2021《世界糧食安全和營養(yǎng)狀況》完整版（英文）-240正式版

THESTATEOFFOODSECURITYANDNUTRITIONINTHEWORLDTRANSFORMINGFOODSYSTEMSFORFOODSECURITY,IMPROVEDNUTRITIONANDAFFORDABLEHEALTHYDIETSFORALLThisflagshippublicationispartofTheStateoftheWorldseriesoftheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations.Requiredcitation:FAO,IFAD,UNICEF,WFPandWHO.2021.TheStateofFoodSecurityandNutritionintheWorld2021.Transformingfoodsystemsforfoodsecurity,improvednutritionandaffordablehealthydietsforall.Rome,FAO./10.4060/cb4474enThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialinthisinformationproductdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO),theInternationalFundforAgriculturalDevelopment(IFAD),theUnitedNationsChildren’sFund(UNICEF),theWorldFoodProgramme(WFP)ortheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)concerningthelegalordevelopmentstatusofanycountry,territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.Thementionofspecificcompaniesorproductsofmanufacturers,whetherornotthesehavebeenpatented,doesnotimplythatthesehavebeenendorsedorrecommendedbyFAO,IFAD,UNICEF,WFPorWHOinpreferencetoothersofasimilarnaturethatarenotmentioned.ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialinthemapsdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartofFAO,IFAD,UNICEF,WFPorWHOconcerningthelegalorconstitutionalstatusofanycountry,territoryorseaarea,orconcerningthedelimitationoffrontiers.AllreasonableprecautionshavebeentakenbyFAO,IFAD,UNICEF,WFPandWHOtoverifytheinformationcontainedinthispublication.However,thepublishedmaterialisbeingdistributedwithoutwarrantyofanykind,eitherexpressedorimplied.Theresponsibilityfortheinterpretationanduseofthemateriallieswiththereader.InnoeventshallFAO,IFAD,UNICEF,WFPandWHObeliablefordamagesarisingfromitsuse.ISSN2663-8061(print)ISSN2663-807X(online)ISBN978-92-5-134325-8?FAO2021Somerightsreserved.ThisworkismadeavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike3.0IGOlicence(CCBY-NC-SA3.0IGO;/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo).Underthetermsofthislicence,thisworkmaybecopied,redistributedandadaptedfornon-commercialpurposes,providedthattheworkisappropriatelycited.Inanyuseofthiswork,thereshouldbenosuggestionthatFAOendorsesanyspecificorganization,productsorservices.TheuseoftheFAOlogoisnotpermitted.Iftheworkisadapted,thenitmustbelicensedunderthesameorequivalentCreativeCommonslicence.Ifatranslationofthisworkiscreated,itmustincludethefollowingdisclaimeralongwiththerequiredcitation:“ThistranslationwasnotcreatedbytheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO).FAOisnotresponsibleforthecontentoraccuracyofthistranslation.TheoriginalEnglisheditionshallbetheauthoritativeedition.”AnymediationrelatingtodisputesarisingunderthelicenceshallbeconductedinaccordancewiththeArbitrationRulesoftheUnitedNationsCommissiononInternationalTradeLaw(UNCITRAL)asatpresentinforce.Third-partymaterials.Userswishingtoreusematerialfromthisworkthatisattributedtoathirdparty,suchastables,figuresorimages,areresponsiblefordeterminingwhetherpermissionisneededforthatreuseandforobtainingpermissionfromthecopyrightholder.Theriskofclaimsresultingfrominfringementofanythird-party-ownedcomponentintheworkrestssolelywiththeuser.Sales,rightsandlicensing.FAOinformationproductsareavailableontheFAOwebsite(/publications)andcanbepurchasedthroughpublications-sales@.Requestsforcommercialuseshouldbesubmittedvia:/contact-us/licence-request.Queriesregardingrightsandlicensingshouldbesubmittedto:copyright@.COVERPHOTOGRAPH?JohnKeates/AlamyStockPhotoVIETNAM.Awomanwithatraditionalconicalhatsellingfruitonthebeach.THESTATEOFFOODSECURITYANDNUTRITIONINTHEWORLDTRANSFORMINGFOODSYSTEMSFORFOODSECURITY,IMPROVEDNUTRITIONANDAFFORDABLEHEALTHYDIETSFORALLFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNationsRome,2021CONTENTSFOREWORDMETHODOLOGYACKNOWLEDGEMENTSACRONYMSANDABBREVIATIONSKEYMESSAGESviviiiixxixiixvANNEXES129ANNEX1AStatisticaltablestoChapter2130ANNEX1BEXECUTIVESUMMARYMethodologicalnotesforthefoodsecurityandnutritionindicators156170CHAPTER1INTRODUCTION17ANNEX2MethodologiesChapter2CHAPTER2FOODSECURITYANDNUTRITIONAROUNDTHEWORLD2.1Foodsecurityindicators–latestupdatesandprogresstowardsendinghungerandensuringfoodsecurityANNEX3CountryexposuretothedriversandPoUchangepointanalysisinChapter317918118682938ANNEX4CountrygroupdefinitionsandlistsofcountriesaffectedbydriversinChapter32.2Nutritionindicators–latestupdatesandprogresstowardsglobalnutritiontargets2.3Endinghungerandallformsofmalnutritionby2030ANNEX5Countrygroupdefinitionsfortheanalysisoffoodinsecurityanddriversin2020CHAPTER3MAJORDRIVERSOFRECENTFOODSECURITYANDNUTRITIONTRENDSANNEX6Glossary511883.1AfoodsystemslensiscriticaltoaddressthemajordriversofrecentfoodsecurityandnutritiontrendsNOTES19452603.2ImpactofmajordriversonfoodsecurityandnutritionCHAPTER4WHATNEEDSTOBEDONETOTRANSFORMFOODSYSTEMSFORFOODSECURITY,IMPROVEDNUTRITIONANDAFFORDABLEHEALTHYDIETS?854.1Sixpathwaystoaddressmajordriversbehindrecentfoodsecurityandnutritiontrends874.2Buildingcoherentportfoliosofpoliciesandinvestments109CHAPTER5CONCLUSION125|ii|TABLES13Keypolicyareasandgoalsforstrengtheningfoodenvironmentsandchangingconsumerbehaviourtopromotedietarypatternswithpositiveimpactsonhumanhealthandtheenvironment1Prevalenceofundernourishment(PoU)intheworld,2005–202011121081302Numberofundernourishedpeopleintheworld,2005–2020A1.1ProgresstowardstheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)andglobalnutritiontargets:Prevalenceofundernourishment,moderateorseverefoodinsecurity,selectedformsofmalnutrition,exclusivebreastfeedingandlowbirthweight3Prevalenceoffoodinsecurityatseverelevelonly,andatmoderateorseverelevel,basedontheFoodInsecurityExperienceScale,2014–20201718A1.2ProgresstowardstheSustainable4Numberofpeopleexperiencingfoodinsecurityatseverelevelonly,andatmoderateorseverelevel,basedontheFoodInsecurityExperienceScale,2014–2020DevelopmentGoals(SDGs)andglobalnutritiontargets:Numberofpeoplewhoareaffectedbyundernourishment,moderateorseverefoodinsecurityandselectedformsofmalnutrition;numberofinfantsexclusivelybreastfedandnumberofbabiesbornwithlowbirthweight5Healthydietswerestillunaffordableforaround3?billionpeopleintheworldin2019.The?numberofpeopleunabletoaffordhealthydietsincreasedinAfricaandinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanbetween2017and2019143171A2.1RangesofPoUandNoUnowcastedin20202731A2.2RegressioncoefficientsfromthreemodelsestimatedonhistoricCVyvalues(2000–2019)1756TheglobalnutritiontargetsendorsedbytheWorldHealthAssemblyandtheirextensionto2030A2.3Rulesforprogressassessmentagainsttheglobalnutritiontargets1771847Mostregionshavemadesomeprogress,butnotenoughtoachieveglobaltargetsiftrends(beforeCOVID-19)continue;nosubregionisontrackforthelowbirthweighttarget,andadultobesityhasbeenworseninginallsubregionsA4.1Listofcountriesbycombinationofdrivers428Keypolicyareasandgoalsforintegratinghumanitarian,developmentandpeacebuildingeffortsinconflict-affectedareas1Thenumberofundernourishedpeopleintheworldcontinuedtorisein2020.Between?720and811?millionpeopleintheworldfacedhungerin2020.Consideringthemiddleoftheprojectedrange(768?million),118millionmorepeoplewerefacinghungerin2020thanin2019–orasmanyas161million,consideringtheupperboundofthe?range92959Keypolicyareasandgoalsforscalingupclimateresilienceacrossfoodsystems10Keypolicyareasandgoalsforstrengtheningresilienceofthemostvulnerabletoeconomicadversity10132Morethanhalf(418million)ofthepeopleintheworldaffectedbyhungerin2020wereinAsiaandmorethanone-third(282million)inAfrica9810110511Keypolicyareasandgoalsforinterveningalongfoodsupplychainstolowerthecostofnutritiousfoods3AllsubregionsofAfricaandLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean,andmostsubregionsofAsia,showincreasesintheprevalenceofundernourishmentfrom2019to2020,withthesharpestincreaseinWesternAfrica12Keypolicyareasandgoalsfortacklingstructuralinequalities,ensuringinterventionsarepro-poorandinclusive14|iii|CONTENTS4Moderateorseverefoodinsecurityhasbeen14Impactsofvariousdriversaretransmittedthroughoutfoodsystems,underminingfoodsecurityandnutritionclimbingslowlyforsixyearsandnowaffectsmorethan30?percentoftheworldpopulation1953615Theconcentrationanddistributionoffood15Low-andmiddle-incomecountriesfaceincreasingfrequencyandintensityofdriversinsecuritybyseveritydiffersgreatlyacrosstheregionsoftheworld202216Whilepovertydeclinesaroundtheworld,incomeinequalityremainshigh,withanincreasein2020inlow-andmiddle-incomecountries6Globallyandineveryregion,?theprevalenceoffoodinsecurityishigheramongwomenthanmen64667Reachingthe2025and2030globalnutritiontargetsremainsachallenge.In2020,anestimated22?percentofchildrenunder5yearsofagewereaffectedbystunting,6.7?percentbywastingand5.7?percentbyoverweight.Nearly30?percentofwomenaged15to49yearswereaffectedbyanaemiain201917Morethanhalfoflow-andmiddle-incomecountriesexperiencedincreasingPoUchangepointsincorrespondencewithoneormoredrivers(conflict,climateextremes,andeconomicslowdownsanddownturns)between2010and201818The2020increaseinthenumberof3234undernourishedwasmorethanfivetimesgreater,thanthehighestincreaseinundernourishmentinthelasttwodecades,andtheeconomicdownturnwastwiceassevere,thanpreviouslyrecordedinlow-andmiddle-incomecountries8Stuntingistheonlyindicatorshowingsubstantialimprovementsinmultipleregionssince2000.Twoindicators–childoverweightandanaemiaamongwomenofreproductiveage–haveseennoprogressintwodecades.Adultobesityisrisingsharplyinallregions6819In2020,mostlow-andmiddle-incomecountrieshitbyeconomicdownturnsexhibitanincreaseinthePoU,butoftentimeseconomicdownturnsoccursimultaneouslywithclimate-relateddisastersandclimateextremes9Around90percentofcountriessurveyedreportedchangesincoverageofkeynutritionservicesduetoCOVID-19inAugust2020.While80percentreporteddisruptionsincoverage,asmallproportionwitnessedimprovedcoverage69737420Themajorityofundernourishedpeopleandstuntedchildrenliveincountriesaffectedbymultipledrivers(2019)364010TheCOVID-19scenarioprojectsasmalldecreaseinglobalhungerbetween2021and2030,withwidevariationinevolutionacrossregions21Hungerishigherandhasincreasedmoreincountriesaffectedbyconflict,climate?extremesoreconomicdownturns,orwithhighinequality11Someprogresshasbeenmadeonmalnutrition,butthepacemustbeaccelerated,andtrendsinsomeformsofmalnutritionmustbereversedtoachievethe2025and2030globalnutritiontargets22Low-incomecountriesaffectedbyconflictandclimateextremesshowthelargestincreaseinthePoU,whileformiddle-incomecountries,thelargestincreaseoccursduringeconomicdownturns444612Aroundhalfofchildrenliveincountriesthatarenotontracktoreachoneofthe2030SDGtargetsforchildstunting,wastingandoverweight767823LatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanfeaturethehighestincreaseinthePoUfrommultipledrivers,whileAfricaistheonlyregionwherethePoUincreasedundertheinfluenceofallthreedriversfrom2017to201913ConservativeestimatesofthepotentialimpactsoftheCOVID-19pandemicindicatethatanadditional5to7millionchildrenmaybestunted,and570?thousandto2.8?millionmorewasted,inlow-andmiddle-incomecountriesintheyear2030.However,theestimateofaccumulatedadditionalcasesofwastingfrom2020to2030is16to40million48|iv|24In2020,Africa,Asia,andLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanwitnessedsignificantincreasesinthePoUwhilebeinghitbyeconomicdownturnscombinedwithclimate-relateddisasters,conflict,oracombinationofboth6Methodology:estimatesofpotentialadditionalcasesofstuntingandwastingduetotheCOVID-19pandemicbasedonascenario47567ImpactchannelsoftheCOVID-19pandemiconfoodsecurityandnutrition798125Theunaffordabilityofhealthydietsin2019isstronglyassociatedwithhigherlevelsofbothsevereandmoderateorseverefoodinsecurity8Definitionofcountriesaffectedbyconflict,climateextremes,economicdownturnsandwithhighincomeinequality719726In2019,countriesaffectedbymultipledriversandcountriesaffectedbyconflict(aloneorcombinedwithotherdrivers)exhibitedamongthehighestpercentageofthepopulationwhocannotaffordahealthydietandaremoderatelyorseverelyfoodinsecure9Home-grownschoolfeedingasaleverforfoodsystemstransformation10TheQuitoAgri-FoodPact:facilitatingthetransformationofthecity’sfoodsystems1001041061078211Acceleratingfoodsystemstransformationbyempoweringwomenandyouth27Possiblepathwaystowardsfoodsystemstransformationtoaddressmajordriversoffoodinsecurity,malnutritionandunaffordabilityofhealthydiets12Protectingchildrenfromtheharmfulimpactsoffoodmarketing888913Nutritionpolicymeasurestoenhancebenefitsandminimizerisksoftrade28Stepstowardsfoodsystemstransformationformoreaffordablehealthydiets14IndigenousPeoples’systemicapproachesprovideextensiveknowledgeforthesustainableandinclusivetransformationoffoodsystems29Keyelementsofaportfolioofpoliciesandinvestments11012230Ensuringcoherenceandcomplementarityamongagri-food*,environmental,health,socialprotectionandother**systemsforfoodsystemstransformationforfoodsecurity,improvednutritionandaffordablehealthydietsforall111183A4.1Countriesbycombinationofdrivers1Majordriversandunderlyingfactorschallengingfoodsecurityandnutritionintheworld:asynthesisfromthepreviousfoureditionsofthisreport392Updatestotheprevalenceofundernourishmentandmethodologyforthe2020nowcast3AdaptingFIESdatacollectioninthecontextoftheCOVID-19pandemicin20201623434UsingtheFIEStoguideandtargetresponsestotheCOVID-19pandemicatsubnationallevel5Assessmentofprogresstowards2030targetsfornutritionindicators|v|FOREWORDTheworldisatacriticaljuncture:itisverydifferenttowhereitwassixyearsagowhenitcommittedtothegoalofendinghunger,foodinsecurityandallformsofmalnutritionby2030.Atthetime,whileweunderstoodthatthechallengesweresignificant,wewerealsooptimisticthatwiththerighttransformativeapproaches,pastprogresscouldbeaccelerated,atscale,toputusontracktoachievethatgoal.Nonetheless,thepastfoureditionsofthisreportrevealedahumblingreality.TheworldhasnotbeengenerallyprogressingeithertowardsSustainableDevelopmentGoal(SDG)Target2.1,ofensuringaccesstosafe,nutritiousandsufficientfoodforallpeopleallyearround,ortowardsSDGTarget?2.2,oferadicatingallformsofmalnutrition.under5yearsofagewhowereaffectedbystunting(149.2?million),wasting(45.4?million)oroverweight(38.9?million).Childmalnutritioncontinuestobeachallenge,particularlyinAfricaandAsia.Adultobesityalsocontinuestoincrease,withnoreversalinthetrendinsightatglobalorregionallevels.EffortstoeradicatemalnutritioninallitsformshavebeenchallengedbydisruptionsinessentialnutritioninterventionsandnegativeimpactsondietarypatternsduringtheCOVID-19pandemic.Onthehealthfront,theinteractionbetweenthepandemic,obesityanddiet-relatednon-communicablediseaseshasunderlinedtheurgencyofensuringaccesstoaffordablehealthydietsforall.Suchmyriadsetbackshidesomeimportantachievements–suchastheincreasingprevalenceofexclusivebreastfeedingofinfantsunder6months.Lastyear’sreportstressedthattheCOVID-19pandemicwashavingadevastatingimpactontheworld’seconomy,triggeringanunprecedentedrecessionnotseensincetheSecondWorldWar,andthatthefoodsecurityandnutritionstatusofmillionsofpeople,includingchildren,woulddeteriorateifwedidnottakeswiftaction.Unfortunately,thepandemiccontinuestoexposeweaknessesinourfoodsystems,whichthreatenthelivesandlivelihoodsofpeoplearoundtheworld,particularlythemostvulnerableandthoselivinginfragilecontexts.Thesituationcouldhavebeenworsewithoutgovernments’responsesandtheimpressivesocialprotectionmeasurestheyhaveputinplaceduringtheCOVID-19crisis.However,notonlyhavemeasurestocontainthespreadofthepandemicresultedinanunprecedentedeconomicrecession,butalsootherimportantdriversarebehindrecentsetbacksinfoodsecurityandnutrition.Theseincludeconflictandviolenceinmanypartsoftheworldaswellasclimate-relateddisastersallovertheworld.Giventhepastandpresentinteractionsofthesedriverswitheconomicslowdownsanddownturns,aswellashighandpersistent(andinsomecountriesgrowing)levelsofinequality,itisnotsurprisingthatgovernmentscouldnotkeeptheworst-casescenarioforfoodsecurityandnutritionfrommaterializingandaffectingmillionsofpeopleallovertheworld.Thisyear,thisreportestimatesthatbetween720and811millionpeopleintheworldfacedhungerin2020–asmanyas161millionmorethanin2019.Nearly2.37billionpeopledidnothaveaccesstoadequatefoodin2020–anincreaseof320millionpeopleinjustoneyear.Noregionoftheworldhasbeenspared.Thehighcostofhealthydietsandpersistentlyhighlevelsofpovertyandincomeinequalitycontinuetokeephealthydietsoutofreachforaround3billionpeopleineveryregionoftheworld.Moreover,newanalysisinthisreportshowsthattheincreaseintheunaffordabilityofhealthydietsisassociatedwithhigherlevelsofmoderateorseverefoodinsecurity.Hence,theworldisatacriticaljuncture,notonlybecausewehavetoovercomemoresignificantchallengestoendinghunger,foodinsecurityandallformsofmalnutrition,butalsobecause,withthefragilityofourfoodsystemswidelyexposed,wehaveanopportunitytobuildforwardbetterandgetontracktowardsachievingSDG2.TheUNFoodSystemsSummit,tobeheldlaterthisyear,willbringforwardaseriesofconcreteactionsthatpeople,foodsystemactorsandgovernmentsfromallovertheworldcantakeWhileitisnotyetpossibletofullyquantifytheimpactoftheCOVID-19pandemicin2020,weareconcernedbythemanymillionsofchildren|vi|tosupportatransformationoftheworld’sfoodsystems.Wemustbuildonthemomentumthattherun-uptotheSummithasalreadygeneratedandcontinuetobuildtheevidencebaseoninterventionsandengagementmodelsthatbestsupportthetransformationoffoodsystems.Thisreportaimstocontributetothisglobaleffort.pathwaysneededtospecificallyaddressthekeydriversbehindtherecentriseinhungerandslowingprogresstowardsreducingallformsofmalnutrition.?Thereportrecognizesthatthesetransformationpathwaysareonlyfeasibleiftheyhelpmeetcertainconditions,includingcreatingopportunitiesfortraditionallymarginalizedpeople,nurturinghumanhealthandprotectingtheenvironment.Gettingontracktowardsendinghungerandallformsofmalnutritionwillrequireamoveawayfromsilosolutionstowardsintegratedfoodsystemssolutions,aswellaspoliciesandinvestmentsthataddresstheglobalfoodsecurityandnutritionchallengesimmediately.Weareawarethattransformingfoodsystemssothattheyprovidenutritiousandaffordablefoodforallandbecomemoreefficient,resilient,inclusiveandsustainablehasseveralentrypointsandcancontributetoprogressacrosstheSDGs.Futurefoodsystemsneedtoprovidedecentlivelihoodsforthepeoplewhoworkwithinthem,inparticularforsmall-scaleproducersindevelopingcountries–thepeoplewhoharvest,process,package,transportandmarketourfood.FuturefoodsystemsalsoneedtobeinclusiveandencouragethefullparticipationofIndigenousPeoples,womenandyouth,bothindividuallyandthroughtheirorganizations.Futuregenerationswillonlythriveasproductiveactorsandleadingforcesinfoodsystemsifdecisiveactionistakentoensurethatchildrenarenolongerdeprivedoftheirrighttonutrition.ThisyearoffersauniqueopportunityforadvancingfoodsecurityandnutritionthroughtransformingfoodsystemswiththeupcomingUNFoodSystemsSummit,theNutritionforGrowthSummitandtheCOP26onclimatechange.TheoutcomesoftheseeventswillcertainlyshapetheactionsofthesecondhalfoftheUNDecadeofActiononNutrition.Westandfirmlycommittedtotakeadvantageoftheunprecedentedopportunityfortheseeventstogeneratecommitmentstowardstransformingfoodsystemstoeradicatefoodinsecurityandmalnutritioninallitsformsanddeliveraffordablehealthydietsforall,andtobuildforwardbetterfromtheCOVID-19pandemic.Whilethisbroaderfoodsystemstransformationiscurrentlyatthecentreofglobalattention,thisreportidentifiesthetransformationQuDongyuGilbertF.HoungboHenriettaH.ForeFAODirector-GeneralIFADPresidentUNICEFExecutiveDirectorDavidBeasleyTedrosAdhanomGhebreyesusWFPExecutiveDirectorWHODirector-General|vii|METHODOLOGYTheStateofFoodSecurityandNutritionintheWorld2021hasbeenpreparedbytheFAOAgrifoodEconomicsDivisionincollaborationwiththeStatisticsDivisionoftheEconomicandSocialDevelopmentStreamandateamoftechnicalexpertsfromFAO,IFAD,UNICEF,WFPandWHO.AsenioradvisoryteamconsistingofdesignatedseniormanagersofthefiveUNpublishingpartnersguidedtheproductionofthereport.LedbyFAO,thisteamdecidedontheoutlineofthereportanddefineditsthematicfocus.Itfurthergaveoversighttothetechnicalwritingteamcomposedofexpertsfromeachofthefiveco-publishingagencies.Backgroundtechnicalpaperswerepreparedtosupporttheresearchanddataanalysisundertakenbythemembersofthewritingteam.Thisyear’sreportalsoincludedaglobalcallfor“bestpracticesintransformingfoodsystemsforaffordablehealthydietsandaddressingkeydriversoffoodinsecurityandmalnutrition”,whichgeneratedinputsfrommorethan80?developmentinstitutionsandindividualsworldwide.FurtherinputswerederivedfromanonlinewebinarorganizedthroughtheGlobalForumonFoodSecurityandNutrition(FSNForum),whichincludedanexpertpaneldiscussionandreflectiononthereport’stheme.Thewritingteamproducedanumberofinterimoutputs,includinganannotatedoutline,firstdraftandfinaldraftofthereport.Thesewerereviewed,validatedandclearedbythesenioradvisoryteamateachstageinthepreparationprocess.ThefinalreportunderwentarigoroustechnicalreviewbyseniormanagementandtechnicalexpertsfromdifferentdivisionsanddepartmentswithineachofthefiveUNagencies,bothatheadquartersanddecentralizedoffices.Finally,thereportunderwentexecutivereviewandclearancebytheheadsofagencyofthefiveco-publishingpartners.|viii|ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSTheStateofFoodSecurityandNutritionintheWorld2021wasjointlypreparedbytheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO),theInternationalFundforAgriculturalDevelopment(IFAD),theUnitedNationsChildren’sFund(UNICEF),theWorldFoodProgramme(WFP)andtheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO).ThepublicationwascarriedoutunderthedirectionofMarcoV.SánchezCantilloandJoséRoseroMoncayo,withtheoverallcoordinationofCindyHolleman,theEditorofthepublication,andtheoverallguidanceofMáximoToreroCullen,allofwhomarefromtheFAOEconomicandSocialDevelopmentStream(ES).ThedevelopmentofthereportwasguidedbyaSteeringCommitteeconsistingofagencyrepresentativesfromthefiveco-publishingpartners:MarcoV.SánchezCantillo(Chair),SaraSavastano(IFAD),VictorAguayo(UNICEF),ArifHusain(WFP)andFrancescoBranca(WHO).AlessandraGarberoandTisornSongsermsawas(IFAD),ChikaHayashiandJoJewell(UNICEF),EricBranckaertandSaskiadePee(WFP)andMarzellaWüstefeld(WHO)contributedtothecoordinationandprovidedtechnicalsupport.Valuablecommentsandfinalapprovalofthereportwereprovidedbytheexecutiveheadsandseniorstaffofthefiveco-authoringagencies.Chapter1ofthereportwaswrittenbyCindyHollemanwithinputsfromMarcoV.SánchezCantilloandJoséRoseroMoncayo(FAO).Chapter2ofthereportwascoordinatedbyAnneKepple(FAO).Section2.1waspreparedbyCarloCafierowithinputsfromPieroConforti,ValentinaConti,JuanFeng,CindyHolleman,AnneKeppleandSaraViviani(FAO).Section?2.2waspreparedbyChikaHayashi,RichardKumapley,VrindaMehraandAnnMizumoto(UNICEF)andElaineBorghiandMonicaFloresUrrutia(WHO),withinputfromAnneKepple(FAO),JuliaKrasevec(UNICEF),andKatrinaLundberg,JuanPabloPe?a-RosasandMarzellaWüstefeld(WHO).Section2.3waspreparedbyCarloCafiero(FAO);ChikaHayashi,JuliaKrasevec,RichardKumapley,VrindaMehra(UNICEF);andElaineBorghi(WHO),withinputfromAnneKepple(FAO),SaskiadePee(WFP)andMonicaFloresUrrutiaandKatrinaLundberg(WHO).OlivierLavagned’Ortigue(FAO)providedsupportfordatavisualizationandJoséRoseroMoncayo(FAO)providededitorialsupporta