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跨文化交際案例分析CaseStudy1AgeandStatus兩位同事的矛盾使一家數(shù)據(jù)處理公司的總經(jīng)理遇到了麻煩。一方是一位躊躇滿志的法裔加拿大小伙子,另一方是一位有特許簽證的年長(zhǎng)的中國(guó)女性,而此前兩人確實(shí)很好的合作伙伴…..Casedescription:Amanagerinadata-processingcompanywashavingdifficultydealingwithaconflictbetweenayoung,ambitiousFrenchCanadianmaleandhisco-worker,anolderChinesewomanwhowasonaspecialvisafromChina.Shehadrecentlybecomeuncooperativeandhadmadeitcleartothemanagerthatshewouldnotbewillingtotraveltothecapitalwithherco-workertoholddiscussionwithlegislatorsaboutanewproductwithgreatenthusiasm.Whenthemanageraskedherwhattheproblemwas,hereceivednoclearexplanation.Whenheaskedherco-worker,theyoungmanhadnoinsightstooffer.TheyoungFrenchCanadianwasclearlyannoyed,however,thattheChinesewomanwasrefusingtoshareherdatawithhim.Thatmeanthecouldn’tmakethepresentationtothelegislatorsbecauseshehadallthekeydataonhercomputerdisks.Themanagerrepeatedquestionstoherbuther“problem”gotnowhere.Sohechangedhisapproach.Hebeganexplaininghisconcerns,asmangerandasspokespersonforthecompany,abouttheupcomingmeetingwithlegislators.Hisexplanationabouthispositionwasunemotional.Inthatclimateshethenfeltshecouldexplainherposition.Sherevealedshefeltthatthatasanolder,andtohermind,moreseniorperson,sheshouldnotbesenttothecapitolwithayoungeremployeewhowoulddothepresentationofmaterialshehadworkedhardtodevelop.Thatwoulddiminishherstatus,shefelt.Thegeneralmangerknewtherootofhisheadache.Questions:1.Whatdoyouthinkcausedtheconflict?2.Whatwouldyoudotoresolvetheconflictifyouwerethegeneralmanager?矛盾沖突這位年長(zhǎng)的中國(guó)女士投入極大的熱情和精力開發(fā)產(chǎn)品.卻在最后的關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻拒絕與年輕的同事一同去向議員做推介:當(dāng)經(jīng)理和同事問其原因.她并未做任何明確的回答:而當(dāng)經(jīng)理改變策略,不再直接詢問原因,而是迂回地講起自己的困境時(shí),她才道出自己的顧慮。在這位資深年長(zhǎng)的中國(guó)女士看來,同一位比她年輕的同事一同去國(guó)會(huì),并且由對(duì)方來做推介會(huì)影響到她的地位和威信,因此她無法同意:原因分析造成這一矛盾的文化因素有兩方面.對(duì)地位、年齡的不同態(tài)度以及這種不同的表達(dá)方式。人對(duì)權(quán)力的認(rèn)識(shí)因文化背景的不同而不同。根據(jù)霍夫斯特的調(diào)查研究,“低權(quán)力距離”國(guó)家的人強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人的能力和信用,人與與人之間權(quán)利和關(guān)系的平等,而.”高權(quán)力距離”國(guó)家,如中國(guó)、日本本、緯國(guó),強(qiáng)調(diào)地位、經(jīng)驗(yàn)、年齡、資歷等,人與人之間存在級(jí)別差距距;因此在這位年輕的加拿大人看來,在工作上他與這位女士是平等的合合作伙伴,并沒有地位的差別,自己也有能力參與項(xiàng)目并做最后報(bào)告。而而在這位中國(guó)女士看來,以自己的年齡、資歷、以及工作中的付出,與一個(gè)年輕人一同去國(guó)會(huì),并且由對(duì)方來做報(bào)告對(duì)她來說是一件丟面子的一個(gè)年輕人一同去國(guó)會(huì),并且由對(duì)方來做報(bào)告對(duì)她來說是一件丟面子的另外.雙方表達(dá)方式的不同也導(dǎo)致了矛盾的加深。根據(jù)霍爾的理論,加加拿大同事沒有充分考慮到她所處的位置.而是直接問她原因時(shí),這位中國(guó)女士采用了婉轉(zhuǎn)回進(jìn)的策略,沒有直接說出自己的想法。而當(dāng)經(jīng)理改變方法迂回地說到自己的難處時(shí),在這種語(yǔ)境下她才說出自己的顧LowLowpowerdistance"countryonindividualabilityandcredit,thetherelationshipbetweenrightsandequality,and."highpowerdistancedistance"countries,suchasChina,Japan,weftkingdom,emphasizingemphasizingthestatus,experience,age,qualifications,existingexistinggapbetweenpeoplelevel。SointheyoungCanadianopinionopinion,intheworkheandthewomanareequalpartners,andthethedifferenceinnoposition,alsohastheabilitytoparticipateparticipateinprojectanddothelastreport.AndintheChineseChinesewomenseemto,intheirownage,qualifications,andworkworkinpay,andayoungmantogethertocongress,andbyeachotherothertodothereportforherisaloseface:OutsideOutside.Bothsidesexpressingwaydifferentledtothedeepeningdeepeningofcontradictions.Accordingtothetheoryofhall,CanadaCanadais"lowcontext"countries;Chinabelongsto"highcontextcontext"culturecountries,文化溝通當(dāng)與不同文化背景、年齡、地位的人進(jìn)行跨文化交流合作時(shí),我們應(yīng)當(dāng)充分了解對(duì)方價(jià)值觀中對(duì)這些個(gè)人因素的看法,決策前應(yīng)采用合適的方式進(jìn)行有效的協(xié)商,以便避免和化解因文化背景、價(jià)值觀不同引起的矛盾盾。本案例中的經(jīng)理在理解她的難處之后,可以在全公司內(nèi)正式的公布這這位女士的工作成果,給予高度的認(rèn)可.同時(shí)在議會(huì)的報(bào)告中也應(yīng)體現(xiàn)出其工作出其工作的重要意義,使之得,得到應(yīng)有的重視。ThisThiscaseofmanagerinunderstandingherdifficultyaftercanininallthecompanyreleasedwithintheformalthelady'swork,totogivehighrecognition.Atthesametimeintheparliamentaryreportreportshouldreflectitsimportance,make,andgettheattentionattentionitdeserves.CaseStudy2PraisingJapaneseinPublicWorkplaces(在工作場(chǎng)所當(dāng)眾表?yè)P(yáng)日本人)瓊斯先生(美國(guó)經(jīng)理)當(dāng)眾表?yè)P(yáng)蘇琦木拓(日本員工)工作做得很棒,本以為蘇琦木拓會(huì)高興的接受,卻不料…..Casedescription:American:Mr.Sugimoto,Ihavenoticedthatyouaredoinganexcellentjobontheassemblyline.Ihopethattheotherworkersnoticehowitshouldbedone.Japanese:(Heisuneasy).Praiseisnotnecessary.Iamonlydoingmyjob.(HehopesotherJapaneseworkersdonothear.)American:Youarethefinesse,mostexcellent,dedicatedworkerwehaveeverhadattheJonesCorporation.Japanese:(Heblushedandnodshisheadseveraltimes,andkeepsworking.)American:Well,areyougoingtosay“thankyou,”Mr.Sugimoto,orjustremainsilent?Japanese:Excuseme,Mr.Jones…MayItakeleaveforfiveminutes?American:Sure.(HeisannoyedandwatchedSugimotoexit).Ican’tbelievehowrudesomeJapaneseworkersare.Theyseemtobedisturbedbypraiseanddon’tansweryou…justsilent.Questions:WhywastheconversationbetweenMr.JonesandMr.Sugimotonotsopleasant?Whydidtheyhavesuchdifferentreactionstowardspraisinginpublicworkplaces?IfyouwereMr.Sugimoto,wouldyouacceptpraisefromMr.Jonesinpublicworkplaces?IfwereMr.Jones,howwouldyoudealwiththesituationmoreappropriately?析矛盾沖突從對(duì)話中可以看出,瓊斯先生認(rèn)為在其他工人面前表?yè)P(yáng)蘇奇木拓先生是對(duì)他工作的肯定.也是對(duì)他個(gè)人的認(rèn)可,蘇奇木拓先生應(yīng)該高興地接受,不必遮遮掩掩不好意思,更不應(yīng)該一句話不說就走了。但瓊斯先生只是從美國(guó)強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人的概念出發(fā),卻不熟悉日本人是如何看待個(gè)人和集體的關(guān)系,不知道如何向日本同事表示欣賞和贊揚(yáng).結(jié)果適得其反。瓊斯先生和蘇奇木拓交流失敗的原因主要在于都對(duì)雙方的文化了解不深,特別是雙方對(duì)個(gè)人與集體關(guān)系的看法不同。原因分析在霍夫斯特的“個(gè)體取向與集體取向”53個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)的列表中美國(guó)排在第一位.而日本排在22位,這意味著美國(guó)是非常強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人主義的國(guó)家家,而日本更注重的是集體。在美國(guó)鼓勵(lì)個(gè)人創(chuàng)斷,提倡竟?fàn)帲畟€(gè)人會(huì)因業(yè)績(jī)優(yōu)異而受到上司表?yè)P(yáng),這是一種典型的美國(guó)式做法。特別是如果在在同事面前受到表?yè)P(yáng),個(gè)人會(huì)覺得很自豪,因?yàn)槌煽?jī)得到了上級(jí)的認(rèn)可可,同時(shí)也在同事中間表現(xiàn)了自己,實(shí)現(xiàn)了自我價(jià)值。在美國(guó),受到表?yè)P(yáng)的人往往會(huì)說“謝謝”’以作回答。揚(yáng)的人往往會(huì)說“謝謝”’以作回答。TheUnitedStatesisverystressedstressedindividualismcountry,andJapanaremorefocusedontheirtheircollective.IntheUnitedStatesencouragesindividualcreativecreative,advocatingcompetition.Individualwillandexcellentperformanceperformancebybossforpraise,thisisakindoftypicalAmericanAmericanpractices.Especiallyifinfrontofmycolleagueshavehavebeenpraised,peoplewillfeelveryproud,becausetheresultsresultsobtainedsuperiorapprobate,andalsoinamongcolleaguescolleaguesshowed,realizetheegovalue.IntheUnitedStates,whowhopraisedwilloftensay"thankyou"toanswer".所以案例中的瓊斯先生認(rèn)為蘇奇木拓先生也應(yīng)該以這樣的方式接受表?yè)P(yáng)。出乎他意抖的是,那位受到表?yè)P(yáng)的日本工人對(duì)他的表?yè)P(yáng)感到不安,沒把表?yè)P(yáng)當(dāng)回事:美國(guó)經(jīng)理接著用更肯定的語(yǔ)氣維續(xù)表?yè)P(yáng)他,如用英語(yǔ)中的最高級(jí)形容詞“最優(yōu)秀的”、“最杰出”、‘最勤奮”等等。使他更吃驚的是:他的這番贊揚(yáng)之詞使那位日本工人更1危臉,臉一下紅了起來,只是理他所不知的是,日本是典型他所不知的是,日本是典型頭干活.不再言語(yǔ),僅僅點(diǎn)了兩下頭。對(duì)于這樣的回答或拒絕表?yè)P(yáng).美國(guó)國(guó)經(jīng)理實(shí)在是無法理解,也無法忍受這種沉默不語(yǔ),于是直截了當(dāng)?shù)叵蛩l(fā)問道:“你打算說聲謝謝呢,還是要選擇繼續(xù)保待沉默呢?”責(zé)備他他表現(xiàn)“沒禮貌”。Themanagerwasunabletounderstand,alsocancan'tstandforthesilent,thentostraightouthehairasked:""areyougoingtosayThankyou,ortochoosetocontinuethestaystaysilent"Blamehimtoshow"rude".的的集體主義國(guó)度,在日本個(gè)人要忠實(shí)于集體,集體內(nèi)部的成員要團(tuán)結(jié)一致致不傾向于突出個(gè)人業(yè)績(jī).而是強(qiáng)調(diào)集體協(xié)作。所以當(dāng)蘇奇木拓先生在同事面前受到表?yè)P(yáng)時(shí),非常地局促不安.只是低頭干自己的事情,甚同事面前受到表?yè)P(yáng)時(shí),非常地局促不安.只是低頭干自己的事情,甚至要要求要離開五分鐘,沒有正面給瓊斯先生任何答復(fù).因?yàn)樗X得這樣把他和所屬的集體分離開了.他和所屬的集體分離開了.使他在同事面前失去了面子。另一方面.美國(guó)經(jīng)理由于對(duì)日本文化特點(diǎn)的無知,國(guó)經(jīng)理由于對(duì)日本文化特點(diǎn)的無知,公開表?yè)P(yáng)不僅把那位日本工人弄得無無言以答,而且會(huì)失去在其他日本工人對(duì)他的尊敬。Japanistypicalofofcollectivesocialistcountry,inJapaneseindividualshouldbebefaithfultothecollective,themembersofthecollectivetointernalinternalunitydon'ttendtooutstandingindividualperformance.ButButemphasizethecollectivecooperation.SowhenSuJiMuMrExtensionExtensioninfrontofmycolleagueswhenpraisedveryillateaseease.Justdotheirownthingsdown,evenwanttoleavefiveminutesminutes,nopositiveforMrJonesanyreply.Becausehefeltthatthatheandthesubordinatetothecollectiveisolates.Tohis文化溝通ininfrontofmycolleagueslostface.Ontheotherhand.ThemanagermanagerbecauseofJapaneseculturecharacteristicsofignoranceignorance,publicpraisenotonlytheJapaneseworkersmakecouldcouldanswer,andwillloseintheotherJapaneseworkerstohishisrespect.從對(duì)話中也可以看出蘇奇木拓先生不接受當(dāng)眾表?yè)P(yáng),卻只是保持沉默,甚至要走開,沒有把他的不滿當(dāng)眾表達(dá)出來。這樣的行為使得瓊斯先生認(rèn)為日本員工不禮貌。這一交際失致和日美兩國(guó)交流方式不同有很大關(guān)系。根據(jù)霍爾(Hail)的“高語(yǔ)境”和”低語(yǔ)境”理論,日本是典型的高語(yǔ)境國(guó)家,交流方式含蓄委婉,不會(huì)輕易在眾人面前表達(dá)不滿,會(huì)高語(yǔ)境國(guó)家,交流方式含蓄委婉,不會(huì)輕易在眾人面前表達(dá)不滿,會(huì)更多的依賴于多的依賴于非言語(yǔ)交流."Highcontext"and"lowcontext"theory,JapanJapanistypicalhighcontextcountries,communicationimplicativeimplicativetactful,noteasilyinthepresenceofallexpressdiscontentdiscontent,willbemoredependentonnon-verbalcommunication.如蘇奇木拓先生不作回答保持沉慶,只是干自己的工作,以此表示對(duì)當(dāng)眾表?yè)P(yáng)的不滿。而美國(guó)屬于”低語(yǔ)境”國(guó)家,習(xí)慣直接的語(yǔ)言交流方..AndtheUnitedStatesbelongsto"lowcontext"countries,usedtodirectlanguagecommunication當(dāng)蘇奇木拓先生顯得不安時(shí),球斯先生卻說“你打算說謝謝呢,還是要選擇沉默?”。當(dāng)蘇奇木拓先生要求離開時(shí),瓊斯先生就認(rèn)為沒有任何回答就離開是不禮貌的。雙雙方應(yīng)該對(duì)彼此的文化有所了解,應(yīng)該清楚兩種文化對(duì)個(gè)人的不同看法和和不同的交流方式.不要總是從自己的出發(fā)點(diǎn)看問題。瓊斯先生應(yīng)該知道道最好不要當(dāng)眾表?yè)P(yáng)某個(gè)日本人,而是應(yīng)該私下單獨(dú)表?yè)P(yáng),或者會(huì)開表?yè)P(yáng)揚(yáng)某個(gè)集體或團(tuán)隊(duì);要清楚日本人的交流方式比較委婉間接,為了集體的的和諧他們通常不會(huì)在公開場(chǎng)合表示不滿。而蘇奇木拓先生也應(yīng)該了解美美國(guó)時(shí)個(gè)人的重視,公開表?yè)P(yáng)個(gè)人是對(duì)他能力的認(rèn)可;美國(guó)人更喜歡直接的語(yǔ)接的語(yǔ)言交流,有什么想法要說出來,而不是要保持沉默或是回避Bothsidessidesshouldunderstandthecultureforeachother,shouldbeclearclearthattwokindsofcultureonpersonaldifferentviewsanddifferentdifferentwayofcommunication.Don'talwayslookatproblemsfromfromtheirstartingpoint.MrJonesshouldknowbetternotpraisepraiseinpublicaJapanese,butshouldpraisealone,orwillopenopenpraiseacollectiveorteam;WanttobeclearabouttheJapaneseJapanesewayofcommunicationmoretactfulindirectly,totheharmonyharmonyofcollectivetheyusuallydon'tpubliclyexpresseddissatisfactiondissatisfaction.AndSuJiMuMrShouldknowtheextensionoftheindividualindividualattentionwhen,publicpraiseforhispersonalabilityabilityistheapproval;Americanspreferdirectlanguageexchangeexchange,havewhatideatosay,butnottoremainsilentoravavoidCase3ABritishGeneralManagerinThailand英國(guó)總經(jīng)理在泰國(guó)一位英國(guó)總經(jīng)理來到泰國(guó)上任,到任之初,沒想到使用什么樣的車上班這個(gè)小問題給他帶來了不小的煩惱…….Casedescription:ABritishgeneralmanageruponarrivalinThailandrefusedtotakehispredecessor’scar.TheThaifinancemanageraskedthenewGMwhattypeofMercedeshewouldlike,then,TheGMaskedforaSuzukioraMini,anythingthatcouldbehandledeasilyinthecongestedtrafficinBangkok.ThreeweekslatertheGMcalledthefinancemangerandaskedaboutprospectsforthedeliveryofhiscar.TheThailosthisreserveforamomentandexclaimed:“wecangetyouanewMercedesbytomorrow,butSuzukitakemuch,muchlonger.”TheGMaskedhimtoseewhathecoulddotospeeduptheprocess.AfterfourweekstheGMaskedtoseethepurchaseorderforthecar.Thepurchasingdepartmentrepliedthat,becauseitwouldtakesolongtogetasmallcar,theyhaddecidedtoorderaMercedes.TheGM’spatiencehadrunout.Atthefirstmanagementmeetinghebroughttheissueupandaskedforanexplanation.Somewhatshyly,thepredominantlyThaimanagementteamexplainedthattheycouldhardlycometoworkonbicycle.Questions:因此,因此,在本案例中,最后泰國(guó)職員的解釋是,如果WhydidtheGMhavedifficultiesingettingaSuzukiorMini?Whydidthemanagementteamsaytheycouldhardlycometoworkonbicycle?原因分析泰泰國(guó)是等級(jí)觀念很強(qiáng)的國(guó)家.泰國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化價(jià)值觀的核心,如家長(zhǎng)制、權(quán)權(quán)威索拜,等級(jí)觀念等是人們?nèi)粘P袨樗J(rèn)的準(zhǔn)則,甚至是一種“生活方式”人們認(rèn)為社會(huì)等級(jí)制度時(shí)人有好處.所以不會(huì)向社會(huì)等級(jí)制度活方式”人們認(rèn)為社會(huì)等級(jí)制度時(shí)人有好處.所以不會(huì)向社會(huì)等級(jí)制度挑挑戰(zhàn)。泰國(guó)的社會(huì)生活強(qiáng)調(diào)等級(jí)觀念,依賴于等級(jí)關(guān)系。而在公司等社會(huì)會(huì)機(jī)構(gòu)中,強(qiáng)調(diào)正式的組織結(jié)構(gòu),各個(gè)等級(jí)保持一定的穩(wěn)定性。ThailandThailandishierarchystrongcountry.Thailandtraditionalculturalculturalvaluesofthecore,suchasthepatriarchalsystem,andandtheauthorityandworship,levelistheconceptofthepeoplepeopledailybehaviorofacceptedstandards,orevena""lifestyle"peoplethinksocialhierarchysystempeoplehavegoodgood.Sowillnotgiveintothesocialhierarchychallenge.ThailandThailand'semphasisonsociallifehierarchy,relyonhierarchyrelationshiprelationship.Andinthecompanyandothersocialorganizations,emphasizesemphasizesformalorganizationstructure,eachlevelmaintaincertaincertainstability.總經(jīng)理的用車總經(jīng)理的用車降低水準(zhǔn),公司所有職員的用車要整體降級(jí),Thegeneralmanagermanagerofthelowerlevelfruittransport,thecompanyall最終有些職員必須要騎最終有些職員必須要騎自staffstafftransporttothewholedowngraded,行車上班,而這是他們不愿也無法做到的。在英國(guó)文化的價(jià)位觀中,權(quán)力之間的距離很小.具體工作之外,人們之間是平等的,公司中的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力之間的距離很?。唧w工作之外,人們之間是平等的,公司中的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者者用車是為了工作,為了提高的業(yè)績(jī),因此英國(guó)經(jīng)理看來.交通工具的選選用是為了提高工作效率.每個(gè)人都有選擇的自由,自己選用什么樣的車與公司其他人無關(guān)。車與公司其他人無關(guān)。InBritishcultureontheprice,thedistancedistancebetweenthepowerissmall.Thespecificworkoutside,betweenbetweenpeopleisequal,theleaderisinordertotransportthethework,inordertoimprovetheperformance,soBritainthemanagermanagerlooked.Traffictoolsinordertoimprovetheworkefficiencyefficiencyischoose.Everyonehasthefreedomofchoice,oneselfoneselfchoosewhatkindofcarcompanyhasnothingtodowithothersothers.文化溝通本案例中,如果英國(guó)經(jīng)理堅(jiān)持一意孤行,很容易引起泰國(guó)員工的集體反感,會(huì)有被架空的危險(xiǎn)。在跨國(guó)組織中,遇到這種情況應(yīng)從實(shí)際環(huán)境,即地理環(huán)境及當(dāng)?shù)匚幕?xí)俗,占主導(dǎo)成員的文化背境出發(fā),考慮大多數(shù)人的習(xí)慣和意見,做出不影響團(tuán)隊(duì)成員工作積極性和工作業(yè)績(jī)的決策第頁(yè)case4微笑是友好的表示,理應(yīng)得到友好的回應(yīng)。但是,向別人道歉時(shí)微笑是否顯得適當(dāng)?不同國(guó)家的人有不同的理解。處理不當(dāng),很可能帶來意想不到的結(jié)果……Casedescription:PeteristhegeneralmanagerofanAmericancompanyinChina.Recently,JunChen,oneoftheChinesemanagersmadeamistakeatworkthatcausedsomedifficultiesthatrequiredalotofefforttofix.JunChenwasveryupsetaboutwhathadhappened,andcametoPeter’sofficetomakeaformalapology.JunChenwentintoPeter’sofficeafterbeingtoldto,smilingbeforehespoke.“Peter,I’vebeenfeelingveryupsetaboutthetroubleI’vecausedforthecompany.I’mheretoapologizeformymistake.I’mterriblysorryaboutitandIwantyoutoknowthatitwillneverhappenagain.”JunChensaid,lookingatPeterwiththesmilehehadbeenwearingsincehewalkedintotheoffice.Peterfoundithardtoaccepttheapology.HelookedatJunChen,andasked,“areyousure”“Yes,I’mverysorryandIpromisethiswon’thappenagain,”JunChensaid,withasmileevenbroaderthanbefore.“I’msorryIjustcan’ttakeyourapology.Youdon’tlooksorryatall!”Petersaidangrily.JunChen’sfaceturnedveryred.HedidnotintheleastexpectPetertotakeitnegatively.Hewasdesperatetomakehimselfunderstood.“Peter,”hemanagedtosmileagain,“trustme,noonecanfeelanymoresorrythanIdoaboutit.”Peterwasalmostfuriousbynow,“Ifyou’rethatsorry,howcanyoustillsmile”Questionsfordiscussion”WhydidJunChenwearasmilewhenhemadetheapology?DoyouthinkitisreasonablethatPeterbecamesoangrywithJunChenWhyWhatarethedifferentinterpretationsforasmilebythetwointhissituation?矛盾沖突本本案例所體現(xiàn)的矛盾非常明顯,是由于膠體語(yǔ)言使用的文化差異而導(dǎo)致的的誤解。不同文化對(duì)于微笑的理解是不同的。尤其是在道歉這種特殊的語(yǔ)語(yǔ)境下。陳軍向彼得道謙時(shí),盡力微笑著說話以顯示禮貌和誠(chéng)意,而對(duì)于于彼得來說,這種情況下微笑是不尊重的表硯,也是缺乏誠(chéng)意的表現(xiàn)。ThisThiscasethatembodiestheveryobviouscontradiction,isbecausebecausethecolloiduseoflanguageculturaldifferencesandleadleadtomisunderstandings.Differentcultureforsmileofunderstandingunderstandingisdifferent.Especiallyinthecontextofthisspecialspecialandapologize.HowellwaytoPeterWilliams,tryingtosmilesmiletospeaktoshowcourtesyandsincerity,andforPeterspeakingspeaking,thissituationisnotrespectwatchsmileyanping,alsoalsoisthelackofsincerityoftheperformance.原因分析當(dāng)陳軍表達(dá)完自己的歉意時(shí),臉上的笑容使彼得懷提他是否真心感到抱歉,以至于看著他追問了一句:”你確定嗎?”。此時(shí)陳軍并未意識(shí)到他們之間的交流已經(jīng)由于自己錯(cuò)誤使用膠體語(yǔ)言而產(chǎn)生了問題,笑容更加明顯地答到自己確實(shí)感到很抱歉并保證不會(huì)再犯同樣的錯(cuò)誤。彼得非常氣憤的表示不能接受他的道歇,這是令陳軍萬萬沒有想到的.彼得的反應(yīng)也讓他頗為不解,只能急忙為自己辯解.但仍不忘保持臉上的微笑,可想而知.陳軍的行為非但不能消除誤解.取得彼得的訪解,反而進(jìn)一步火上澆油,激怒了彼得。在跨文化交流中,對(duì)肢體語(yǔ)言使用和理解的差異往往會(huì)導(dǎo)致許多問翅在跨文化交流中,對(duì)肢體語(yǔ)言使用和理解的差異往往會(huì)導(dǎo)致許多問翅。時(shí)間時(shí)間的不同觀念及空間的使用等。笑容一般傳達(dá)的是愉悅和友好的感情情,可以表示歡迎、原諒、贊同、沒有敵意等等。在此案例中,對(duì)于中國(guó)人陳軍來說,微笑不僅僅只是快樂和友好的表示,也傳遞道歉與諒國(guó)人陳軍來說,微笑不僅僅只是快樂和友好的表示,也傳遞道歉與諒解的的信息。同時(shí)由于中國(guó)人習(xí)慣用面部來遮掩感情,陳軍也有借微笑掩飾自自己的不安和歉疚的習(xí)慣。而對(duì)于美國(guó)人,這種做法并不能被接受。微笑笑削弱了道歉的誠(chéng)意.美國(guó)人強(qiáng)調(diào)真實(shí)直接的表達(dá)情感,內(nèi)心感情與外在在表硯的統(tǒng)一。所以他們認(rèn)為當(dāng)一個(gè)人內(nèi)心感到愧疚而致歉時(shí),是不可能面帶笑容的.否則能面帶笑容的.否則只能說明道歉的真誠(chéng)性值得懷疑。Incross-culturalculturalcommunication,ofbodylanguageuseandunderstandthedifferencesdifferencesoftenledtomanyaskedwings.Bodylanguageincludingincludinggestures,bodymovements.Dress.Toneheight,smiling,silentsilent,vicelanguage,aboutthetimeofconceptionandtheuseofofspace,etc.Generalcommunicateischeerfulsmileandfriendlyfriendlyaffection,cansaywelcome,forgive,agreewith,nohostilehostile,andsoon.Inthiscase,totheChineseforhowell,smilesmilenotjusthappyandfriendly,andsaidtheinformationtransfertransferapologizeandunderstanding.AtthesametimebecausethetheChineseusedtofacetocoverfeelings,howellalsohaveborrowborrowsmilehidehisagitationandthehabitofguilt.ForanAmericanAmerican,thiskindofpracticeandcannotbeaccepted.Smileweakenweakentheapologyofsincerity.Americanemphasisonrealdirectdirectexpressfeelings,emotionsandexternaltableinkstoneunityunity.Sotheythinkthatwhenapersonfeelguiltywhenexcuse,isisimpossibletosmiling.Otherwisecanexplainthesincereaapologyualsuspect.ThereThere'sanoldChinesesaying"stretchedouthishandandnotddozensmilingface,文化溝通要避免跨文化交際中產(chǎn)生由膠體語(yǔ)言使用不當(dāng)而造成交流上的障礙和誤解,解決本案例中出現(xiàn)的類似問題,必須提前了解對(duì)方國(guó)家的文化,了解同樣的肢體語(yǔ)言在對(duì)方國(guó)家中是否有著同樣的意義.尤其是對(duì)方文化中涉及禮節(jié)禮儀的方面有何禁忌和特別之處。切不能想當(dāng)然的套用自己文化中肢體語(yǔ)言的含義,否則就可能出現(xiàn)本案例中得尷尬情況。Case5WhyWasHisAnswerNotRelatedtotheQuestion?飛利浦照明公司的一位美國(guó)經(jīng)理和一位頗具發(fā)展?jié)摿Φ闹袊?guó)員工談話,但這位中國(guó)員工總是答非所問,美國(guó)經(jīng)理甚是疑惑……Casedescription:AnAmericanmanagerofhumanresourceinPhilipslighteningcompanytalkedwithaChineseemployeewithgreatpotential.TheAmericanmanagerwantedtoknowthedevelopmentdesignandthepositiontheemployeewantstogetinthecompany.ButtheChineseemployeedidnotanswerthequestiondirectly;insteadheonlytalkedaboutthecompany’sfuturedirection,promotionsystemandhiscurrentposition.Hetalkedforalongtime,butdidnotgiveadefiniteanddirectanswer.Themanagerwaspuzzledandannoyed,becausethesamesituationhasoccurredseveraltimes,Later,themanagercomplainedtoanotherhumanresourcemanager,Mr.Jia,“Ionlywantedtoknowtheemployee’sworkingplaninthenext5yearsandthepositionhewantstogetinthecompany,butwhyIcannotgetaclearanswer”.TheChineseemployeealsocomplainedtoMr.Jia.,“WhyareAmericanssoaggressive”Asthehumanresourcemanagerinamultinationalcompany,Mr.Jiaknowsthatadifferentmannerincommunicationbringsaboutmisunderstandings.Sohedidbesttoexplaintothetwosides,butitisnoteasytoreducetheobstaclebetweenthem.Questionfordiscussion:WhydidtheChineseemployeenotgiveaclearanddefiniteanswer?WhatstereotypedidtheChineseemployeefromtowardsAmerican?HowcanMr.Jiaeffectivelysolvetheawkwardsituation?矛盾沖突這是一個(gè)體現(xiàn)東西方人際交流方式差異的案例。在這個(gè)案例中,文化沖突體現(xiàn)在:來自美國(guó)的人力資源經(jīng)理看好一個(gè)中國(guó)雇員,因此和該雇員談話,想知道他對(duì)自己的職業(yè)發(fā)展規(guī)劃以及期望得到什么職位。而令他不解和惱怒的是,該雇員避而不談該回答的問題卻大談公司的未來發(fā)展、晉升和他目前的職位。結(jié)果是兩人都在背后互相抱怨,美國(guó)人認(rèn)為中中國(guó)雇員太虛偽,而中國(guó)雇員也認(rèn)為美國(guó)人太直接、坦率、咄咄通人。AmericansAmericansbelievethatChineseemployeestoohypocritical,andChineseChineseemployeesalsothinkAmericanstoodirect,frankly,ourveryveryaggressive.原因分析該案例中的一方是美國(guó)人,而那位員工是中國(guó)人。產(chǎn)生這樣糟糕結(jié)果的該案例中的一方是美國(guó)人,而那位員工是中國(guó)人。產(chǎn)生這樣糟糕結(jié)果的一個(gè)主要原因是中美兩國(guó)在人際交流方式上,具體來說是在回答問題的一個(gè)主要原因是中美兩國(guó)在人際交流方式上,具體來說是在回答問題的方方式上,存在巨大差異,而當(dāng)事雙方卻并沒意識(shí)到這一點(diǎn)。這種文化差異異體現(xiàn)在中國(guó)文化注重維護(hù)群體和諧的人際交流環(huán)境,而美國(guó)丈化則注重重創(chuàng)造一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)堅(jiān)持個(gè)性的人際交流環(huán)境。人的傳人的傳統(tǒng)心理,這樣的回答違反了中國(guó)人一向謙應(yīng)、委婉的心理習(xí)慣,太太直接反而暴露出自己很有野心并高傲自大的缺陷,而謙虛可以給自己留有后路,萬一做不到那個(gè)理想的位子,也不至于丟面子.被人笑話。留有后路,萬一做不到那個(gè)理想的位子,也不至于丟面子.被人笑話。盡盡于這位中國(guó)員工可能心里對(duì)未來有著宏偉的藍(lán)圖.但是他所處的文化背背景主張克制情緒和情感。因此他在回答美國(guó)上司的問題時(shí),沒有直接說說出自己的想法.而是談了很多與公司未來發(fā)展有關(guān)的事,在他看來自己的做法是完全符合社會(huì)規(guī)范的,是謙虛的表硯,并且認(rèn)為將自己的己的做法是完全符合社會(huì)規(guī)范的,是謙虛的表硯,并且認(rèn)為將自己的未來來與公司的未來緊密相連有利于保持組織的和諧。這在中國(guó)人看來是再正常不過的了,直截了當(dāng)?shù)卣f出自己的薪水目標(biāo)或是職位目標(biāo)反而會(huì)正常不過的了,直截了當(dāng)?shù)卣f出自己的薪水目標(biāo)或是職位目標(biāo)反而會(huì)被認(rèn)認(rèn)為是具有野心的表硯。此外,中國(guó)人評(píng)價(jià)一個(gè)人,往往是清他究竟做了什么,而不是看他說了什么。了什么,而不是看他說了什么。ThecaseofthepartyisAmerican,andandthestaffisChinese.HavethisbadresultsofoneofthemainmainreasonsisthatChinaandtheUnitedStatesonthewayininterpersonalinterpersonalcommunications,specificallyisthewaytoanswerquestionsquestions,therearelargedifferences,andbothpartiesbutdidndidn'trealizethis.TheseculturaldifferencesreflectedinChineseChineseculturepaysattentiontomaintenancegroupharmoniousinterpersonalinterpersonalcommunicationenvironment,andtheUnitedStatesthetheculturalfocusesoncreatingaitputsemphasisontheindividualindividualcharacterofinterpersonalcommunicationenvironment.IfIftheChineseemployeesdirectlyfromthefrontofthehumanresourcesresourcesmanageransweredthequestion.Forexample.Chineseemployeesemployeesanswer:"......thinkinfiveyearsdotheMarketingDepartmentDepartmentmanagerposition."AccordingtoChinesetraditionalpsychologicalpsychological,suchanswerviolationoftheChinesepeoplehavealwaysalwaysmodest,thepsychologicalhabitsshouldbeeuphemism,展的展的打算,即想要在飛利浦做到什么樣的職位可以看出,tootoodirectexposedhimselfinsteadwasveryambitiousandarrogancearroganceofthedefect,andmodestcangivehisleftposterior,oneonethousandcan'tdotheidealseat,willnotloseface.Belaughedlaughedat.TrytotheChineseemployeesmaybetheinthemindtotothefuturehasagrandblueprint.Butheispartofthecultureculturebackgroundadvocatesrestraintmoodsandemotions.Soheheansweredintheboss'sproblem,notdirectlyspeakhismind.ButButtalkedalotaboutthecompany'sfuturedevelopmentand,inhishisviewitisfullycomplywiththesocialnorms,ismodesttabletableinkstones,andthatwillbetheirfutureandthefutureofofthecompanyiscloselyconnectedtokeeporganizationalharmonyharmony.ThisintheChinesepeopleisnormalbutagain,straightstraightfromtheshouldertosayhissalaryobjectsorpositionpositiongoalbutwillisconsideredtobeaambitionswatchinkinkstones.Inaddition,theChineseevaluationaperson,oftenisistheclearwhatwashedoing,exactly,andnotatwhathesaid.不論他把自己的理想、抱負(fù)描繪得何等宏偉;也不論他把自己的能力,素質(zhì)說得如何天花亂墜.如果最后他做不到,這一切都只能成為別人人的笑柄;美國(guó)人一向很直接明了,這也是他們一貫的思維方式。AmericansAmericanshavealwaysverydirectandclear,thisistheirusualwayofthinking.從美籍經(jīng)理詢問這位員工時(shí)于自己未來五年發(fā)美美國(guó)人注重個(gè)人人在企業(yè)的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r。通過個(gè)人才華的施展和勢(shì)力來取得企業(yè)的輝輝煌和和達(dá)到理想目標(biāo)。這也許與美國(guó)一貫提倡的個(gè)人主義有著莫大關(guān)系。他們們重獨(dú)立、多坦率,等級(jí)和身份觀念淡薄,認(rèn)為追求個(gè)人的利益是天經(jīng)地地義、無可厚非的,他們對(duì)中國(guó)式的重禮儀、身份和多委婉,卻視為假裝和缺乏真裝和缺乏真誠(chéng)。美國(guó)文化提倡大膽直接表露自己想法。Americanspayattentionattentiontoindividualinthedevelopmentoftheenterprise.ThroughThroughtheindividualtalentandtogettheirpoweroftheenterpriseenterpriseissplendidandtoachievetheidealtargetFraser.This

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