描述英國的人文,地理等等

英美文化縱覽

English-SpeakingCountries:

ASurvey主講陳金中

外國語學院英語系9/12/20231英美文化縱覽ChenJinzhong

DepartmentofForeignLanguages

ShaoxingUniversity

2008學年第1學期Tel短號:664489)Email:john18582004@9/12/20232英美文化縱覽9/12/20233英美文化縱覽PartOneTheUnitedKingdom

ofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland9/12/20234英美文化縱覽9/12/20235英美文化縱覽BritishNationalAnthem

---‘GodSavetheQueen’GodsaveourgraciousQueen

LongliveournobleQueen

GodsavetheQueen

Sendhervictorious

Happyandglorious

Longtoreignoverus

GodsavetheQueen.

Thychoicestgiftsinstore

Onherbepleasedtopour

Longmayshereign

Mayshedefendourlaws

Andgiveusevercause

Tosingwithheartandvoice

GodsavetheQueen

英國國歌籠罩著神奇的色彩。它決不是由某個人作詞或作曲,而是在民間逐漸形成的。16世紀時人們首次提到英國國歌,但其歌詞(開始是用拉丁文寫的)頻頻變動和增減。英國人在表達對祖國的忠誠時所唱的并不是振奮人心的進行曲,也不是戰(zhàn)歌,而是一首普通的禱辭,祝愿國王或女王健康、長壽和富足。難怪英國國歌中最基本的歌詞來源于圣經(jīng)，“上帝佑我國王”在圣經(jīng)中共出現(xiàn)過3次。9/12/20236英美文化縱覽英國社會與文化CourseDescriptionCourseRequirementAttendancePreviewParticipationEvaluation:ThelessonwillbeevaluatedbyI.Finalexamscore:70%II.Others:30%YourattendanceYourclassparticipationYourscoresonfuturetestsorhomeworkYourpresentation9/12/20237英美文化縱覽BritishSocietyandCulture

ContentsLandAndPeopleHistoryOriginsoftheNation3000BC-1066ShapingoftheNation1066-1381TransitiontoModernEra1455-1688Rise&FallOfBritishEmpire1688-1990BritishEconomyBritishGovernmentJustice&LawSocialAffairsCulturalAffairs9/12/20238英美文化縱覽

I.DifferentNamesforBritainanditsPartsII.GeographicalfeaturesIII.RiversandLakesIV.ClimateV.ThepeopleChapter1

LandandPeople9/12/20239英美文化縱覽

'WhenpeoplesayEngland,theysometimesmeanGreatBritain,sometimestheUnitedKingdom,sometimestheBritishIsles-butneverEngland.'

'HowtobeanAlien'byGeorge1.

Whatarethenamespeopleoftenreferto英國?(1)Britain(2)GreatBritain(3)England(4)TheBritishIsles(5)TheUnitedKingdomortheU.K.Aretheythesame?I.DifferentNamesforBritainanditsParts9/12/202310英美文化縱覽I.DifferentNamesforBritainanditsParts

2.

Whatarethesenamesexactlyreferto?Allthesenamesdonotmeanthesamething.

Strictlyspeaking,theBritishIsles,GreatBritain,andEnglandaregeographicalnames.

Whichiswhich?9/12/202311英美文化縱覽BritishIslesIrelandEnglandScotlandWalesNorthernIrelandGreatBritainGreatBritainIrelandEnglandScotlandWalesNorthernIreland9/12/202312英美文化縱覽2.

Whatarethesenamesexactlyreferto?GreatBritainEnglandispartofanislandcalledGreatBritain,thelargestislandinEurope.

GreatBritainistheofficialnamegiventothethetwokingdomsofEnglandandScotland,andtheprincipalityofWales.ItalsoincludesthesmalladjacentislandsexcepttheChannelIslandsandtheIsleofMan.SometimespeopleusetheshortennameBritaininsteadofGreatBritain.Theterm"GreatBritain"wasusedforthefirsttimewhenEnglandandScotlandbecameasinglekingdomunderKingJamesVIofScotlandwhobecameKingJamesIofEnglandin1603.9/12/202313英美文化縱覽2.

Whatarethesenamesexactlyreferto?UnitedKingdom

TheUnitedKingdomconsistsofGreatBritain-themainislandmadeupofEngland,ScotlandandWales-andNorthernIreland.TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland(UK)wasformedinonJanuary11801andconstitutesthegreaterpartoftheBritishIsles.ThelargestoftheislandsisGreatBritain,whichcomprisesEngland,ScotlandandWales.ThenextlargestisIreland,comprisingNorthernIreland,whichispartoftheUK,and,inthesouth,theIrishRepublic.TheBritishIslesTheBritishIslesincludetheUK,GreatBritain,andotherislandssuchasIrelandandtheChannelIslands.

9/12/202314英美文化縱覽I.DifferentNamesforBritainanditsParts3.WhatistheofficialnameforBritain?(1)TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIsland(2)Forshort:Britain,theUnitedKingdomorU.K.*UnionJackreferstotheUnionFlagortheNationalFlagoftheUnitedKingdomcalledtheUnionFlagbecauseitrepresentstheemblemsofthefourcountriesunitedunderoneSovereign-thekingdomsofEnglandandWales,ofScotlandandofIreland(althoughsince1921onlyNorthernIrelandhasbeenpartoftheUnitedKingdom).Althoughthename"UnionJack"isthepopularnamebywhichtheflagisknowntotheworld,itshouldstrictly,perhaps,onlybeusedfortheflagwhenitisflownasajack(asmallflagflownatthebowofaship);governmentdocumentsgenerallyprefer"unionflag"asthemoreuniversallycorrectterm

9/12/202315英美文化縱覽UKFlag(UnionFlag)

*BritainhasnoflagTheUKflagisactuallythreeinone.Theemblems(flags)thatappearontheUnionFlagarethecrossesofthreepatronsaints（保護神）.ScotlandisrepresentedbytheflagofSt.Andrew.EnglandisrepresentedbytheflagofSt.George.NorthernIrelandisrepresentedbySt.Patrick.TogethertheymaketheUKflag.

ThisistheWelshflag(WelshDragon).ItisnotrepresentedintheUKFlagbecauseWaleswasruleddirectlyfromLondon.(beforethe1stversionofUKflag,WaleshadalreadybeenconqueredandconsideredtobepartofEngland)9/12/202316英美文化縱覽9/12/202317英美文化縱覽英國國徽，也是英王徽。盾面上兩組三只金獅象征英格蘭，紅獅象征蘇格蘭，豎琴象征愛爾蘭。兩側是代表英格蘭的獅子和代表蘇格蘭的獨角獸。盾徽周圍用法文寫著“惡有惡報”。下端懸掛著嘉德勛章，飾帶上寫著“天有上帝，我有權利?！倍芑丈隙藶轭^盔、帝國王冠和獅子。9/12/202318英美文化縱覽4.Whydopeopleoftenuse“England”and“English”toreferto“Britain”and“British”?Englandisthelargest,mostpopulousandprosperous.

Largenesssizepop.

Englandbiggest60%85%Scotland2ndlargest30%1/10Walessmallest9%5%9/12/202319英美文化縱覽9/12/202320英美文化縱覽I.DifferentNamesforBritainanditsParts5.WhatistheinfluenceofBritishimperialexpansion?

“ThesunneversetsontheBritishEmpire”(1)Ruled1/4oftheworld’spopulationand1/4ofworld’sland(2)HadcoloniesinNorthAmerica,Asia,Africa,Australia

6.WhatisBritishCommonwealth(CommonwealthofNations)?Theterm‘Commonwealth’hasbeenusedtoreplacetheword‘Empire’todescribecollectivelytheindependentcountriesassociatedundertheBritishcrown(1)AfreeassociationofcountriesusedtobeEnglishcolonies(2)53membercountriesatpresent.Its1.8billioncitizens,about30percentoftheworld'spopulationaredrawnfromthebroadestrangeoffaiths,races,culturesandtraditions.9/12/202321英美文化縱覽II.Geographicalfeatures1.Geographicalposition(1)inNorthwestofEurope(2)tothenorthofFrance,tothewestoftheNetherlands,DenmarkandNorway(3)SeparatedfromtherestofEuropebytheEnglishChannel海底隧道ChannelTunnelbetweenBritain&France9/12/202322英美文化縱覽GeorgraphicalPosition5400N200WBritainisinnorth-westEuropeandisanislandcountryGreatBritainisseparatedfromBelgiumandHollandbytheNorthSea,andfromIrelandbytheIrishSea.TheEnglishChannelseparatesGreatBritainfromthemainlandintheSouth.Itisonly35kmfromFranceandisnowlinkedbyatunnelundertheEnglishChannel9/12/202323英美文化縱覽II.Geographicalfeatures

2.Geographicalfeatures(1)Anislandcountry,surroundedbysea(2)Highlandsinthenorthandwest(3)LowlandsintheeastandsoutheastA.PartofthegreatEuropeanPlainB.LevellandandfertilesoilC.farming(4)3naturalzonesinScotlandA.thehighlandsinthenorthB.thecentrallowlandsC.thesouthernuplandsBenNevis(1343metershigh)thehighestmountainintheUKPhysicalMapofBritain9/12/202324英美文化縱覽III.RiversandLakes

1.ImportantRivers(1)

theSevernRiverA.

thelongestinthecountryB.

only338kiloslong(2)

theThamesRiverA.

the2ndlongestB.

themostimportantriverC.

336kiloslongD.

OxfordandLondonareontheriver(3)

RiverClydeA.

themostimportantinScotlandB.importantcommercialwaterway9/12/202325英美文化縱覽III.RiversandLakes2.theLakeDistrict(1)

innorthwestEnglandandNorthWalesTheLakedistrictisneartheScottishborder(2)

populartouristattractions(3)

thehomeoftheLakePoetsA.

WilliamWordsworthB.

SamuelTaylorColeridgeC.RobertSouthey9/12/202326英美文化縱覽IV.Climate

1.TypicalfeatureofBritain’sclimate

Amaritimetypeofclimate

“Othercountrieshaveaclimate;inEnglandwehaveweather.”

ThestatementisoftenmadebyEnglishmentodescribethepeculiarmeteorologicalconditionsoftheircountry.(1)

rainy---abundantrainfallTheuncertaintyabouttheweathertendstomaketheEnglishmencautious.“AforeignermaylaughwhenheseestheEnglishmansettingforthonabrilliantlysunnymorningwearingaraincoatandcarryinganumbrella,buthemaywellregrethislaughterlaterintheday!”9/12/202327英美文化縱覽IV.Climate(2)

Changeableandunpredictable,noclearcutof4seasons

“InnocountryotherthanEngland,ithasbeensaid,canoneexperiencefourseasonsinthecourseofasingleday!Daymaybreakasabalmyspringmorning;anhourorsolaterblackcloudsmayhaveappearedfromnowhereandtherainmaybepouringdown.Atmiddayconditionsmaybereallywintrywiththetemperaturedownbyabouteightdegreesormorecentigrade.Andthen,inthelateafternoontheskywillclear,thesunwillbegintoshine,andforanhourortwobeforedarknessfalls,itwillbesummer.”(3)

mild:noextremesInEnglandonecanexperiencealmosteverykindofweatherexceptthemostextreme.

temperature:4-6℃inwinter,12-17℃insummer9/12/202328英美文化縱覽IV.Climate2.

Factorsinfluencingtheclimate(1)

thesurroundingwaters(2)

theprevailingsouth-westwinds(3)

theNorthAtlanticDrift(warmcurrent)3.Rainfall(1)

asteadyreliablerainfallthroughouttheyear(2)

unevendistributionofrainA.

awatersurplusinthenorthandwestB.awaterdeficitinthesouthandeast