詞的翻譯技巧

翻譯有定法嗎？許淵沖（1990）《外國(guó)語(yǔ)》11種：加詞、減詞、換詞、移詞、分譯、合譯、深化（具體化）、淺化（抽許淵沖象化、等化（靈活對(duì)等）、一分為四、合四為一。侯國(guó)金（1998：144-149）：lineartranslation順譯法,literaltranslation直譯法,conversion詞類轉(zhuǎn)譯法,amplification增譯法，repetition重復(fù)法，omission省譯法，positive-negativeswitch正說(shuō)反譯法，division分句譯法，combination合句譯法。許建平（2003）《英漢互譯實(shí)踐與技巧》：diction選詞用字（詞匯翻譯8法：deduction,transplant,extension,substitution,explanation,combination,transliteration,pictographictranslation）,amplification增益法,omission省略法,conversion轉(zhuǎn)換法,restructuring,active-passivevoice,affirmative&negative肯定與否定,longsentences(embedding,cutting,reversing,splitting,inserting,recasting)詞的翻譯技巧

（TechniquesforWord’sTranslation)1詞類轉(zhuǎn)換翻譯法（conversion）2增詞法（amplification）3減詞法（omission）4詞義的選擇與引申（diction）詞類轉(zhuǎn)換翻譯法n.–v.Theremembranceofthesewilladdzesttohislife.×對(duì)于這些事情的回憶將會(huì)增添他生活的樂(lè)趣?；叵肫疬@些事情，會(huì)給他的生活增添樂(lè)趣。HelookedontheConventionasafairandfaithfulrepresentationofthepeople.他認(rèn)為這次大會(huì)是人民的公正忠實(shí)的代表。他認(rèn)為這次大會(huì)公正忠實(shí)地代表了人民。Othergovernmentalactivitiesaretheresponsibilitiesoftheindividualstates,whichhavetheirownconstitutionsandlaws.其他政府活動(dòng)則是各個(gè)州的責(zé)任，各州都有自己的憲法和法律。其他政府職能則由各個(gè)州來(lái)承擔(dān)，各州都有自己的憲法和法律。Thesightandsoundofourjetplanesfilledmewithspeciallonging.看到我們的噴氣式飛機(jī)，聽到隆隆的機(jī)聲，我感到特別神往。1)由動(dòng)詞派生的名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞Thegovernmentcalledfortheestablishmentofmoretechnicalschools.政府號(hào)召建立更多的技術(shù)學(xué)校。Rocketshavefoundapplicationfortheexplorationoftheuniverse.火箭已經(jīng)被用來(lái)探索宇宙。2)含有動(dòng)作意味的名詞(在記敘、描寫文體中出現(xiàn)較多)往往可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞?！ietnameseWarisadrainonAmericanresources.越南戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)不斷消耗著美國(guó)的資源。AglancethroughhisofficewindowoffersapanoramicviewoftheWashingtonMonumentandtheLincolnMemorial.從他的辦公室窗口可以一眼看到華盛頓紀(jì)念碑和林肯紀(jì)念館的全景?！ritainhasnosuchnaturalprotectionfromafloodofHollywood.英國(guó)沒(méi)有這種天然的保護(hù)物來(lái)阻擋好萊塢影片的長(zhǎng)驅(qū)直入。3)英語(yǔ)中有些加后綴-er的名詞，如teacher教師，thinker思想家等等，有時(shí)在句中并不指其身份和職業(yè)，而是含有較強(qiáng)的動(dòng)作意味。在漢語(yǔ)中沒(méi)有恰當(dāng)?shù)膶?duì)應(yīng)名詞時(shí)，往往可以譯成動(dòng)詞?！eisagoodeaterandagoodsleeper.他吃得飽睡得香。IamafraidIcan’tteachyouswimming.IthinkmylittlebrotherisabetterteacherthanI.

我擔(dān)心自己不能教你游泳。我想我弟弟比我教得好。·Someofmyclassmatesaregoodsingers.我同班同學(xué)中有些人歌唱得很好?！alkingwithhisson,theoldmanwastheforgiveroftheyoungman’spastwrongdoing.在和兒子談話時(shí)，老人寬恕了年輕人過(guò)去所干的壞事。4)習(xí)語(yǔ)主體的名詞往往可以譯成動(dòng)詞?！verymorningshewouldgotothelakeareaforawalk.

每天早晨，她都要到湖區(qū)去散步。·Theytookafinallookatit,stillintactinthedarkness.他們最后看了它一眼——它依舊安然無(wú)恙地聳立在黑暗中。Practice1NewYorkCitywasabitterdisillusionmenttosomeimmigrants.2Thegrowingconcentrationofwealthinthehandsofafewpeopleraisedsocialandpoliticalissues.3TheAmericanairlineindustryhasenjoyedsignificantexpansioninthelasttwentyyears.4IthinkmylittlebrotherisabetterteacherthanI.5Heisagoodsinger.6InChina,thereisalotofemphasisonpoliteness.7Acarefulstudyoftheoriginaltextwillgiveyouabettertranslation.真題Intermsofnations,itwillbeaworldofmuchgreatereconomicequality.（2001.9）就（每個(gè)）國(guó)家而言，世界各國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)將越發(fā)不相上下。Ifthelearningofanewlanguagebeginsbeforeloweradolescence,oneislikelytobeabletospeaksuchalanguagewithcompletenaturalness,butiflearnedafterupperadolescencesomehangoverofamother-tonguefeatureisverylikelytopersist.（2000.9）如果一個(gè)人在少年時(shí)期就學(xué)一門新的語(yǔ)言，那么（將來(lái)）很可能說(shuō)得很流利。但如果成年還沒(méi)有學(xué)語(yǔ)言，母語(yǔ)的一些習(xí)慣特征就會(huì)根深蒂固。n.–adj.Diligenceandintelligenceareofconsiderableimportancetoyoursuccess.勤奮和才智對(duì)于獲得成功是頗為重要的。Ihavesomuchworktodothataholidayformethisyearisoutofthequestion.我有很多工作要做，今年休假是不可能的了。It'ssuchanuisancethatI'vegottoworkonSaturday.我星期六還得上班，真討厭。Ashewasaperfectstrangerinthecity,Ihopeyouwillgivehimthenecessaryhelp.他對(duì)這座城市完全陌生，所以我希望你能給他必要的幫助。There'snopointarguingaboutit--justdoasyou'retold.爭(zhēng)論是沒(méi)有意義的，叫你怎么做你就怎么做。n.–adv.·Ihavethehonortoinformyouthatyourrequestisgranted.我榮幸地通知您，您的請(qǐng)求已得到批準(zhǔn)。v.–n.·Formalityhasalwayscharacterizedtheirrelationship.

他們之間的關(guān)系，有一個(gè)特點(diǎn)，就是以禮相待?！othem,hepersonifiedtheabsolutepower.

在他們看來(lái)，