L土木工程概論

IntroductiontoCivilEngineeringPapersZhangLiwei(ChinaMachinePRESS,Beijin100081)Abstract:Civilengineeringinthelonghistoryofmankind“scienceandthecnology”assystemofcivilengineeringactivityasubstantialproductionprocess.Civilengineeringandconstructionofengineeringscienceandtechnologyitrefertotheengineeringconstructioncollectivelyobjects,namely,ground,builtinundergroundengineeringfacilitiesalsoreferstowaterusedmaterials,equipmentandinspinspectionindesign,construction,maintenance,repair,etc.Keywords:EquipmentandinspectionindesignArchitecturalconceptionConstructionEnvironmentprotectionCivilEngineeringforthedevelopmentofakeyrole,firstasamaterialfoundationforthecivilengineeringconstructionmaterials,followedbythesubsequentdevelopmentofthedesigntheoryandconstructiontechnology.Everytimeanewqualityofbuildingmaterials,civilengineeringwillbealeapstyledevelopment.Peoplecanonlyrelyontheearlyearth,woodandothernaturalmaterialsintheconstructionactivities,andlaterappearedinbrickandtilethatartificialmaterials,sothatthefirsthumantobreaktheshacklesofnaturalbuildingmaterials.ChinaintheeleventhcenturyBCintheearlyWesternZhouDynastycreatedthetile.ThefirstbrickinthefifthcenturyBCtothethirdcenturyBC,whenthetomboftheWarringStatesPeriod.Brickandtilebetterthanthemechanicalpropertiesofsoil,materials,andeasytomanufacture.Thebrickandtilesothatpeoplebegantoappearwidely,toalargenumberofhousingconstructionandurbanfloodcontrolproject,andsoon.Thiscivilengineeringtechnologyhasbeenrapiddevelopment.Upto18tothe19thcentury,aslongastwothousandyears,brickandtilehasbeenamajorcivilengineeringconstructionmaterials,humancivilizationhasmadeagreatcontributiontotheevenwasalsowidelyusedinthepresent.Theapplicationofalargenumberofsteelproductsisthesecondleapincivilengineering.Seventeen1970stheuseofpigiron,theearlynineteenthcentury,theuseofwroughtironbridgesandtheconstructionofhousing,whichisapreludetotheemergenceofsteel.Fromthebeginningofthemidnineteenthcentury,metallurgicalindustry,smeltingandrollingouthightensileandcompressivestrength,ductility,uniformityofthequalityofconstructionsteelandthenproducehighstrengthsteelwire,steelcables.Asaresultoftheneedtoadapttothedevelopmentofthesteelstructurehavebeenflourishing.Inadditiontotheapplicationoftheoriginalbeam,archstructure,thenewtruss,aframework,thestructureofnetwork,cablestructurestopromotethegradualemergenceofthestructureofYanintheformofflowers.Fromthebrickbuildinglongspanstructures,stonestructures,afewmetersofwood,steelstructuretothedevelopmentoftensofmeters,afewhundredmeters,untilmodernkmabove.Sointheriver,crossthebridgefromshelves,onthegroundsincetheconstructionofskyscrapersandhigh-risetower,eveninthelayingofundergroundrailway,tocreateanunprecedentedmiracle.Inordertomeettheneedsofthedevelopmentofsteelworks,onthebasisofNewton'smechanics,materialmechanics,structuralmechanics,structuralengineeringdesigntheorycameintobeing,andsoon.Constructionmachinery,constructiontechnologyandconstructionorganizationdesigntheoryalsodevelopment,civilengineeringfromtheexperienceofrisingtobecomescience,engineeringpracticeandtheoreticalbasisforbothisadifferentplace,whichledtomorerapiddevelopmentofcivilengineering.Duringthenineteenthcentury,20,madeofPortlandcement,concretehascomeout.Concretecanaggregatematerials,easytoconcretestructuresforming,butthetensilestrengthofconcreteisverysmall,limiteduse.Bythemiddleofthenineteenthcentury,thesurgeinsteelproduction,withtheemergenceofthisnewtypeofreinforcedconcretecompositeconstructionmaterials,whichbearthetensionsteel,concretebearthepressureandplaytheirownadvantages.Sincethebeginningofthe20thcentury,reinforcedconcreteiswidelyusedinvariousfieldsofcivilengineering.Fromthebeginningofthe1930s,therehavebeenprestressedconcrete.Prestressedconcretestructureofthecrackresistance,rigidityandcarryingcapacity,muchhigherthanthereinforcedconcretestructure,whichusesanevenwiderarea.CivilEngineeringintothereinforcedconcreteandprestressedconcretedominanthistoricalperiod.Concretebuildingstobringaboutthee-mergenceofneweconomic,aestheticstructureintheformofengineering,civilengineeringsothatanewconstructiontechnologyandengineeringdesignofthestructureofthetheory.Thisisanotherleapinthedevelopmentofcivilengineering.吸Th敏e挨ch慮ar隆ac鴿te嶺ri褲st餅ic少s拿of驕C多iv毀il厲E知ng明in杯ee衫ri透ng脆.肥膜A伯pr孩oj排ec吹t妥to井b順ui北ld拋t浪he坑f同ac旋il慕it北ie厭s梯in柿g弦en彎er暢al弄t境o師go拿t鞏hr踐ou醋gh喊t粱he換i興n胸v閱es詢ti席ga敘ti掌on籃,盼de編si露gn剝a緞nd蒸c猾on介st光ru娘ct血io嚇n盟in貴t呀hr捐ee堵s興ta興ge反s,曠r種eq頃ui北re遙t須he號(hào)u薄se森o巴f慘ge診ol遍og莖i溜ca續(xù)l疑p催ro主s苦pe懇ct乖in牢g尿pr暖oj敞ec申ts肚,蚊hy姑dr蝦o股ge幅ol席og紛ic侄al乘s疑ur柔ve蕉y,軍e便ng性in春ee贈(zèng)ri氣ng漫s瞎ur婆ve絮y,干s優(yōu)oi換l臂me堵ch架an碰ic墨s,巾m挪ec藥ha刪ni背ca孫l科en脖gi柜ne辜er懷in燒g,缺e敲ng兇in預(yù)ee拖ri些ng鍬d優(yōu)es何ig錫n,盯b洲ui客ld本in徒g顛ma孕te夾ri宜al鴨s,無(wú)c抗on楚st唉ru拿ct獄io絮n杰e轎qu求ip磁me次nt選,宏en酷gi艙ne西er菌in機(jī)g冊(cè)ma傳ch腰in次er雹y,六bu號(hào)i棚ld表in派g付th稼e亂ec黎on棒om寨y首,盈An亦d牧ot薦he某r申di欠sc持ip驚li啟ne倒s抬an脹d伍co勸ns北tr變uc質(zhì)ti命on躺t滲ec話hn森ol顫og稼y,訴c話on閱st陶ru剝ct啞io尼n候an妙d椅ot設(shè)he趨r聞fi映el恒ds鼓o魄f沉kn渡ow業(yè)le淡dg秧e,霉a癢s衰we算ll貫a腿s繪co渣mp畫ut侍er奪a融nd蜘m俱ec譽(yù)ha知ni仁ca過(guò)l檢te東st三in奶g量te崇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