兒童語言發(fā)展階段-Stages-in-child-language-developmenter

Stages

in

child

language

developmentPhonological

development（音位的發(fā)展）Vocabulary

development（詞匯的發(fā)展）Grammatical

development

（語法的發(fā)展）Pragmatic

development（語用的發(fā)展）

Phonologicaldevelopment

（音位的發(fā)展）Childrenarebornwithanabilitytodiscriminateandproducesounds,andtheacquisitionofsoundsisuniversalacrossallcultureandlanguages.Thesequenceinwhichthesoundsareacquiredworkslikeasystemofpre-requisites,thatistosay,themustpasseachstagebeforehecanproceedtothenextone.

兒童語音的發(fā)展始于嬰兒的咿呀學(xué)語階段。兒童早期所習(xí)得的聲音不受兒童語言環(huán)境的影響，所發(fā)出的音也不局限于某一特定的語言中。在早期發(fā)出的音包括/b/,/m/,/d/,/k/等相對簡單的音，而在發(fā)音的后期，才出現(xiàn)發(fā)音較難的音，如/θ/。Vocabularydevelopment

(詞匯的發(fā)展)Childrendon’tlearnthemeaningofaword“allatonce”.Whenachildlearnanewword,hemaywellunder-extendorover-extendit.1)Under-extension外延縮?。ㄕZ義不足，大詞小用）e.g.denialthatthecolorofwhitecanbeusedforpaperdenialthatbirdsareanimals否定鳥是動(dòng)物callingallmaleadultsdaddy兒童稱所有成人為daddy2)Over-extension過分延伸(theextensionofcategoriesoranalogiesandtheextensionoffamilyresemblance)e.g.appleforallfruitappleforanythingroundVocabularydevelopment

(詞匯的發(fā)展)3)lexicalcontrast詞匯對照理論Childrenhaveconventionalwordsforthings.Theyuseconventionalwordsforsomethingelsewhenaproperwordisavailable,thentheycontrastitwithotherwords.4)Prototypetheory原型理論Childrenmaybeginawordwithaprototypeandextenditsfeatureslater.Grammatical

development

(語法發(fā)展)1)Telegraphicspeech(電報(bào)式語言)contentwords,two-wordutterances,lackingoffunctionelements,nosyntacticormorphologicalmarkers.e.g.MamabookDaddygo2)Sentencesofthreemainelements(三詞句階段)thegraspoftheprincipleofsentenceformation.e.g.daddykickballthatbigbed

Pragmaticdevelopment

(語用的發(fā)展)howtospeaktoothersinanappropriatemanner,including:thegreetingstobeused,

thetaboowords,

thepoliteformsofaddress,

the

variousstylesappropriateto

differentspeechsituationofhiscommunity.

Children’slearningofquestionconstruction

(1)formaquestionbyusingaquestionintonation.e.g.sitchair?putit?(2)merely“takeon”aquestionwordinfrontofthesentence,don’tchangethewordorder,orinsertdo.e.g.Whathewants?whereIshouldputit?(3)untilhaveacquiredauxiliarywords,theycanusethequestioncorrectly.whatdoeshewant?Pragmaticdevelopment

(語用的發(fā)展)(1)Genderisanimportantaspectofspeechtoimitatecertainrole,itcanalsobefoundinthetopicandquantityofchildrentalk.e.g.Aboysaidtoayoungerchild:“cometodaddy,there’sagoodgirl.”(2)Politenessisoneofthefewaspectsofspeechthatareexplicitlytaughtbyadults:theappropriateuseoflanguage.e.g.Pleaseandthankyou.Don’ttalkwhenI’mtalking.Don’tshoutatthetable.（3）Childrenlearntheintentionbeneaththelinguistic

form.Inotherwordshehastolearnto"readbetweenthelines".lookatthefollowingschooldialogue:teacher:That'stube'sbroken.child:Yes,sir.teacher:Don'tjustsay"yes,sir".Iwanttoknowwhodidit.兒童學(xué)習(xí)本族語的發(fā)展過程是怎樣的？雖然從“前語言期”到“語言期”的過程中各階段是連續(xù)的，并且個(gè)人素質(zhì)方面可能有相當(dāng)大的不同，但兒童學(xué)習(xí)本族語的發(fā)展過程在時(shí)間上可以分為下列幾個(gè)階段：3-6月咿呀學(xué)語的嬰兒語期或語言游戲期。這是能理解面部表情和語調(diào)，能運(yùn)用發(fā)音器官發(fā)出各種聲音，但不會(huì)說連貫的話。6-9月為幼兒語期。這時(shí)能對手勢和簡單的指令做出反應(yīng)，在自身刺激的情況下不斷的進(jìn)行