sowithinafewdecades,thingshadchangedsignificantly.Okletbackupagainandtalkaboutthetimeperiodfrom1860stothe1880s,andtalkmoreaboutwhathadhappenedinwomen'sartclasses.In1868,aprivateartacademyopenedinParis,andfordecadesitwastheprobablythemostfamousprivateartschoolintheworld.Itsfounder,RudolphJulianwasacannybusinessman,andquicklyestablishedhisschoolasa edestinationforwomen s.Whathedidwas,afteraninitialtrialperiodofmixedclasses,hechangedtheschools'.Hecomple yseparatedthemanandwomanstudents.#Anyreasonwhyhedidthat?Well.LikeIsaid,Julianwasabrilliantbusinessmanwithprogressiveideas.Hesawthatanothersmallprivateartschoolwhereallthestudentswerewomenwasverypopularatthattime.Andthat'sprobablywhyheadoptedthewomenonlyclasses.Hisclassesweretypicallyofferedbyestablishedsandwereheldinthestudio,thecewheretheypainted.Thiswasabigdealbecausefinallywomencouldstudyartinaformalsetting.Andtherewasanotherbenefittothegroupsettingintheseclasses.Theclassesincludedweeklycriticism.Andtheteacherwouldranktheartofallthestudentsintheclassfrombesttoworst.HowwouldyoulikeifIdidthatinthisclass?#Butourtestbooksaidthecompetitive…thecompetitionwasgoodforwomen.Ithelpedthemseewheretheyneededtoimprove.#Isn'tthatinteresting?Onewoman,hernamewasMarryBashkirtseff.Bashkirtseffoncewrotehowshefeltaboutaclassmate'swork.Shethoughtherclassmate'sartwasmuchbetterthanherownanditgaveheranincentivetodobetter.Overallthecompetitioninthewomen'sartclassesgavewomenmoreconfidence,confidencethattheycouldalsocompeteintheartworldaftertheirschooling.AndeventhoughBashkirtseffcouldnotstudyinthesameclassesasman,shewashavinganimpactasan.Justlookatthesalon,whatdoyouknowaboutthesalon?#Itwasabigexhibition,abigartshowthattheyhadinPairseveryyear.Thearthadtobeacceptedby#Itwasabigdeal.Youcanmakeanameforyourself.Youcanhaveapaintingorsculptureinthesalonandgobacktoyourhomecountrysayingyou'dbeenasuccessinParis.Itwassortof,asealofapproval.Itwasagreatencouragementforan'scareer.Bythelasttwodecadesof19thcentury,onefifthofthepaintingsinthesalonwerebywomen,muchhigherthaninthepast.Infact,MarryBashkirtseffherselfhadapaintinginthesaloninthe1881.InterestinglythismasterpiececalledIntheStudioisapaintingofinteriorofJulian'sartschool.Itisnotinyourtextbook.Iwillshowyouthepaintingnextweek.Thepaintingdepictsanactivecrowdedstudiowithwomendrawingandpaintingalivemodel.Itwasactually...BashkirtseffactuallyfollowJulian'ssavvysuggestionandpaintedherfellowstudentsinaclassattheschoolwiththeherselfatthefarright.Agreatadvertisementfortheschoolwhenthepaintingeventuallyhungupatthesalon,forawomanstudiohadneverbeenpaintedbefore.正確答案，A。細(xì)節(jié)題。教授說女性藝術(shù)課堂上的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)給女性帶來了信心。正確答案，AB。細(xì)節(jié)題。教授說男女在同班學(xué)習(xí) 中展出的女性作品也比過去多很多。 ###員。她們比的選擇面更有限。但到了9世紀(jì)0年代左右，一些巴黎的術(shù)家開始女生上課，這課專為女學(xué)生開設(shè)。到了9世紀(jì)末，男女學(xué)生同班上課的情況更普遍。在數(shù)十年里，事情發(fā)生了顯著變化。好的，讓我們?cè)僬f點(diǎn)背景知識(shí)，談?wù)?世紀(jì)60年代到0年代的情況，說說在女性藝術(shù)班里的情況。年，一個(gè)私立藝術(shù)學(xué)院在巴黎開設(shè)，在幾十年時(shí)間里，那可能是全世界最著名的私立藝術(shù)學(xué)院。這所學(xué)院的創(chuàng)始人魯?shù)婪?是個(gè)精明的商人。他迅速把學(xué)校打造為女性藝術(shù)家的求學(xué)首選。他做了什么呢？在混合班級(jí)初期試行了一段時(shí)間后，他改變了學(xué)校政策，把男完全分開。###啊…##畢業(yè)后繼續(xù)在藝術(shù)界競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。盡管巴士沒能和一起上課學(xué)習(xí)，但是作為藝術(shù)家她是有的。們來看看，對(duì)有什么了解### 利安藝術(shù)學(xué)校的教室內(nèi)部。這幅畫不在上，下周我會(huì)給展示一下。這幅畫描繪了一群活躍的女性在工 在畫作很靠右的位置。當(dāng)這幅畫最終懸掛在里的時(shí)候?yàn)閷W(xué)校成功做了，這是因?yàn)樵诖酥皬奈从信甒hatistheconversationmainlyabout?#Preparingforatest.#Astrategyforattractingcustomers.#Businessopportunitiesinthefieldofhealth.#Differencesbetweentwobusinessmodels.#Whatdoestheprofessorimplyaboutthe ingtest?#Itwillnotcontainquestionsaboutthehealth-clubmodel.#Itwillaskaboutwaystoimprovethecustomer'sself-ItwillrequirestudentstodiscussmarketingstrategiesforItwillnotrequirestudentstogiveexamplesofsuccessfulBasedontheconversation,indicatewhethereachofthefollowingisofferedbyhealthclubs.Yes/No.#Lowmembershipfees.#Exerciseclasses.#Positiveself-image.#Whatdoestheprofessorimplyaboutpubliclibraries?#Theytendtobemorepopularthanhealthclubs.#TheycannotofferasmanyservicesashealthTheyshouldnotspendmoneyonhigh-qualityequipment.#Theyneedtogivegreateremphasistostrategicmarketing.#Listeningagaintopartoftheconversation.Thenanswerthequestion.Whydoesthestudentsaythis?#Well,IknowwhenIpassbyahealthclubandIseeallthesepeopleworkingout,theexercising,Ijustsoonwalkonby. Tointroduceaalstoryaboutexercising.#Topointoutaflawinthehealth-clubTogiveanexamplethatsupportstheprofessor'spoint.#Toex inwhyhedisagreeswiththeprofessor.So,Richard,whatisup?Well,Iknowwehaveatestcominguponchapters...um...Chapter3and4fromthetextbook.Right,3and4,Ididn'tgetsomethingyousaidinclasson#Alright?Doyourememberwhatitwasabout?Yes,youweretalkingaboutagym,ahealthclubwherepeoplecangotoexercise,thatkindofthing.Ok,butthehealthclubmodelisactuallyfromchapter#Stu:Ok,chapter5.soitnot--OkbutIguessIstillwanttotryto#Ofcourse.Well,Iwastalkingaboutanissueinstrategicmarketing,um...thehealthclubmodel;Imeanwithahealthclubyoumightthinktheywouldtroubleattractingcustomersright?#Well,IknowwhenIpassbyahealthclubandIseeallthosepeopleworkingout,theexercising,Ijustsoonwalkonby.#Yes,thereisthat.Plus,lotsofpeoplehaveexerciseequipmentathome,ortheycanysportswiththeirfriends.right?##Butnowadaysinspiteofallthat,andexpensivemembershipfees,healthclubarehugelypopular,sohow#Iguessthat'swhatIdidn'tunderstand.Ok,basicallytheyhavetoofferthingsthatmostpeoplecan'tfindanywhereelse,youknow,quality,thatmeansbetterexerciseequipment,high-endstuff,um...andclasses-exerciseclassesmaybeaerobics.IamnotsureifI…okIgetit.Yeah,andyouknowanotherthingisIthinkpeopleprobablyfeelgoodaboutthemselveswhentheyareatthegym.Andtheycanmeetnewpeoplesocialize.#Right,sohealthclubofferhighqualityfacilities.Andalsotheysellanimageaboutpeoplehavingmorefunrelatingbettertoothersandimprovingtheirownlivesifthey emembers.#Sure.thatmakessense.Well,then,canyouthinkofanotherbusinessororganizationthatcouldbenefitfrom ngthis?#Thinkaboutanimportantbuildingoncampushere,somethingeveryoneuses,amajorsourceofinformation?Youmeanlikeanadministrativebuilding?Well,thatisnotwhatIhadinmymind.Oh,youmeanthelibrary.Exactly.Libraries.Imaginepublishlibraries;theyareaninformationresourceforthewholecommunity#Welltheycanbe,now,withtheinternetandbigbookstores,youcanprobablygetwhatyouneedwithoutgoingtoalibrary.#That'strue.Soifyouwerethedirectorofapubliclibrary,whatwillyoudoaboutthat?Togetmorepeopletostopin.well,likeyousaid,betterequipment,maybeasuper-fastinternetconnection,notjustagoodvarietyofbooksbutalsolikeniceandcomfortableareaswherepeoplecanreadanddoresearch.Thingsmakethemwanttocometothelibraryandstay.##Oh,and,maybehaveauthorscomeanddosomereadings,oridon'tknow,specialpresentations.Somethingpeoplecouldn'tgetathome.#Now,youaregettingit.Thanks,professorWilliams,Ithinkso正確答案，B。主旨題。學(xué)生找教授問策略中房模型的問題。正確答案，BCD。觀點(diǎn)組織題。教授提到房的會(huì)員費(fèi)高昂，但有更好的器械用品，還會(huì)組織像有氧運(yùn)動(dòng) ##################學(xué)生##########謝謝教授，是的WhatisthelecturemainlyPoliticaleventsthatledtotheinventionofAcomparisonofattitudestowardvisioncorrectioninEuropeand.#Therelationshipbetweentheprintingpressandlicy.#AnoverviewofvisioncorrectionoverAccordingtotheprofessor,whatwasanadvantageofusingclearglassinsteadofquartztomakereadingstones?#ClearglasswaseasiertofindthanClearglasswaseasiertocuttotheappropriatesize.#Clearglassmagnifiedthelettersmorethanquartzdid.#Clearglasswaslessexpensivethanquartz.#WhatdoestheprofessorimplyabouttheinventionofItshistoricalrecordsaremoredetailedthanthoseofotherinventions.#Ithaslittleimpactonsocialattitudestowardvisioncorrection.#Itsoccurrenceindifferentcesatapproximaythesametimeisnotunusual.#Itcontributedtoasubstantialincreaseinthenumberoflitepeople.#Whichsentencebestdescribeeyeglassesbeforetheinventionoftheprintingpress?#Theywereavailabletoeveryone.#Theywereasymbolofwealthandwisdom.#Theycouldnotcorrectvisionaccuray.#TheycouldbeboughtonlyfromtravelingPuttheeventsintheorderthattheyInexpensiveeyeglassesbecameavailable.#Thefirsteyeglassesweremade.#Thenumberofpeopleinterestedinreadingincreased.#Theprintingpresswasinvented.#Listeningagaintopartoftheconversation.Thenanswerthequestion.Whatdoestheprofessorimplywhenshesaysthis?#SheisimpressedbytheThesolutionshedescribesisobvious.#Thesolutionwasnotacommonpractice.#Thesolutionwasnotparticularlyexpensive. Sowe'vebeentalkingabouttheprintingpress-howitchangedpeople'slives,um...makingbooksmoreaccessibletoeveryone.Morebooksmeanmorereading,right?But,asyouknow,noteveryonehasperfectvision.Thisincreasinglicy,um,inreading,ledtoanincreasingdemandforeyeglasses.Andwell,here'ssomethingyouprobablyhaven'tthoughtof.Thisincreaseddemandimpactedthesocietalattitudestowardeyeglasses.But,firstletmebackupabitandtalkaboutvisioncorrectionbeforetheprintingpress. And,um,whatdidpeoplewithpoorvisiondo,Imean,especiallythosefewpeoplewhowereactuallylite?Whatdidtheydobeforeglasseswereinvented?Well,theyhaddifferentwaysofdealingwithnotseeingwell.Ifyouthinkaboutit,poorvisionwasn'ttheironlyproblem.Imean,um,thinkabouttheconditionstheylivedin:housesweredark,sometimesthereweren'tanywindows;candlesweretheonlysourceoflight.Soinsomeces,um,likeancientGreeceforexample,thewealthiestpeoplewithpoorvisioncouldhavesomeoneelsereadtothem-easysolutionifyoucouldaffordit.Anothersolutionwassomethingcalleda“readingstone”.Around1000C.E.Europeanmonkswouldtakeapieceofclearrock,oftenquartz,andceitontopofthereadingmaterial.Theclearrockmagnifiedtheletters,makingthemappearlarger,um,lookslikewhathappenswhenadropofwaterfallsonsomething,whatever'sbelowthedropofwaterappearslarger,right?Well,the“readingstone”worksinasimilarway.Butrockslikequartz,well,quartzofopticalqualityweren'tcheap.Lateinthe13thcentury,glassmakerinItalycameupwithalessexpensivealternative.Theymadereadingstonesoutofclearglass.Andtheseclearglassreadingstonesevolvedintotheeyeglassesweknowtoday.Sowe'reprettysurethatglasseswereinventedinaboutthelate1200s,welloverahundredyearsbeforetheprintingpress.Butit'snotclearwhoexactlyinventedthemfirstorexactlywhatyear.ButrecordshowsthattheywereinventedinbothEuropeandataboutthesametime.Bytheway,wecallthis“independentdiscovery”. Independentdiscoverymeanswhensomethingisinventedindifferentpartsoftheworldatthesametimeandit'snotasunusualasitsounds.YoucanlookatthetimelinechartsinthebackofyourtextbooktoseewhenthingswereinventedindifferentculturesataboutthesametimetoseewhatI'mtalkingabout. Sonowlet'stiethistowhatIsaidbeforeaboutsocietalattitudestowardsglasses.InitiallyinpartsofEuropeandin,glasseswereasymbolofwisdomandinligence.Thisisevidentintheartworkfromtheperiod.Europeanpaintingsoftenportrayeddoctorsorjudgeswearingglasses.In,glasseswereveryexpensive.Soinadditiontoinligence,theyalsosymbolizeaffluence,um,wealth.In14thcenturyportraysthebiggertheglasses,thesmarterandwealthierthissubjectwas.Soglasseswereastatussymbolinsomepartsoftheworld.Nowlet'sgetbacktotheinventionofthepaintingpressin1440.Whathappened?Suddenly,booksbecamereadilyavailableandmorepeoplewantedtoread.Sotheneed,ohwell,actuallynotonlytheneedbutthedemandformoreaffordableglassesrosedrastically.Eventually,inexpensiveglasseswereproduced,andthenglasseswereavailabletoeveryone.Peoplecouldpurchasethemeasilyfromatravelingpeddler.正確答案，BDCA。Sowe'reprettysurethatglasseswereinventedaboutthelate1200s,well,overhundredyearsbeforetheprintingSoglasseswereastatussymbolinsomepartsoftheworld.Nowlet'sgetbacktotheinventionofthepaintingpressin1440.Whathappened?Suddenly,booksbecamereadilyavailableandmorepeoplewantedtoread.Sotheneed,ohwell,actuallynotonlytheneedbutthedemandformoreaffordableglassesrosedrastically.Eventually,inexpensiveglasseswereproduced,andthenglasseswereavailabletoeveryone.=======#嗯，我們講過印刷術(shù)—它是怎么改變?nèi)藗兩?，讓每個(gè)人更容易獲得書本。的書意味著人 #獨(dú)立發(fā)現(xiàn)是指一件東西同時(shí)在世界不同地區(qū)發(fā)明出來。這不像聽起來那么的不同尋常。你可以翻到后#那么現(xiàn)在，讓我們把這個(gè)與前面提到的社會(huì)對(duì)眼鏡的態(tài)度做個(gè)聯(lián)系。最初在歐洲和中國部分地區(qū)，眼鏡是Inthebeginningofthelectureastudentasksaquestionabouttheperiodictable.Howdoesthestoryofelement43answerherquestion?#ByprovidinganexampleofanelementwhoseceintheperiodictablewasByprovidinganexampleofanelementwhoseexistencewaspredictablefromtheperiodictable.#Byprovidinganexampleofanelementwhichscientistspredictedwasformedfromuranium.#Byprovidinganexampleofanelementthatcanonlybemadeartificially.#30.Whatdoestheprofessorsayaboutearlyversionsoftheperiodictable?#Earlyversionslistedtwonamesforsomeelements.#Earlyversionshadtheincorrectatomicnumberforsomeelements.#Earlyversionswerenotaseasytouseasmodernversion.#EarlyversionsdidnotlistanelementforeveryatomicWhatfactinspiredresearcherstogivethename“technetium”toelementTheelementwasTheelementwasderivedfromuranium.#Theelementwascreatedartificially.#Theelementwasfoundusingx-rayWhatcharacteristicofelement43might inwhythescientificcommunitydoubtedthefindingsIdaTacke'sElement43hasaveryfastrateofElement43alwayscontainssmallamountofotherelements.#Element43cannotbecreatedartificially.#Element43'sradioactivitymakesiteasytoisolateandWhatdoestheprofessorbelieveabouttheclaimthatIdaTacke'steammadeaboutelement43?#Scientistsshouldhaveacceptedtheclaimwhenitwasfirstpublished.#Thereisnotenoughevidencetoknowiftheteamactuallydiscoveredelement43.#Theteam'sunusualscientificmethodswereunreliable.#Iftheteam'soresamplehadcontainedelement43,theteamwouldhavebeenabletoisolateaweighableWhatdoestheprofessorimplyaboutthechemistIdaTackewhenhesaysthis?#butshedidn'tknowthatthatwasthedefenseofherowndiscoveryofelement43.#Shedidnotrealizethattheperiodictablepredictedtheradioactivityofelement43.#Shedidnotunderstandwhyherteam'sfindingsweredismissedbythescientificHertheoryabouturaniumwouldha