語(yǔ)言學(xué)專八考研真題及答案

專八語(yǔ)言集錦（05年——14年專八真題及解析歸納）目錄1、2005年·····················································12、2006年·····················································23、2007年·····················································44、2008年·····················································65、2009年·····················································86、2010年·····················································107、2011年·····················································118、2012年·····················································129、2013年·····················································1310、2014年····················································1411、附加語(yǔ)言學(xué)考研題············································152005年38.（考查點(diǎn)：mainbranchesoflinguistics)Syntax

is

the

study

of

A.language

functions

B.sentence

structuresC.textual

organization

D.word

formation答案：B。解析：SyntaxisaboutprinciplesofformingandunderstandingcorrectEnglishsentences,是關(guān)于形成和理解正確英語(yǔ)句子的原則。也就是句子結(jié)構(gòu)。故選擇B。（考察點(diǎn)：designfeaturesoflanguage)WhichofalefollowingisNOTadistinctivefeatureofhumanlanguage?A.ArbitrarinessB.ProductivityC.CulturaltransmissionD.Finiteness答案：D。解析：題問(wèn)下面四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，哪一個(gè)不是人類語(yǔ)言的主要特征？除Finiteness(有限性)外，選項(xiàng)中的其它的三項(xiàng)Arbitrariness（任意性），Productivity（能產(chǎn)性）和Culturaltransmission（文化傳遞性）在語(yǔ)言學(xué)概述部分都提到了。故選擇D。

（考察點(diǎn)：人物）The

speech

act

theory

was

first

put

forward

by

A.John

Searle

B.John

Austin

C.Noam

ChomskyD.M.A,K.

Halliday答案：B。解析：?jiǎn)栄哉Z(yǔ)行為是哪位語(yǔ)言學(xué)家首先提出來(lái)的？根據(jù)語(yǔ)言學(xué)著作的介紹，JohnAustin于l969年首先提出了“言語(yǔ)行為”理論，其他人如JohnSearle(1969年提出)等，不管是提出或是進(jìn)一步闡述該理論，都是在JohnAustin之后，對(duì)比不應(yīng)有什么懷疑。故選擇B。2006年（考察點(diǎn)：mainbranchesoflinguistics)Whatessentiallydistinguish-essemanticsandpragmaticsisthenotionofA.ReferenceB.MeaningC.AntonymyD.Context答案：D。解析：A.Reference即所指，指一種語(yǔ)言形式在現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中指代的事物，主要研究語(yǔ)言元素和非語(yǔ)言經(jīng)驗(yàn)世界之間的關(guān)系;C.Antonymy即反義詞。再觀題意Semanticsexamineshowmeaningisencodedinalanguage,而pragmaticsisthestudyofmeaningincontext。在沒(méi)語(yǔ)境的情況下研究語(yǔ)言的意義是語(yǔ)義學(xué)的主要任務(wù)。在有語(yǔ)境的情況下研究語(yǔ)言的意思是語(yǔ)用學(xué)的主要課題。故選擇D。（考察點(diǎn)：meaning）Thewords“kid,child,offspring”areexamplesofA.dialectalsynonymsB.stylisticsynonymsC.emotivesynonymD.collocationalsynonyms答案：B。解析：A.dialectalsynonyms指地域同義詞：意義相同，但用在不同的方言中。E.g.(BE)autumnVS(AE)fall；B.stylisticsynonyms指風(fēng)格同義詞：意義相同，但風(fēng)格不同，有的正式，有的隨意，有的中性。（e.g.口頭語(yǔ)、常用語(yǔ)和書面語(yǔ)）；C.emotivesynonym指感情色彩不同的同義詞，詞義相近但又有不同的感情色彩，如褒義、貶義或中性；D.collocationalsynonyms搭配同義詞，由于詞語(yǔ)的搭配而形成的同義詞。E.g.“bechargewith”和“beaccusedof”。題目中Kid指小孩，child指孩子，offspring指子孫，其實(shí)都是同樣的，只是正式程度不同。故選擇B。

（考察點(diǎn)：人物）The

distinction

between

parole

and

langue

was

made

by

A.

HallidayB.

ChomskyC.

BloomfieldD.

Saussure答案：D。解析：A.

Holliday韓禮德是系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)法的代表人物；B.

Chomsky喬姆斯基區(qū)分的是competence和performance語(yǔ)言能力指理想語(yǔ)言使用者關(guān)于語(yǔ)言規(guī)則的知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備；語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用指真實(shí)的語(yǔ)言使用者在實(shí)際場(chǎng)景中的語(yǔ)言使用；C.

Bloomfield布龍菲爾德是結(jié)構(gòu)主義的代表人物，認(rèn)為語(yǔ)言學(xué)是心理學(xué)的分支，重視行為主義；D.

Saussure索緒爾把“語(yǔ)言”和“言語(yǔ)”區(qū)分開(kāi)來(lái)語(yǔ)言指語(yǔ)言系統(tǒng)的整體，這個(gè)整體相對(duì)是比較穩(wěn)定的；言語(yǔ)則指代某個(gè)個(gè)體在實(shí)際語(yǔ)言使用環(huán)節(jié)中說(shuō)出的具體話語(yǔ)。再觀題意parole

and

langue指言語(yǔ)和語(yǔ)言，其區(qū)分者是Saussure。故選擇D。2007年（考察點(diǎn)：mainbranchesoflinguistics)_______referstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesofwordformation.A.PhonologyB.MorphologyC.SemanticsD.Sociolinguistics答案：B。解析：A.Phonology（音系學(xué)）studiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables,研究語(yǔ)音和音節(jié)的構(gòu)成、分布和排列規(guī)則；B.Morphology（形態(tài)學(xué)）isconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationofwords,涉及詞的內(nèi)在結(jié)構(gòu)；C.Semantics（語(yǔ)義學(xué)）isaboutprinciplesofformingandunderstandingcorrectEnglishsentences,研究語(yǔ)言中語(yǔ)義是如何編碼的；D.Sociolinguistics（社會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)）isthestudyofthecharacteristicsoflanguagevarieties,thecharacteristicsoftheirfunctions,andthecharacteristicsoftheirspeakers,研究各種語(yǔ)言變體的特征、它們的功能特征和語(yǔ)言使用者特征。那么研究詞的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)和構(gòu)詞規(guī)則的是形態(tài)學(xué)。故選擇B。(考察點(diǎn)：mainbranchesoflinguisticsandmacrolinguistics)ThedistinctivefeaturesofaspeechvarietymaybeallthefollowingEXCEPTA.LexicalB.SyntacticC.PhonologicalD.Psycholinguistic答案：D。解析：speechvariety語(yǔ)言變體（e.g英式和美式英語(yǔ)）A.Lexical（詞匯的;字匯的）meansrelatingtothewordsofalanguage；B.Syntactic（句法的）isthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysdifferentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyoftheinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructure；C.Phonological（音韻學(xué)的）studiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables；D.Psycholinguistic（心理語(yǔ)言學(xué)）investigatestheinterrelationoflanguageandmind,研究語(yǔ)言和大腦的相互關(guān)系。Lexical,syntactic和phonological都是語(yǔ)言學(xué)的主要分支，而Psycholinguistic屬宏觀語(yǔ)言學(xué)。故選擇D。(考察點(diǎn)：meaning）Thewordtailoncereferredto“thetailofahorse”,butnowitisusedtomean“thetailofanyanimal.”ThisisanexampleofwideningofmeaningB.narrowingofmeaningC.meaningshiftD.lossofmeaning答案：A。解析：wideningofmeaning詞義擴(kuò)大，引伸。以lady一詞為例，它以前僅僅指"女主人"。后來(lái)指貴族太太，再后來(lái)指有教養(yǎng)的婦女，現(xiàn)在，lady可以用于指任何"女人"，是一種禮貌的用法。2008年（考察點(diǎn)：design

feature

of

language）Which

of

the

following

is

NOT

a

design

feature

of

human

language?

A.

Arbitrariness.

B.

Displacement.

C.

Duality.

D.

Diachronism.

答案：D。解析：Arbitrariness（任意性），displacement（移位性），duality（二層性），diachronism（歷時(shí)性）。Design

feature

of

human

language包括arbitrariness（任意性），displacement（移位性），duality（二層性）和creativity（創(chuàng)造性），而diachronism（歷時(shí)性）不是語(yǔ)言學(xué)的特征，故選擇D。（考察點(diǎn)：sentencestructure）What

type

of

sentence

is

“Mark

likes

fiction,but

Tim

is

interested

in

poetry.”?

A.

A

simple

sentence.

B.

A

coordinate

sentence.

C.

A

complex

sentence.

D.

None

of

the

above.答案：B。解析：并列句but連接兩個(gè)分句。A

simple

sentence(簡(jiǎn)單句），句子只包含一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)；acoordinate

sentence（并列句），句子包含兩個(gè)或多個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，通常有并列連詞連結(jié)，如and，but等；a

complex

sentence（復(fù)合句），句子包含有兩個(gè)或更多的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，但是其中一個(gè)或多個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)句子的成分，就是復(fù)合句。所有從句都是復(fù)合句。故選擇B。（考察點(diǎn)：meaning&senserelation

）The

phenomenon

that

words

having

different

meanings

have

the

same

form

is

called

HyponymyB.

SynonymyC.

PolysemyD.

homonymy.

答案：D。解析：A.

Hyponymy（上下義關(guān)系）：ahyponymyisawordorphrasewhosesemanticrangeisincludedwithinthatofanotherword，下義詞是事物的具體表現(xiàn)形式或更為具體的說(shuō)明，如Afamilyusuallyincludesfather,motherandchild；B.

Synonymy（同義關(guān)系）：referstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning，如Sobsshookherslenderframe.她抽泣著，苗條的身體都在顫動(dòng)。Aslendersmilestillflickeredacrossherface.她臉上閃過(guò)一絲微笑。C.

Polysemy（多義關(guān)系）：.atermusedtorefertoalexicalitemwhichhasarangeofdifferentmeanings如：Givemeahand,please.Heisanewhand;

D.

Homonymy(異義關(guān)系):wordsidenticalbothinsoundandspelling，如OnSundaytheyprayforyouandonMondaytheypreyonyou。那么“that

words

having

different

meanings

have

the

same

form

is

called”所指對(duì)應(yīng)homographs（同形異義詞），屬于homonymy。故選擇D。2009年（考察點(diǎn)：linguistic）Thestudyofthementalprocessesoflanguagecomprehensionandproductionis__________A.corpuslinguistics.B.sociolinguistics.C.theoreticallinguistics.D.Psycholinguistics.答案：D解析：D、Psycholinguistics（心理語(yǔ)言學(xué)）isthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheemind.(心理語(yǔ)言學(xué)是研究語(yǔ)言與思維之間關(guān)系的學(xué)科）A、Corpuslinguistic(語(yǔ)料庫(kù)語(yǔ)言學(xué)）isanapproachtoinvestigatinglanguageandusethroughtheanalysisoflargedatabasestoreallanguageexamplesstoredoncomputer.(語(yǔ)料庫(kù)語(yǔ)言學(xué)是通過(guò)分析儲(chǔ)存在電腦里的語(yǔ)言數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)里的大量的真實(shí)言語(yǔ)資料來(lái)研究語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)和使用的資料）B、Sociolinguistic(社會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)）thestudyofeffectofanyandallaspectsofsociety,includingculturalnorms,expectations,contextandthewaylanguageisused.(社會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)是對(duì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)是對(duì)任何一種或全部社會(huì)因素的研究，包括文化標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，期望值，語(yǔ)境及語(yǔ)言使用方式等）（考察點(diǎn)：語(yǔ)言變體）Aspeciallanguagevarietythatmixeslanguagesandisusedbyspeakersofdifferentlanguagesforpurposesoftradingiscalled__________A.dialect.B.idiolect.C.pidgin.D.Register.答案：C解析：Pidginisaspeciallanguagevarietythatmixesorblendslanguagesanditisusedbypeoplewhospeakdifferentlanguagesforrestrictedpurposessuchastrading.(洋涇浜是將幾種語(yǔ)言混合或者融合在意的一種特殊語(yǔ)言變體，它是由操不同語(yǔ)言的人為了有限的目的，如貿(mào)易而使用的語(yǔ)言。）Idiolectisapersonaldialectofanindividualspeakerthatcombineselementsregardingregional,social,gender,andagevariation.(個(gè)人語(yǔ)言是個(gè)人方言，它結(jié)合了有關(guān)地域、社會(huì)、性別、年齡的變體成分）Registerreferstothetypeorstyle,oflanguageselectedasappropriatetotypeofsituation.(語(yǔ)域是因具體用途不同產(chǎn)生的語(yǔ)言變體）。Dialectisavarietyoflanguage,spokeninonepartofacountryorbypeoplebelongingtoaparticularsocialclass.（方言的某個(gè)地區(qū)使用或特定社會(huì)階級(jí)的人使用的一種語(yǔ)言變體）（考察點(diǎn)：語(yǔ)用學(xué)）Whenaspeakerexpresseshisintentionofspeaking,suchasaskingsomeonetoopenthewindow,heisperforming__________anillocutionaryact.B.aperlocutionaryact.C.alocutionaryact.D.noneoftheabove.答案：A解析：Illocutionaryact:theactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention.Itistheactpreformedinsayingsomething.(言外行為是通過(guò)發(fā)出這樣一個(gè)話語(yǔ)，說(shuō)話者表達(dá)他說(shuō)話的意圖）Perlocutionaryact:theactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething.Itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.(言后行為是指話語(yǔ)帶來(lái)的后果）Locutionaryact:theactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.(言內(nèi)行為就是發(fā)出詞的動(dòng)作。它通過(guò)句法、詞匯和音位學(xué)的方式來(lái)傳達(dá)字面意義的行為。）2010年

（考察點(diǎn)：語(yǔ)言習(xí)得）________referstothelearninganddevelopmentofalanguage.A.LanguageacquisitionB.LanguagecomprehensionC.LanguageproductionD.Languageinstruction答案：A解析：本題為語(yǔ)言學(xué)常識(shí)題。背景知識(shí)：語(yǔ)言習(xí)得最基本的定義，其余選項(xiàng)一看就不符合提干內(nèi)容。

（考察點(diǎn)：語(yǔ)言學(xué)分支形態(tài)學(xué)）Theword“Motel”comesfrom“motor+hotel”.Thisisanexampleof

________inmorphology.A.BackformationB.conversionC.BlendingD.Acronym答案：C解析：本題為語(yǔ)言學(xué)分支形態(tài)學(xué)最基本常識(shí)，也是比較活躍的一種構(gòu)詞方式。背景知識(shí)：A逆生法；B轉(zhuǎn)類法；C拼綴法；D首字母構(gòu)詞。

Languageisttoolofcommunication.Thesymbol“HighwayClosed”onahighwayserves________A.anexpressivefunction.B.aninformativefunction.C.aperformativefunctionD.apersuasivefunction.答案：D語(yǔ)言學(xué)基本常識(shí)。Expressivefunction意為表達(dá)功能。Informationfunction意為信息功能。C為施為功能。D為勸導(dǎo)功能2011年（考察點(diǎn)：語(yǔ)言與思維）_________isdefinedasthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandmind.SemanticsB.pragmaticsC.cognitivelinguisticsD.sociolinguistics答案：C解析：探討語(yǔ)言和思維的學(xué)科：CognitiveLinguistics：referstothebranchoflinguisticsthatinterpretslanguageintermsoftheconcepts,sometimesuniversal,sometimesspecifictoaparticulartongue,whichunderlieitsforms.Itisthuscloselyassociatedwithsemanticsbutisdistinctfrompsycholinguistics,whichdrawsuponempiricalfindingsfromcognitivepsychologyinordertoexplainthementalprocessesthatunderlietheacquisition,storage,productionandunderstandingofspeechandwriting.（考察點(diǎn)：元音與輔音）AvowelisdifferentfromaconsonantinEnglishbecauseof________.A.absenceofobstructionB.presenceofobstructionC.mannerofarticulationD.placeofarticulation答案：A解析：元音和輔音的區(qū)別：Obstructionoftheairstream;

（考察點(diǎn):多語(yǔ)言學(xué)）：Thedefinition“theactofusing,orpromotingtheuseof,severallanguages,eitherbyanindividualspeakerorbyacommunityofspeakers”referto__________.PidginB.CreoleC.MultilingualismD.Bilingualism答案：C解析：推動(dòng)多種語(yǔ)言使用：Multilingualism

2012年

37.

"The

lettuce

was

lonely

without

tomatoes

and

cucumbers

for

company"

is

anexample

of

_________A.

Exaggeration.

B.

understatement.

C.

Personification.

D.

synecdoche.

答案：C[分析]“生菜沒(méi)有了番茄和黃瓜的陪伴就會(huì)十分孤單”這句話是什么的例子？A是夸張B是低調(diào)陳述C是擬人D是提喻。根據(jù)題意知道選C

In

English

ifawordbeginwitha[l]ora[r],thennextsoundmustbeavowel.Thisisan______答案：B[分析]在英語(yǔ)中如果一個(gè)單詞以【l】或者【r】開(kāi)頭發(fā)音，那么下一個(gè)聲音一定是元音。這是什么規(guī)則？A是同化規(guī)則B是序列規(guī)則C是省略規(guī)則D是語(yǔ)法規(guī)則。選B

Which

of

the

following

is

an

example

of

clipping?

APEC.

B.Motel.

C.Xerox.

D.Disco.

答案：D[分析]下面那個(gè)詞是用截略法來(lái)構(gòu)詞的？clipping（截略）是一種構(gòu)詞方法，即對(duì)長(zhǎng)詞加以略寫，從而構(gòu)成新詞，但同義保持不變。截略同常用于非正式語(yǔ)體，口語(yǔ)中尤為常見(jiàn)。其中D選項(xiàng)的disco就是discotheque截略而來(lái)。故選D

The

type

of

language

which

is

selected

as

appropriate

to

a

particular

type

of

situation

is

called

________

A.

register.

B.

dialect.

C.

slang.

D.

Variety答案：A[分析]A指語(yǔ)域B指方言C指俚語(yǔ)行話D指語(yǔ)言變體根據(jù)意義知道選A。語(yǔ)域是指依據(jù)用法而變的變量2013年Which

of

the

following

clusters

of

words

is

an

example

of

alliteration?A.

weak

seat．

B．Safe

and

sound．

C．Knock

and

kick．

D．Coat

and

boat．答案：B[分析]下面哪一個(gè)是頭韻法？只有B選項(xiàng)的save和sound的開(kāi)頭發(fā)音是一樣的Which

of

the

following

italicized

parts

is

an

inflectional

morpheme?Unlock．

B．Government．

C．Goes．

D．Off-stage．答案：C[分析]英語(yǔ)中的曲折語(yǔ)素有：名詞所有格名詞復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞第三人稱單數(shù)比較級(jí)最高級(jí)這8種。所以選C_____

is

a

language

phenomenon

in

which

words

sound

like

what

they

refer

to.

A．Onomatopoeia

B．Collocation

C．Denotation

D．Assimilation

答案：A[分析]問(wèn)題是聽(tīng)到其音就知道其意思的是什么？A為擬聲B為搭配C為符號(hào)D為同化因此選AThe

sentence

"Close

your

book

and

listen

to

me

carefully!"

performs

a(n)

____

function．

interrogative

B．informative

C．performative

D．Directive答案：D[分析]題問(wèn)“關(guān)上書認(rèn)真聽(tīng)我講”起到了什么作用其中A表示疑問(wèn)功能B表示信息功能C表示述行功能D表示命令功能根據(jù)句子意思知道選D2014年Whichofthefollowingpairsofwordsarehomophones?A、wind(v.)wind(n.)B、suspect(v.)suspect(n.)C、bare(adj.)bear(v.)D、Convict(v.)convict(n.)答案：C[分析]下面哪組是同音異形詞,C組發(fā)音相同但是單詞不同選CWhichofthefollowingsentenceshasthe“S+V+O”structure?A、Hedidahero.B、IwenttoLondon.C、Shebecameangry.D、Maryenjoyedparties.答案：D[分析]下面那個(gè)句子是主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)的句子。A是主語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)B是主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+補(bǔ)語(yǔ)C是主語(yǔ)+表語(yǔ)D是主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)選DWhichofthefollowingCANNOTbeusedasanadverbial.A.Heartandsoul.B.Thelion’sshare.C.Nullandvoid.D.Hammerandtongs.答案：B[分析]下面哪個(gè)不能做狀語(yǔ)？A翻譯為全心全意地為副詞短語(yǔ)可以做狀語(yǔ)。B翻譯為最大份額為名詞短語(yǔ)不能做狀語(yǔ)C翻譯為無(wú)效的為形容詞短語(yǔ)可以做狀語(yǔ)D翻譯為全力以赴地為副詞短語(yǔ)可以做狀語(yǔ)。故選擇B二部分重點(diǎn)章節(jié)測(cè)試題TestOne:InvitationstoLinguisticsI. Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1. Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuman__________. A.contact B.communication C.relation D.community2. Whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary? A.tree B.typewriter C.crash D.bang3. Thefunctionofthesentence“Waterboilsat100degreesCentigrade.”is__________. A.interrogative B.directive C.informative D.performative4. InChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosay“碎碎（歲歲）平安”asameansofcontrollingtheforceswhichtheybelievesfeelmightaffecttheirlives.Whichfunctionsdoesitperform? A.Interpersonal B.Emotive C.Performative D.Recreational5. Whichofthefollowingpropertyoflanguageenableslanguageuserstoovercomethebarrierscausedbytimeandplace,duetothisfeatureoflanguage,speakersofalanguagearefreetotalkaboutanythinginanysituation? A.Transferability B.Duality C.Displacement D.Arbitrariness6. Studythefollowingdialogue.Whatfunctiondoesitplayaccordingtothefunctionsoflanguage?—Aniceday,isn’tit?—Right!Ireallyenjoythesunlight. A.Emotive B.Phatic C.Performative D.Interpersonal7. __________referstotheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinutterances. A.Performance B.Competence C.Langue D.Parole8. Whenadogisbarking,youassumeitisbarkingforsomethingoratsomeonethatexistshearandnow.Itcouldn’tbesorrowfulforsomelostloveorlostbone.Thisindicatesthedesignfeatureof__________. A.culturaltransmission B.productivity C.displacement D.duality9. __________answerssuchquestionsashowweasinfantsacquireourfirstlanguage. A.Psycholinguistics B.Anthropologicallinguistics C.Sociolinguistics D.Appliedlinguistics10. __________dealswithlanguageapplicationtootherfields,particularlyeducation. A.Linguistictheory B.Practicallinguistics C.Appliedlinguistics D.ComparativelinguisticsII. Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11. Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Therefore,thecommunicationwayusedbythedeaf-muteisnotlanguage.12. Languagechangeisuniversal,ongoingandarbitrary.13. Speakingisthequickestandmostefficientwayofthehumancommunicationsystems.14. Languageiswrittenbecausewritingistheprimarymediumforalllanguages.15. Wewereallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,whichmeansthedetailsofanylanguagesystemcanbegeneticallytransmitted.16. Onlyhumanbeingsareabletocommunicate.17. F.deSaussure,whomadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleintheearly20thcentury,wasaFrenchlinguist.18. AstudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespeare’stimeisanexampleofthediachronicstudyoflanguage.19. Speechandwritingcameintobeingatmuchthesametimeinhumanhistory.20. Allthelanguagesintheworldtodayhavebothspokenandwrittenforms.III. Fillintheblanks.(10%)21. Language,broadlyspeaking,isameansof__________communication.22. Inanylanguagewordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthingsandcanbecombinedintoinnumerablesentencesbasedonlimitedrules.Thisfeatureisusuallytermed__________.23. Languagehasmanyfunctions.Wecanuselanguagetotalkaboutitself.Thisfunctionis__________.24. Theorythatprimitivemanmadeinvoluntaryvocalnoiseswhileperformingheavyworkhasbeencalledthe__________theory.25. Linguisticsisthe__________studyoflanguage.26. Modernlinguisticsis__________inthesensethatthelinguisttriestodiscoverwhatlanguageisratherthanlaydownsomerulesforpeopletoobserve.27. Onegeneralprincipleoflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyof__________overwriting.28. Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisa__________study.29. Saussureputforwardtwoimportantconcepts.__________referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.30. LinguisticpotentialissimilartoSaussure’slangueandChomsky’s__________.IV. Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31. Designfeature32. Displacement33. Competence34. SynchroniclinguisticsV. Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35. Whydopeopletakedualityasoneoftheimportantdesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?Canyoutelluswhatlanguagewillbeifithasnosuchdesignfeature?（南開(kāi)大學(xué)，2004）36. Whyisitdifficulttodefinelanguage?（北京第二外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)，2004）VI. Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37. Howcanalinguistmakehisanalysisscientific?（青島海洋大學(xué)，1999）TestTwo:PhoneticsandPhonologyI. Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1. Pitchvariationisknownas__________whenitspatternsareimposedonsentences. A.intonation B.tone C.pronunciation D.voice2. Conventionallya__________isputinslashes(//). A.allophone B.phone C.phoneme D.morpheme3. Anaspiratedp,anunaspiratedpandanunreleasedpare__________ofthepphoneme. A.analogues B.tagmemes C.morphemes D.allophones4. Theopeningbetweenthevocalcordsissometimesreferredtoas__________. A.glottis B.vocalcavity C.pharynx D.uvula5. Thediphthongsthataremadewithamovementofthetonguetowardsthecenterareknownas__________diphthongs. A.wide B.closing C.narrow D.centering6. Aphonemeisagroupofsimilarsoundscalled__________. A.minimalpairs B.allomorphs C.phones D.allophones7. Whichbranchofphoneticsconcernstheproductionofspeechsounds? A.Acousticphonetics B.Articulatoryphonetics C.Auditoryphonetics D.Noneoftheabove8. Whichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtoplacesofarticulation? A.[n] B.[m] C.[b] D.[p]9. Whichvowelisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtothecharacteristicsofvowels? A.[i:] B.[u] C.[e] D.[i]10. Whatkindofsoundscanwemakewhenthevocalcordsarevibrating? A.Voiceless B.Voiced C.Glottalstop D.ConsonantII. Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11. Suprasegmentalphonologyreferstothestudyofphonologicalpropertiesofunitslargerthanthesegment-phoneme,suchassyllable,wordandsentence.12. Theairstreamprovidedbythelungshastoundergoanumberofmodificationtoacquirethequalityofaspeechsound.13. Twosoundsareinfreevariationwhentheyoccurinthesameenvironmentanddonotcontrast,namely,thesubstitutionofonefortheotherdoesnotproduceadifferentword,butmerelyadifferentpronunciation.14. [p]isavoicedbilabialstop.15. Acousticphoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.16. Allsyllablesmusthaveanucleusbutnotallsyllablescontainanonsetandacoda.17. Whenpurevowelsormonophthongsarepronounced,novowelglidestakeplace.18. Accordingtothelengthortensenessofthepronunciation,vowelscanbedividedintotensevs.laxorlongvs.short.19. ReceivedPronunciationisthepronunciationacceptedbymostpeople.20. Themaximalonsetprinciplestatesthatwhenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintothecodaratherthantheonset.III. Fillintheblanks.(20%)21. Consonantsoundscanbeeither__________or__________,whileallvowelsoundsare__________.22. Consonantsoundscanalsobemadewhentwoorgansofspeechinthemoutharebroughtclosetogethersothattheairispushedoutbetweenthem,causing__________.23. Thequalitiesofvowelsdependuponthepositionofthe__________andthelips.24. Oneelementinthedescriptionofvowelsisthepartofthetonguewhichisatthehighestpointinthemouth.Asecondelementisthe__________towhichthatpartofthetongueisraised.25. Consonantsdifferfromvowelsinthatthelatterareproducedwithout__________.26. Inphonologicalanalysisthewordsfail/veilaredistinguishablesimplybecauseofthetwophonemes/f/-/v/.Thisisanexampleforillustrating__________.27. InEnglishthereareanumberof__________,whichareproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions.28. __________referstothephenomenonofsoundscontinuallyshowtheinfluenceoftheirneighbors.29. __________isthesmallestlinguisticunit.30. Speechtakesplacewhentheorgansofspeechmovetoproducepatternsofsound.Thesemovementshaveaneffectonthe__________comingfromthelungs.IV. Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31. Soundassimilation32. Suprasegmentalfeature33. Complementarydistribution34. DistinctivefeaturesV. Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35. Whatisacousticphonetics?（中國(guó)人民大學(xué)，2003）36. Whatarethedifferencesbetweenvoicedsoundsandvoicelesssoundsintermsofarticulation?（南開(kāi)大學(xué)，2004）VI. Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37. Writethesymbolthatcorrespondstoeachofthefollowingphoneticdescriptions;thengiveanEnglishwordthatcontainsthissound.Example:voicedalveolarstop[d]dog.（青島海洋大學(xué)，1999） (1) voicelessbilabialunaspiratedstop (2) lowfrontvowel (3) lateralliquid (4) velarnasal (5) voicedinterdentalfricativeTestThree:MorphologyI. Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1. Nouns,verbsandadjectivescanbeclassifiedas__________. A.lexicalwords B.grammaticalwords C.functionwords D.formwords2. Morphemesthatrepresenttense,number,genderandcasearecalled__________morpheme. A.inflectional B.free C.bound D.derivational3. Thereare__________morphemesintheworddenationalization. A.three B.four C.five D.six4. InEnglish–iseand–tionarecalled__________. A.prefixes B.suffixes C.infixes D.stems5. Thethreesubtypesofaffixesare:prefix,suffixand__________. A.derivationalaffix B.inflectionalaffix C.infix D.back-formation6. __________isawayinwhichnewwordsmaybeformedfromalreadyexistingwordsbysubtractinganaffixwhichisthoughttobepartoftheoldword. A.affixation B.back-formation C.insertion D.addition7. ThewordTBisformedinthewayof__________. A.acronymy B.clipping C.initialism D.blending8. Thewordslikecomsatandsitcomareformedby__________. A.blending B.clipping C.back-formation D.acronymy9. Thestemofdisagreementsis__________. A.agreement B.agree C.disagree D.disagreement10. Allofthemaremeaningfulexceptfor__________. A.lexeme B.phoneme C.morpheme D.allomorphII. Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11. Phonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.12. Foreasinforetellisbothaprefixandaboundmorpheme.13. Basereferstothepartofthewordthatremainswhenallinflectionalaffixesareremoved.14. Inmostcases,prefixeschangethemeaningofthebasewhereassuffixeschangetheword-classofthebase.15. Conversionfromnountoverbisthemostproductiveprocessofaword.16. Reduplicativecompoundisformedbyrepeatingthesamemorphemeofaword.17. Thewordswhimper,whisperandwhistleareformedinthewayofonomatopoeia.18. Inmostcases,thenumberofsyllablesofawordcorrespondstothenumberofmorphemes.19. Back-formationisaproductivewayofword-formations.20. Inflectionisaparticularwayofword-formations.III. Fillintheblanks.(20%)21. An__________ispronouncedletterbyletter,whilean__________ispronouncedasaword.22. Lexicon,inmostcases,issynonymouswith__________.23. Orthographically,compoundsarewritteninthreeways:__________,__________and__________.24. Allwordsmaybesaidtocontainaroot__________.25. Asmallsetofconjunctions,prepositionsandpronounsbelongto__________class,whilethelargestpartofnouns,verbs,adjectivesandadverbsbelongsto__________class.26. __________isareverseprocessofderivation,andthereforeisaprocessofshortening.27. __________isextremelyproductive,becauseEnglishhadlostmostofitsinflectionalendingsbytheendofMiddleEnglishperiod,whichfacilitatedtheuseofwordsinterchangeablyasverbsornouns,verbsoradjectives,andviceversa.28. Wordsaredividedintosimple,compoundandderivedwordsonthe__________level.29. Awordformedbyderivationiscalleda__________,andawordformedbycompoundingiscalleda__________.30. Boundmorphemesareclassifiedintotwotypes:__________and__________.IV. Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31. Blending32. Allomorph33. Closed-classword34. MorphologicalruleV. Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35. HowmanytypesofmorphemesarethereintheEnglishlanguage?Whatarethey?（廈門大學(xué)，2003）36. WhatarethemainfeaturesoftheEnglishcompounds?VI. Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37. MatchthetermsunderCOLUMNIwiththeunderlinedformsfromCOLUMNII（武漢大學(xué)，2004） I II(1) acronym a. foe(2) freemorpheme b. subconscious(3) derivationalmorpheme c. UNESCO(4) inflectionalmorpheme d. overwhelmed(5) prefix e. calculationTestFour:SyntaxI. Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1. Thesentencestructureis________.A.onlylinearB.onlyhierarchicalC.complexD.bothlinearandhierarchical2. Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguageare____innumber.A.largeB.smallC.finiteD.infinite3. The________rulesaretherulesthatgroupwordsandphrasestoformgrammaticalsentences.A.lexicalB.morphologicalC.linguisticD.combinational4. Asentenceisconsidered____whenitdoesnotconformtothegrammati-c