專升本英語輔導(dǎo)資料

第一章語音部分本部分要解決這樣幾個(gè)問題：1）英文的48個(gè)音素2）最基本的語音知識(shí)，如：元音、輔音、開音節(jié)、閉音節(jié)以及r音節(jié)，等。3）字母讀音規(guī)則和字母組合（留心注有“例外”的地方）。4）語音練習(xí)題。1.A.admireB.againstC.anxiousD.announce2.A.watchB.catchC.matchD.snatch3.A.energyB.engineerC.encourageD.entrance4.A.practiceB.possibleC.physicalD.Pacific5.A.officialB.observeC.obeyD.obviously6.A.subjectB.succeedC.supplyD.suppose7.A.cloudyB.captainC.certainD.cotton8.A.leagueB.tongueC.guessD.guest9.A.honorB.howeverC.handsomeD.harmful10.A.knockB.knowledgeC.kilometerD.knee11.A.strongB.EnglishC.fingerD.longer12.A.seasonB.seriousC.promiseD.advise13.A.umbrellasB.victoriesC.workshopsD.vegetables14.A.pollutesB.pronouncesC.preparesD.persuades15.A.exampleB.explainC.expensiveD.excuse16.A.apologyB.especiallyC.yardD.February17.A.schoolB.machineC.technicalD.character18.A.whereB.whileC.wholeD.white19.A.bothB.thinC.thisD.think20.A.threeB.thoseC.thankD.theatre21.A.liberationB.suggestionC.attentionD.education22.A.warmB.armfulC.partyD.harvest23.A.callB.calmC.talkD.walk24.A.stealB.realC.realityD.meal25.A.wheatB.cheatC.treatD.sweat26.A.percentB.permitC.personD.persuade27.A.friendB.fieldC.handkerchiefD.achieve28.A.eightB.weightC.heightD.neighbour29.A.bootB.chooseC.soonD.stood30.A.cornB.sportC.horseD.worse31.A.countryB.touchC.mouthD.double32.A.aboutB.couldC.accountD.shout33.A.knownB.shownC.thrownD.brown34.A.ownB.followC.knowD.knowledge35.A.fearB.dearC.heardD.near36.A.pleasureB.pressureC.measureD.treasure37.A.reportedB.watchedC.dependedD.wounded38.A.weighedB.washedC.warnedD.wondered39.A.swimB.sweetC.sweatD.sword40.A.spareB.prepareC.stareD.are545）語音考試樣題――樣題Directions:Ineachofthefollowinggroupsofwords,therearefourunderlinedlettersorlettercombinationsmarkedA,B,CandD.Comparetheunderlinedpartsandidentifytheonethatisdifferentfromtheothersinpronunciation.MarkyouranswerbyblackeningthecorrespondingletteronANSWERSHEET.1.A.neighbourB.heightC.weightD.eighty2.A.bathroomB.eleventhC.breatheD.maths3.A.lectureB.recognizeC.levelD.recent4.A.putB.pushC.publicD.pull5.A.comfortableB.possibleC.horribleD.constant★大綱上給了3000個(gè)常用單詞，平時(shí)讀的時(shí)候注意發(fā)音第二章語法部分（詞法、句法）第一節(jié)名詞一、可數(shù)名詞1.1規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，如①map——maps

②box——boxes

③story——stories1.2不規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式1）以-o結(jié)尾的名詞多數(shù)加-es構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)：hero——heroes英雄

cargo——cargoes貨物

potato——potatoes土豆

tomato——tomatoes西紅柿某些外來詞以-o結(jié)尾，但只加-s：auto——autos汽車

piano——pianos鋼琴

photo——photos照片

kilo——kilos公里以-oo或元音字母加-o結(jié)尾的詞也只加-s：zoo——zoos動(dòng)物園

radio——radios收音機(jī)

bamboo——bamboos竹子

studio——studios照相館2）以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的名詞，多數(shù)變f為v再加上-es：thief——thieves小偷

knife——knives刀

wife——wives妻子life——lives生命

shelf——shelves架子

half——halves半但有些只加-s：

belief——beliefs信念

roof——roofs屋頂3）常見特殊復(fù)數(shù)形式：child——children孩子

foot——feet腳，英尺

goose——geese鵝

ox——oxen牛tooth——teeth牙齒

mouse——mice老鼠

basis——bases基礎(chǔ)

medium——media媒介man——men男人

woman——women女人

chairman——chairmen主席

datum——data數(shù)據(jù)4）常見單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同：sheep綿羊

deer鹿

fish魚

fruit水果yuan元

shark鯊魚

Chinese中國人

Swiss瑞士人5）常見的只能用復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞：works工廠

species種類

crossroads十字路口

means手段goods貨物

clothes衣服

shoes鞋

thanks感謝

surroundin環(huán)境politics政治學(xué)

physics物理學(xué)

glasses眼鏡

outskirts郊區(qū)

wages工資另外一些集合名詞如：cattle，mankind，police，people，staff等總是用作復(fù)數(shù)。2、不可數(shù)名詞是指不能以數(shù)目來計(jì)算，不可以分成個(gè)體的概念、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、感情或表示物質(zhì)材料的東西；它一般沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式，只有單數(shù)形式，它的前面不能用不定冠詞a/an，

若要表示它的個(gè)體意義時(shí)，必須與一個(gè)名詞短語連用，相當(dāng)于中文里的【一+（量詞）+名詞】，其中的量詞意義依與具體的名詞搭配而定。例如：apieceofbread[cake(蛋糕),paper(紙),thread(線),cloth(布),furniture(家具),coal(煤),news(新聞),advice(意見),information(信息),work(工作),meat(肉)]一塊面包[一塊蛋糕、一張紙、一根線、……]

anitemofinformation一則情報(bào)aburstofapplause一陣掌聲

afitofanger一頓脾氣aslipofpaper一張紙條

alengthofcloth一段布料acakeofsoap一塊肥皂

atubeoftooth-paste一條牙膏abottleofink一瓶墨水不可數(shù)名詞在句子中作主語時(shí)，句子的謂語也只用單數(shù)形式。例如：

Waterisaliquid.水是液體。

Wealthdoesn’tmeanhappiness.富有并不意味幸福。

3、可數(shù)與不可數(shù)的轉(zhuǎn)化問題上面提到的可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞并不是一塵不變的。英文中的很多詞都是一詞多義，名詞也不例外，同是一個(gè)詞在一種情況下是可數(shù)名詞，而在另一種場合卻是不可數(shù)名詞：可數(shù)名詞:atin一只鋅罐arelation親屬aniron一把熨斗ademocracy民主國家aglass一只玻璃杯abeauty美人，美的東西awood一片樹林apower大國不可數(shù)名詞:tin錫relation關(guān)系 Iron鐵 democracy民主glass玻璃beauty美Wood木頭 power威力，電力 另外，在很多情況下抽象名詞可變成可數(shù)名詞(A)；而可數(shù)名詞在一定情況下也可以抽象化，變成不可數(shù)名詞(B)：.Wouldyoulikesomecoffee?（不可數(shù)）喝點(diǎn)咖啡好嗎？

Letmehaveacoffee.（可數(shù)）給我一杯咖啡吧。

Translationisanart.（不可數(shù)）翻譯是一門藝術(shù)。

I’vemadeanEnglishtranslationofthebook.（可數(shù)）我已將那本書譯成了英文。Hegotindifficultyagain.（不可數(shù)）他又有困難了。

Theymetwithmanydifficulties.（可數(shù)）他們遇到很多困難。4、主謂一致的問題當(dāng)名詞充當(dāng)主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞在人稱、數(shù)等方面必須與其保持一致——即“主謂一致性”的問題。主謂一致(Subject-VerbConcord)主謂一致的問題看上去似乎很簡單，其實(shí)使用起來卻不是那么容易，有時(shí)候甚至很復(fù)雜。這是因?yàn)樵诓煌闆r下，處理這一問題所依據(jù)的原則各不相同。就其在現(xiàn)代語法中的基本原則而言，通常有三個(gè)不同角度的著眼點(diǎn)：1）語法一致2）意義一致3）就近原則。1）主謂一致的原則是指，主語和謂語從語法形式上取得一致：主語是單數(shù)形式，謂語也采取單數(shù)形式；主語是復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語亦采取復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：Agrammarbookhelpsyoulearnsomethingabouttherulesofalanguage.（主語是單數(shù)形式，謂語也采取單數(shù)形式）語法書幫助你學(xué)習(xí)語言的某些規(guī)則。Grammarbookshelpyoulearnsomethingabouttherulesofalanguage.（主語是復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語也采取復(fù)數(shù)形式）語法書幫助你學(xué)習(xí)語言的某些規(guī)則。主語和謂語從語法形式上取得一致的問題遠(yuǎn)不只上述的那么簡單。有許多方面的情況需要我們?nèi)ゾ唧w地對(duì)待：#不定式、動(dòng)名詞、以及從句作主語時(shí)應(yīng)看作單數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如：Readingoftenmeanslearning.讀書常意味是學(xué)習(xí)。ToreadEnglishaloudeverymorningdoesyoualotofgood.每天早晨朗讀英語有許多好處。Whathesaidhasbeenrecorded.他說的話已被錄音了。##不定代詞one,every,each,everybody,everyone,oneof,noone,nothing,nobody,someone,somebody,either,neither,manya等作主語或是修飾主語時(shí)應(yīng)看作單數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如：Neitherofmysisterslikessports.我的妹妹中沒人喜歡運(yùn)動(dòng)。Manyastudenttakesawalkoncampusafterdinner.許多學(xué)生晚飯后常在校園里散步。Everyboyandgirlshowsgreatinterestinextra-curriculumactivities.每個(gè)男孩和女孩對(duì)課外活動(dòng)都表現(xiàn)出很大的興趣。###表示國家、機(jī)構(gòu)、事件、作品等名稱的專有名詞作主語時(shí)應(yīng)看作單數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如：OneThousandAndOneNightstellspeoplelotsofmysteriousbitsoffolklore.《一千零一夜》給人們講了許多神秘的民間傳說。TheUnitedStatesisleadingtheworldinscienceandtechnology.美國常在世界科技方面領(lǐng)先。TheUnitedNationsplayanimportantroleintheinternationalaffairs.聯(lián)合國在國際事務(wù)中起著重要作用。####aportion,aseriesof,akindof,thenumberof等與名詞構(gòu)成名詞短語作主語時(shí)應(yīng)看作單數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如：Aseriesofhightechnologyproductshasbeenlaidoutintheexhibition.一系列高科技產(chǎn)品已在展覽上展出了。Thenumberofprintingmistakesinsomerecentbooksoftensurprisespeopleeventodeath.近來一些書籍里印刷錯(cuò)誤的數(shù)量讓人吃驚得要命。Asubstantialportionofthereportsismissing.這些報(bào)告都沒有提及實(shí)質(zhì)問題。Akindofroseinthegardensmellsverypleasant.這座花園里有一種玫瑰香氣怡人。#####由some,several,both,few,many,anumberof等詞修飾主語、或是由它們自身作主語時(shí)應(yīng)看作復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。另外，由and連接兩個(gè)主語時(shí)，謂語一般用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：Ontheseashore,somepeopleareplayingvolleyballandsomearelyinginthesun.海邊，有些人在打排球，有些人躺著曬太陽。Bothofusarefondofwatchingfootballgames.我們倆都喜歡看足球賽。Anumberofwill-begraduatesarevoluntarilygoingtoworkintheWestofChina.許多即將畢業(yè)的學(xué)生打算自愿去中國西部工作。######有些短語，如：alotof,mostof,anyof,halfof,threefifthsof,eightypercentof,someof,noneof,therestof,allof等后接不可數(shù)名詞、或是單數(shù)形式的名詞作主語時(shí)應(yīng)看作單數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；但如果后接可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式作主語時(shí)應(yīng)看作復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：Alotofmoneyintheshopwasstolenyesterdaywhentheelectricitywassuddenlycutoff.昨天突然斷電時(shí)，那家商店丟失了許多錢。AlotofbooksaboutInvestmentFundhavebeenpublishedrecently.最近出版了許多關(guān)于投資基金的書籍。2）意義一致(NotionalConcord)這一原則是指，從意義著眼來解決主謂一致問題。有時(shí)主語形式上為單數(shù)，但意義上卻是復(fù)數(shù)，那么謂語依意義也用復(fù)數(shù)形式；而有時(shí)主語形式上為復(fù)數(shù)，但意義上卻是單數(shù)，那么謂語依意義亦用單數(shù)形式。1）當(dāng)主語后面接由aswellas,asmuchas,accompaniedby,including,inadditionto,morethan,nolessthan,ratherthan,togetherwith等引導(dǎo)的詞組時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞的形式要依主語的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。在這樣的句子里，這些詞所引導(dǎo)的詞組不影響主語自身的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式，它們?cè)诰渥永锲鋵?shí)是狀語。也就是說，我們完全可以將這些詞組搬到句首或是放到句末去。從表面上我們也可以看出，它們與主語之間有“，”隔開。例如：Petroleum,alongwithfuelgas,hasrecentlyriseninprice.最近石油和燃料煤氣的價(jià)格上漲了。Theteacher,withallhisstudents,isgoingtohaveapicnicthisweekend.老師打算這個(gè)周末與學(xué)生們一起去野炊。Thestudents,togetherwiththeirteacher,aregoingtohaveapicnicthisweekend.學(xué)生們打算這個(gè)周末與他們的老師一起去野炊。Thewarehouse,withallitsstockings,wasburnedlastnight.昨晚，那個(gè)倉庫連同其所有的貨物一起被燒毀了。我們完全可以將上面句子中的那些詞組都分別搬到句首或是放到句末去，因?yàn)樗鼈冊(cè)诰渥永锸菭钫Z：Petroleumhasrecentlyriseninprice,alongwithfuelgas.Alongwithfuelgas,petroleumhasrecentlyriseninprice.Thestudentsaregoingtohaveapicnicthisweekendtogetherwiththeirteacher.Aswellasthesuitcase,themissingthingshavebeenfoundandreturnedtotheowner.Themissingthingshavebeenfoundandreturnedtotheowner,aswellasthesuitcase.2)表示時(shí)間、金錢、距離、體積、重量、面積、數(shù)字等詞語作主語時(shí)，其意義若是指總量應(yīng)看作單數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；但如果其意義是指“有多少數(shù)量”則應(yīng)該看作是復(fù)數(shù)，那么謂語動(dòng)詞也應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：Fourweeksareoftenapproximatelyregardedasonemonth.人們常大約地將四個(gè)星期看成一個(gè)月。Twentyyearsstandsforalongperiodinone’slife.二十年在人的一生里意味著一個(gè)很長的時(shí)期。Eightydollarsareenoughforastudenttospendonfoodforoneweek.八十塊錢給一個(gè)學(xué)生吃一個(gè)月的伙食是足夠的了。3)形容詞前加定冠詞即“the+形容詞”作主語時(shí)，其意義若是指個(gè)人或是抽象概念應(yīng)看作單數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；但如果其意義是指一類人則應(yīng)該看作是復(fù)數(shù)，那么謂語動(dòng)詞也應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：Theyoung,ontheonehand,oftenthinkoftheoldconservative.Ontheotherhand,theoldalwaysconsidertheyounginexperience.一方面，青年人常認(rèn)為老年人保守；另一方面，老年人總是認(rèn)為青年人沒有經(jīng)驗(yàn)。Inmanystories,thegoodarewellrewardedandthebadaredoomedtounfortunate.在許多故事里，好人總是有好報(bào)；壞人注定要倒霉。4）當(dāng)and連接兩個(gè)并列主語在意義上指同一人、同一物、同一事或者同一概念時(shí)，應(yīng)看作單數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。另外，當(dāng)and連接兩個(gè)形容詞去修飾一個(gè)單數(shù)形式的主語時(shí)，其實(shí)是指兩種不同的事物,主語則應(yīng)該看作是復(fù)數(shù)，那么謂語動(dòng)詞也應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：Warandpeaceisaconstantthemeinhistory.戰(zhàn)爭與和平是一個(gè)歷史上的永恒的主題。ChineseandJapanesesilkareofgoodquality.中國絲綢和日本絲綢質(zhì)量都很好。Whiteandblackcoffeearerespectivelywelcomedbydifferentpeople.加奶的咖啡與清咖啡都分別受到不同人們的喜愛。5)集體名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)取決于主語的意義：主語表示整體時(shí)視為單數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；主語表示集體中的個(gè)體成員時(shí)視為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。這類集體名詞常見的有：army,audience,cattle,class,club,committee,crowd,family,government,group,majority,minority,part,people,police,public,staff,team等等，其中cattle，people，police一般看成復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：Thefamilyareallfondoffootball.那一家人都喜歡足球。Thefamilyisthetiniestcellofthesociety.家庭是社會(huì)的最小的細(xì)胞。Thepublichaseveryreasontobecautiousofprofessionaldeception.人民大眾完全有理由謹(jǐn)防職業(yè)騙局。Thepublicnowcometoknowthewholestory.人們現(xiàn)在越來越清楚那是怎么回事了。3）就近原則(PrincipleofProximity)這一原則是指，謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)常常與最近作主語的詞語保持一致。常出現(xiàn)在這類句子中的連詞有：or,either…or…,neither…nor…,notonly…butalso…等。例如：EitherIortheyareresponsiblefortheresultofthematter.不是我，就是他們要對(duì)那件事的結(jié)局負(fù)責(zé)任。Neithertheunkindwordsnortheunfriendlyattitudehascausedmeanydistress.既不是那些不友好的話，也不是那不友好的態(tài)度讓我沮喪。Notonlyhebutalsoallhisfamilyarekeenonconcerts.不僅僅是他，而且是他全家人都很熱衷于音樂會(huì)。Neitherhisfamilynorheknowsanythingaboutit.他全家人和他都不知道那件事。4、考點(diǎn)測試1.Tendays______longenoughforMr.Cartertofinishhisdesign.Hedoesntneedanymore.A.

is

B.hasbeen

C.was

D.hadbeentendays作為一個(gè)整體看待，謂語用單數(shù)形式。（注意時(shí)態(tài)）答案A2.Now，manypeopleusethewordMsinsteadofMissorMrs，forexample，beforethenamesof______inbusinessletters.A.womanmanager

B.womenmanager

C.womanmanagers

D.womenmanagersnames是復(fù)數(shù)形式，其后的名詞肯定是復(fù)數(shù)。兩個(gè)名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)，兩個(gè)都要變。答案D3.Thenumberofstudentswhofailedthechemistryexamination_____tofifteen.A.haveincreased

B.hasincreased

C.isincreased

D.areincreasingthenumberof謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。答案B4.NeitherJohnnorhisfather_______abletowakeupearlyenoughtocatchthemorningtrain.A.was

B.were

C.wouldbe

D.havebeenneither……nor謂語動(dòng)詞跟相鄰的主語一致。答案A5.Theroomiseight_______long.A.foot

B.foots

C.feet

D.feetsfoot英尺，復(fù)數(shù)形式feet答案C6.Thehostesstogetherwiththeguestsofhonor________comfortablyinthelivingroom.A.wasseated

B.seated

C.wereseated

D.wereseating謂語與togetherwith前的名詞一致，答案A。beseated就坐Pleasebeseatedladiesandgentlmen.Seattheboynexttohisbrother.7.Thefather，ratherthanthebrothers，_______responsiblefortheaccident.A.is

B.are

C.havebeen

D.has主語thefather，單數(shù)，beresponsiblefor對(duì)……負(fù)責(zé)，答案A8.EitherCarolorGrace______totheconcert，butoneofthemhastostayhome.A.iscoming

B.arecoming

C.willcoming

D.havecomeeither……or謂語動(dòng)詞與臨近主語一致。答案A9.Thetotalamountofmoney______100dollars.A.is

B.are

C.has

D.havemoney不可數(shù)名詞，謂語動(dòng)詞單數(shù)。答案A10.Greatquantitiesoffish_____onhighseas.A.iscaught

B.arecaught

C.catch

D.iscatchingquantities復(fù)數(shù)形式，答案B第二節(jié)動(dòng)詞考試大綱要求動(dòng)詞包括時(shí)態(tài)、被動(dòng)語態(tài)、動(dòng)名詞、分詞以及虛擬語氣。（1）動(dòng)詞的分類：及物動(dòng)詞與不及物動(dòng)詞；連系動(dòng)詞；助動(dòng)詞；情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。（2）動(dòng)詞的基本形式：動(dòng)詞原形、過去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞；不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的形式（3）動(dòng)詞主要時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成及其用法。包括一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，一般過去時(shí)，過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，過去完成時(shí)，完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，一般將來時(shí)，將來完成時(shí)，過去將來時(shí)。（4）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞及其基本用法。（5）非謂語動(dòng)詞（不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞）的形式及主要用法。（6）被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成及其基本用法。（7）虛擬語氣的常見形式及其基本用法。一、動(dòng)詞的分類動(dòng)詞類型在句子中的用法及物動(dòng)詞后面接賓語不及物動(dòng)詞后面不接賓語，或接"介詞/副詞+賓語"連系動(dòng)詞后面接表語助動(dòng)詞后面接動(dòng)詞原形情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面接動(dòng)詞原形，或接動(dòng)詞的完成式二、動(dòng)詞的基本形式動(dòng)詞除原形外，還有過去式、過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞三種形式。（一）過去式和過去分詞的構(gòu)成1．一般情況下在原形后加-ed。如：work-worked,help-helped。2．以e結(jié)尾的單詞，在原形后加-d。如：like-liked,joke-joked,hope-hoped.3.以"輔音字母+y"結(jié)尾的單詞，變y為i再加-ed。如：study-studied,carry-carried,copy-copied。4．以重讀閉音節(jié)、末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾的單詞，雙寫末尾的輔音字母再加-ed。如：stop-stopped,prefer-preferred,admit-admitted,plan-planned.有些動(dòng)詞的過去式和過去分詞有特殊的形式。cost-cost-costmeet-met-metcatch-caught-caughtrise-rose-risendrive-drove-drivenget-got-got/gottenleave-left-leftsmell-smelt/smelled-smelt/smelledtell-told-toldtake-took-taken（二）現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成1．一般情況下在原形后加-ing。如：go-going,carry-carrying,play-playing,answer-answering,ask-asking。2．以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的單詞，去e加-ing。如：live-living,come-coming,dance-dancing,write-writing。3．以重讀閉音節(jié)、末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾的詞，雙寫末尾的輔音字母再加-ing。如：sit-sitting,begin-beginning,permit-permitting,run-running,forget-forgetting.有些動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞有其特殊形式。如：die-dying,lie-lying,tie-tying,picnic-picnicking.三、動(dòng)詞的主要時(shí)態(tài)（一）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作、現(xiàn)在的特征和狀態(tài)、普遍真理等。Galileosaidtheearthmovesaroundthesun.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的謂語形式：1．當(dāng)動(dòng)詞為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，如read,go,look時(shí)，謂語用動(dòng)詞原形，否定句在動(dòng)詞前面加donot，疑問句加助動(dòng)詞do。常和always,often,usually,sometimes,everyday等表示時(shí)間的狀語連用。Igotoschooleveryday.Ireadthenewspapersafterlunch.Doyouagreewithme?(agreewithsb.同意某人觀點(diǎn))Idon'tquiteagreewithyou.主語為第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞后面一般加s（具體變化規(guī)則與名詞變復(fù)數(shù)相同）。否定句加doesnot,疑問句加does.Myfathergetsupatsixeveryday.Helovessports.Doesithurt?DoesMissWuteachusEnglish?Themachinedoesn'trunsmoothly.2．當(dāng)動(dòng)詞為be時(shí)，謂語隨人稱和數(shù)的不同用am,is,are三種形式。Oneisnotguiltyuntilheisproved.在被證明有罪之前，人都是無罪的。Knowledgeispower.知識(shí)就是力量。Sheisn'tafraidtogotoschoolalonenow.AreyoufromYunnan?（befrom來自……地方）Whatshesaysistrue.3．當(dāng)動(dòng)詞為have,表示"有"時(shí)，謂語用have,主語為第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)，用has.否定句相應(yīng)用haven't,hasn't,或don'thave,doesn'thave,疑問句將have,has提至主語前面或加助動(dòng)詞do,does.Mysisterhasalotoftoys.Shealwayshavealotofhomeworktodo.Hasshe/Doesshehaveanymoneyonher?Theydon'thave/haven'tmuchexperience.當(dāng)have作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，如havealook,havebreakfast,havelunch,havesupper時(shí)，句子的謂語形式與其他實(shí)義動(dòng)詞相同。Let'shavealookatthepicture.Ialwayshavebreakfastathome.Sheoftenhaslunchinthedinninghall.always、often通常放在系動(dòng)詞之后，實(shí)意動(dòng)詞之前。1.Itisanacceptedcustominourcountryformentoremovetheirhatswhenawoman______theroom.A.enterB.entersC.enteringD.enteredwheh狀語從句中的主語是第三人稱單數(shù)，答案B2."I'mleavingnow.""Makesure_______thedoor."A.youlockB.you'lllockC.forlockingD.lockingmakesure+動(dòng)詞原型或句子。答案A3.Jeancouldbeaveryattractivegirlbutshe________toherclothes.A.paysnoattentionB.payingnoattentionC.waspayingattentionD.hadpaidattention答案A4."HowdoesAlmalikehernewwork?""She_______withthehours."A.can'tsatisfyB.isn'tsatisfiedC.doesn'tsatisfyD.hasn'tsatisfiedbesatisfiedwith對(duì)……滿意答案B（二）一般過去時(shí)一般過去時(shí)表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況，包括過去的習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。常與表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用。如：aminuteago,yesterday,lastweek,in1990,duringthenight,inthosedays.用過去時(shí)時(shí)，說"過多少時(shí)間之后"，一般用after,不用in。一般過去時(shí)的謂語形式：1．動(dòng)詞為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)，謂語用動(dòng)詞的過去式，否定句在原形前加didnot,疑問句加助動(dòng)詞did.如：Johnsuddenlyfellillyesterday.(fall-fell-fallen)Mymotherdidn'tlookwellwhenIsawherlasttime.Ithappenedafterfourdays.DidtheygotoCanadalastweek?Nothinghappenedsincethen.Hewentoutjustnow.(justnow剛才)Abookthatcostafewjiaoseveralyearsagoisworth30yuannow.2．動(dòng)詞為be,主語是I或第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)，謂語用was,其他情況用were.如Theywereclassmateswhentheyweretenyearsold.Shewasonceadoctorbutnowshehasretired.Whywereyouabsentfromschoolyesterday?3.動(dòng)詞為have時(shí)，肯定句謂語用had.表示"有"時(shí)，否定句可用hadnot，疑問句將had提至主語前面，也可與have作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)相同，即否定句用didn'thave,疑問句加助動(dòng)詞did。如：Theydidn'thaveanymoneyleftandtheycouldn'taffordthehouse.Shedidn'thaveanyrestatnoonandcontinuedtowork.DidyouhavedinnerwithMr.Wangatthatfamousrestaurantthedaybeforeyesterday?Wehadabigfactoryfortyyearsago.1.Johnwasfinishinghisassignmentswhenhisfather_______homefromwork.A.cameB.comesC.hascomeD.iscoming主句為過去時(shí)，狀語從句也為過去時(shí)。答案A2.ThefirstzoologicalgardenintheUnitedStates_________inPhiladelphiain1874.(zoo)A.hadestablishedB.hasestablishedC.wasestablishedD.established考試時(shí)應(yīng)先考慮句子是主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)，然后再考慮時(shí)態(tài)。動(dòng)物園應(yīng)該是被建A、D都是主動(dòng)語態(tài)。答案C（三）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)主要表示現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。可與now,atpresent,atthismoment,thesedays等時(shí)間狀語連用?，F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的謂語形式：am/is/are+現(xiàn)在分詞。Whatareyoudoing,Jack?We'retryingtoplanourfuture.Thetrainisnowrapidlyapproachingthecity.(approach接近)Lifeischangingallthetime.Thewomanwhoisstandinghereismymother.動(dòng)詞go,come,leave,stay,arrive,die等用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中，可以表示將要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。Thebusisleaving,pleasehurryup.It'sgoingtorain.Don'tforgettotaketheumbrella.Myuncleiscomingtoseeusthisweekend.TheboyisleavingforBeijingtomorrow.（leavefor動(dòng)身）1.Healthexpertsinmanycountriesstill________theirideasabouttherelationshipsbetweenourfoodandourhealth.A.havetestedB.testedC.aretestingD.teststill（仍舊）一般用于進(jìn)行時(shí)。still一般放在系動(dòng)詞后面，實(shí)義動(dòng)詞前面。答案C2.Whatisthisnoise?Tellmewhat_______here.A.wentonB.goesonC.isgoingonD.willgoon答案C（四）過去進(jìn)行時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)主要表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻或一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的謂語形式：was/were+現(xiàn)在分詞。Mysonwaspracticingthepianothistimeyesterdayevening.WhenIcalledhim,hewashavinghisbreakfast.Whilewewerehavingameeting,Marycameinandtoldustheterriblenews.Iwasleavingtheroomwhenthetelephonerang.1.Jameshasjustarrived,butIdidn'tknowhe_____untilyesterday.A.willcomeB.wascomingC.hadbeencomingD.comes現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表明的是過去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。hadbeen過去完成時(shí)，表示過去的過去。wascoming用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將要的動(dòng)作。答案B2."WhatwereyoudoingwhenAnnaphonedyou?""Ihadjustfinishedmyworkand_______totakeabath.'A.startingB.tostartC.havestartedD.wasstartingwhatwereyoudoing提問的是過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。答案D（五）一般將來時(shí)一般將來時(shí)主要表示準(zhǔn)備做的事、將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作情況、按計(jì)劃安排要發(fā)生的事。一般將來時(shí)的謂語形式：1．a(chǎn)m/is/aregoingto+動(dòng)詞原形2．will/shall+動(dòng)詞原形（shall用于第一人稱）3．a(chǎn)m/is/are+不定式We'llhaveeggsandtoastforbreakfastthismorning.Howareyougoingtospendyoursummervacation?Ithinkit'sgoingtorain.Wearegoingtothezootomorrow.Thefactoryistogointoproduction.ThelineistobeopenedtotrafficonMayDay.Themachinewon'twork.Themeetingwon'tlastlong.beaboutto可表示即將做某事。Heisabouttoleave.Mymotherisabouttoretire.一般將來時(shí)有時(shí)還可以用來表示一種傾向。Cropswilldiewithoutwater.WheneverIhavetime,I'llgoandseeyou.Whoeverfailstoseethiswillmakeabigmistake.Oilwillfloatonwater.用ShallI…?Shallwe…?開頭可以表示征求對(duì)方的意見。肯定回答用"Yes,please"或"Pleasedo";否定回答用"No,pleasedon't"等來回答。--ShallIclosethewindow,it'stoocoldhere.--Yes,please.(No,Pleasedon't.)--Shallwecallataxi?--Yes,let's.(No,Idon'tthinkweshall.)時(shí)間和條件狀語主句是將來時(shí)，從句中一般不能用將來時(shí)態(tài)，而用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)代替。Lipingwillletyouhavethebookwhenheisthrough.（主動(dòng)語態(tài)里let后面再出現(xiàn)動(dòng)詞省略to）Weshallhelpyouifyouaskus.I'llaskmymotherassoonasshecomes.Itwillbesixyearsbeforewemeetagain.Shewillmissthetrainunlessshehurriesup.1.Nomatterhowmuch_______,itwellbeworthit.A.willthewatchcostB.thewatchwillcostC.doesthewatchcostD.thewatchcosts狀語從句主句將來時(shí)從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。howmuch+主語+謂語單問表的價(jià)錢：Howmuchdoesthewatchcost?答案D2.Althoughhepromisedtochange,I'mstillwonderingwhenhe______abletoputhisheartintohisstudies.A.wasB.willbeC.beD.werebeabletodo選項(xiàng)C中when是時(shí)間狀語從句，謂語不直接跟系動(dòng)詞be。答案B3."WillSusangetherPh.D.?""Itislikelythatshe_______."A.willB.doesC.willdoitD.getsit用將來時(shí)提問直接用將來時(shí)回答即可。答案A4."DidyouvisitGracelastsummer?""No,butI______herovertheChristmasvacation."A.willseeB.beseenC.haveseenD.havebeenseeing答案A5.Mr.AndMrs.ZhangaregoingtoBrazilnextweekandthey_______toMexicolaterinthemonth.A.willgoB.wouldgoC.wentD.havegone答案A6."Aretheregoingtobemanypeopleatyourpartytoday?""Wehopethat_________."A.therewillbeB.thereisC.thereareD.therearegoingto答案A7."Whenwilltheplanearrive?""I'lltellyouwhenI_______."A.willfindoutB.findoutC.amfindingoutD.havebeenfindingout時(shí)間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中主句為將來時(shí)則從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。findout查出原因find發(fā)現(xiàn)lookfor尋找答案B（六）過去將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)主要表示在過去某個(gè)時(shí)間打算要做的事，或從過去某個(gè)時(shí)間看來將要發(fā)生的事。過去將來時(shí)常用于間接引語中。過去將來時(shí)的謂語形式：1．was/weregoingto+動(dòng)詞原形2．would/should+動(dòng)詞原形3．was/wereto+動(dòng)詞原形Weneverimaginedthatmysisterwouldbecomeadoctor.Hesaidhewouldcomebackthenextday.Ithoughtyouwouldn'thaveanyobjectiontoit.（objectiontosth.反對(duì)某事）Weweresurewewouldwinfinalvictory.Heinformedusthetrainwastoleaveatsix.Ididn'tknowwhentheyweregoingtocomeagain.Hewasabouttogettherewhenitbegantorain.YouknewIwouldcome.1.Theythoughtit________funtotakethecar.A.canbeB.willbeC.wouldbeD.hasbeen答案C2."HasJohnfinishedthereport?""No,heknewthathe_________timetofinishitbytomorrow."A.won'thaveB.willhaveC.wouldn'thaveD.shallnothave答案C（七）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去發(fā)生的但對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響的動(dòng)作，或從過去某個(gè)時(shí)間開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能還會(huì)持續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的謂語形式：have/has+過去分詞?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常常與for,since等表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用，副詞just,already,yet,never,ever,lately,recently,sofar等也常用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中。Thecarhasarrived.Myparentshavehadagoodeducation.Ihaveboughtadictionary.Thedelegationhasalreadyleft.Sofarwehaveonlydiscussedthefirsttwochapters.Wehaven'thadmuchrainthiswinter.Ihavejustreceivedaletterfrommyparents.(justalreadyneverever放在have、has后面，過去分詞前面)Wehaven'treachedanagreementyet.Havetheygottheplanyet?Mymotherhasbeenateacherforthirtyyearsandnowshehasretired.（她退休已經(jīng)十年了不能用Shehasbeenretiredfortenyears表達(dá)，retire不能表一段延續(xù)的時(shí)間，有for或since時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞一定是可以表延續(xù)的動(dòng)詞）Mymotherhasbeenateachersinceshegraduatedfromtheuniversity.Mymotherhasbeenateachersincetenyearsago.for接一段延續(xù)的時(shí)間，since后接過去時(shí)的句子或時(shí)間狀語。IhavebeenheresincelastOctober.Mysisterhascaughtabadcold.Shehasbeenillforaweek.完成時(shí)態(tài)的運(yùn)用還應(yīng)注意以下兩點(diǎn)1．come,go,leave,arrive,begin,start,become,join,getup等表示短暫性動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞，不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用，這些動(dòng)作需用表示狀態(tài)的詞替代。Ihavehadthiscoatforoneyear.(替代havebought)Myunclehasbeenbackfortwodays.(替代hascomeback)Thetrainhasbeenawayforanhour.(替代hasleft)Thetwinbrothershavebeeninthearmyforthreeyears.(替代havejoinedthearmy)Thefilmhasbeenonfortenminutes.(替代hasbegun)We'vebeenupfortwohours.(替代havegotup)2．havebeento與havegoneto的區(qū)別havebeento表示"去過某地"或"去干過某事"，人現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)回來了；havegoneto表示"去某地了"或"去干某事了"，人還沒有回來。WehavebeentotheGreatWall.I'vebeentoseeadoctor.Ihavebeentothelibrary.Hehasgonetothelibrary.WhereisXiaoWang?-HehasgonetoShanghai.1."Who'sthatgood-lookinggirlFrankisdancingwith?""Idon'tknow.I______herbefore."A.hadneverseenB.wasneverseeingC.haveneverseenD.neverseen答案C2."Sorry,I'malittlebitlate.""Oh,I______herejustafewminutes."A.havebeenB.hadbeenC.amD.willbe答案A3."Whataboringspeaker!""Yes,bythetimehefinishes,everyone________."A.wasasleepB.willasleepC.hasbeenasleepD.sleptasleep只能放在系動(dòng)詞后面。答案C4.WeusedtogoskatinginMichiganeverywinter,butI______forthepastfiveseasons.A.don'tgoB.haven'tgoneC.amnotgoingD.didn'tgo答案Busedtodo過去常常做某事5.Lead_______asamaterialforsculpturesincethetimeoftheearlyGreeks.A.hasused