大學(xué)英語四級(jí)閱讀理解精讀100篇

PassageOne(ClintonIsRight)PresidentClinton’sdecisiononApr.8tosendChinesePremierZhuRongjipackingwithoutanagreementonChina’sentryintotheWorldTradeOrganizationseemedtobeamassivemiscalculation.ThePresidenttookadrubbingfrommuchofthepress,whichhadbreathlesslyreportedthatadealwasinthebag.TheCabinetandWhitHousestillappeareddivided,andbusinessleaderswerecharacterizedasfuriousoverthelostopportunity.ZhuchargedthatClintonlacked“thecourage”toreachanaccord.AndwhenClintonlatertelephonedtheangryZhutopledgearenewedeffortatnegotiations,thegesturewaswidelyportrayedasaflip-flop.Infact,ClintonmadetherightdecisioninholdingoutforabetterWTOdeal.Alotmorehorsetradingisneededbeforeafinalagreementcanbereached.AndwithouttheAdministration’sgoalofa“bullet-proofagreement”thatbusinesslobbyistscanenthusiasticallyselltoaRepublicanCongress,thewholeprocesswillendupinpartisanacrimonythatcouldharmrelationswithChinaforyears.THEHARDPART.Manybusinesslobbyists,whiledisappointedthatthedealwasnotclosed,agreethatbettertermscanstillbehad.AndTreasurySecretaryRobertE.Rubin,NationalEconomicCouncilDirectorGeneB.Sperling,CommerceSecretaryWilliamM.Daley,andtoptradenegotiatorCharleneBarshefskyalladvisedClintonthatwhiletheChinesehadmadearemarkablenumberofconcessions,“we’renotthereyet,”accordingtoseniorofficials.NegotiatingwithZhuovertheremainingissuesmaybetheeasypart.AlthoughClintoncansignalU.S.approvalforChina’sentryintotheWTOhimself,heneedsCongresstograntBeijingpermanentmost-favored-nationstatusaspartofabroadtradeaccord.AndthetemptationformeddlingonCapitalHillmayproveover-whelming.ZhuhadbarelylandedbeforeSenateMajorityLeaderTrentLott(R-Miss)declaredhimselfskepticalthatChinadeservedentryintotheWTO.AndSenatorsJesseA.Helms(R-N.C.)andEmestF.Hollings(D-S.C.)promisedtointroduceabillrequiringcongressionalapprovalofanydeal.Thehiddenmessagefromthesethreetextile-stateSoutherners:GetmoreprotectionfortheU.S.clothingindustry.Hopingtosmooththeway,theAdministrationtried,butfailed,tobudgeZhuontextiles.Alsoleftinthelurch:WallStreet,Hollywood,andDetroit.ZhurefusedtoopenupmuchofthelucrativeChinesesecuritiesmarketandinsistedon“cultural”restrictionsonAmericanmoviesandmusic.HealsoblockedeffortstoallowBIGJOB.Already,businesslobbyistsareblanketingCapitolHilltopresaleanyeventualagreement,butwhatthey’veheardsofarisn’tencouraging.Republicans,includingLott,saythat“thetimejustisn’tright”forthedeal.Translation:We’redeterminedtomakeitlookasifClintonhascapitulatedtotheChineseandisignoringhuman,religious,andlaborrightsviolations;thetheftofnuclear-weaponstechnology;andthesaleofmissilepartstoAmerica’senemies.Beijing’sfiercecriticswithintheDemocraticParty,suchasSenatorPaulD.WellstoneofMinnesotaandHouseMinorityleaderRichardA.GephardtofMissouri,won’thelp,either.JusthowtoughthelobbyingjobonCapitolHillwillbebecomeclearonApr.20,whenRubinlectured19chiefexecutivesontheneedtodisciplinetheirRepublicanallies.WithbusinessandtheWhiteHousestilltradingchargesoverwhoisresponsibleforthedefeatoffast-tracktradenegotiatinglegislationin1997,workingtogetherwon’tbeeasy.AndRepublicans—withawink—saythatthey’lleventuallyembraceChina’sentryintotheWTOasafavortoCorporateAmerica.ThoughnotlongbeforetheytortureClinton.ButZhuisoutonalimb,andifCongressoverdoesthecriticism,hemaybeforcedbydomesticcriticstorenege.BusinessmustmakethismuchdeartobothitsGOPalliesandtheWhitHouse:Thishistoricdealistooimportanttorisklosingtoanymorepartisansquabbling1. Themainideaofthispassageis[A].TheContradictionbetweentheDemocraticPartyandtheRepublicanParty.[B].OnChina’sentryintoWTO.[C].Clintonwasright.[D].BusinessLobbyistsControlCapitolHill.2. Whatdoesthesentence“Alsoleftinthelurch:WallStreet,Hollywood,[A].PremierZhurejectedtheirrequirements.[B].Thethreeplacesoverdidcriticism.[C].Theywantedmoreprotection.[D].Theyareintrouble.3. WhatwastheattitudeoftheRepublicanPartytowardChina’sentryintotheWTO?[A].Contradictory.[B].Appreciative.[C].Disapproving.[D].Detestful.4. WhoplaystheleadingpartinthedealinAmerica?[A].WhiteHouse.[B].Republicans.[C].TheDemocraticParty.[D].Businessmen.5. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat[A].Americawillmakeconcessions.[B].AmericawillholdoutforabetterWTO[C].ClintonhastherighttosignalU.S.approvalforChina’sentry.[D].DemocraticpartyapproveChina’sentryintotheWTO.答案祥解1. C.總統(tǒng)是對(duì)的。這篇文章摘自BusinessWeekly.文章是從商人的角度來看待中國加入WTO，他們希望從談判中獲得更多的利益，而克林頓的同意不同意的目的和他們相符——爭取更多利益。這篇就是從四方利益最終趨向一致“同意中國加入世貿(mào)”來證明“總統(tǒng)結(jié)論正確”的中心思想。第一段指出Clinton由打發(fā)朱總理回國，不同意中國入世到一百八十度大轉(zhuǎn)彎，在電話中憤怒的朱總理表示再次努力協(xié)商。內(nèi)閣和白宮官員意見分歧，商人對(duì)失去機(jī)會(huì)火冒三丈。第二段點(diǎn)出克林頓故意拖延以謀取更多的利益的決定是正確的——文章的主旨句。商人院外活動(dòng)集團(tuán)成員要以“政府完美無缺的協(xié)議的目標(biāo)來說服共和黨贊成/接受。以免整個(gè)過程以黨爭而告終。第三，四段是商業(yè)方面的高級(jí)官員的代表紛紛卻說Clinton“當(dāng)中國作出許多優(yōu)惠讓步時(shí)，美國不在那里。”（意：美國吃虧了現(xiàn)在不要再吃虧了。）克林頓有權(quán)簽署贊成中國加入世貿(mào)組織，可他需要國會(huì)批準(zhǔn)北京永久性最惠國作為擴(kuò)大貿(mào)易協(xié)定的組成部分。再說對(duì)國會(huì)的干預(yù)的誘惑力相當(dāng)大：就在朱踏上美國本土?xí)r，參議院多數(shù)派領(lǐng)袖TrentLott宣布他對(duì)中國是該不該入世持懷疑態(tài)度，而參議院TesseAHelms…承諾提出一項(xiàng)要求國會(huì)批準(zhǔn)任何交易的提案。第五段講了朱總理的強(qiáng)硬立場。第六段又是共和黨的反對(duì)聲，使民主黨內(nèi)站在北京以便的批評(píng)家也無能為力。最后一段指出：盡管困難重重，這一歷史事件太重要了，不能因黨爭而冒失失去機(jī)會(huì)的危險(xiǎn)。A.民主黨和共和黨的矛盾。兩黨之爭見上文譯注，最終還是一致。B.論中國加入世貿(mào)組織。文章不是論中國加入而是論美國環(huán)繞中國入世貿(mào)的種種。D.商人院外活動(dòng)集團(tuán)成員控制國會(huì)。這在第五段中提到商人院外活動(dòng)集團(tuán)成員阻撓美國國會(huì)事先接受最終協(xié)議，但不是主題思想。2. A.朱總理拒絕了他們的要求。見難句譯注9。B.這三個(gè)地方批評(píng)過頭。C.他們要求更多的保護(hù)。D.他們陷入困境。3. A.矛盾。共和黨一開始就反對(duì)。什么對(duì)中國該不該加入世貿(mào)組織持懷疑態(tài)度。第六段說得更露骨，時(shí)間不對(duì)。意思是他們想把整個(gè)事件看起來好象克林頓屈從于中國，忽視了“中國違反人權(quán)，宗教權(quán)，勞動(dòng)權(quán)，偷竊核武器技術(shù)，把導(dǎo)彈組成部件買給美國的敵人”等事實(shí)。最后一段共和黨一下子又所他們最終將會(huì)接受中國加入世貿(mào)組織以表示對(duì)整體美國的好感。不管是商人院外活動(dòng)集團(tuán)的作用，還是明確指出重開談判的重要性。這一歷史事件太重要絕不能因黨爭而失去機(jī)會(huì)。共和黨縱然心中不愿，也不得不接受現(xiàn)實(shí)。心情是矛盾的。B.贊賞。C.不贊成。D.厭惡。4. D.商界。第一段中就點(diǎn)出：商界領(lǐng)袖對(duì)失去這次機(jī)會(huì)火冒三丈。第二段中提到商界院外活動(dòng)成員要以實(shí)實(shí)在在的協(xié)議來說服共和黨國會(huì)，免得以黨爭告終。第三段明確指出：許多商界院外人士一方面對(duì)協(xié)議未簽定表示失望，另方面又同意，還會(huì)更好的條件。各種和商界直接關(guān)系的高級(jí)官員對(duì)克林頓勸說。第五段：紡織，金融股票，汽車以至電影等都是商界的要求。朱總理拒絕的就是商界要求。第六段提及商界院外活動(dòng)的成員制止國會(huì)事先接受最終協(xié)定。最后一段又是商界使共和黨聯(lián)盟和白宮懂得此事的重要性。5. A.美國將會(huì)作出讓步，見上面注釋。商人是絕對(duì)不會(huì)放棄中國市場的。B.美國會(huì)故意拖延以求取得更好的條件。這一點(diǎn)恐怕不會(huì)，見上文注釋。朱總理的強(qiáng)硬立場，商人的見解。C.克林頓有簽署批準(zhǔn)中國入世之權(quán)。D.民主黨贊成中國加入世貿(mào)，這兩項(xiàng)都是事實(shí)。PassageTwo(Europe’sGypsies,AreTheyaNation?)ThestrivingofcountriesinCentralEuropetoentertheEuropeanUnionmayofferanunprecedentedchancetothecontinent’sGypsies(orRoman)toberecognizedasanation,albeitonewithoutadefinedterritory.Andiftheyweretoachievethattheymightevenseeksomekindofformalplace—atleastatotalpopulationoutnumbersthatofmanyoftheUnion’spresentandfuturecountries.Someexpertsputthefigureat4m-plus;someproponentsofGypsyrightsgoashighas15m.UnlikeJews,Gypsieshavehadnoknownancestrallandtoharkbackto.ThoughtheirlanguageisrelatedtoHindi,theirterritorialoriginsaremisty.Romanianpeasantsheldthemtobebornonthemoon.OtherEuropeans(wrongly)thoughtthemmigrantEgyptians,hencethederivativeGypsy.MostprobablytheywereitinerantmetalworkersandentertainerswhodriftedwestfromIndiainthe7thcentury.However,sincecommunisminCentralEuropecollapsedadecadeago,thenotionofRomanestanasalandlessnationfoundedonGypsyculturehasgainedground.TheInternationalRomanyUnion,whichsaysitstandsfor10mGypsiesinmorethan30countries,isfosteringtheideaof“self-rallying”.Itistryingtopromoteastandardandwrittenformofthelanguage;itwavesaGypsyflag(greenwithawheel)whenitlobbiesinsuchplacesastheUnitedBations;andinJulyitheldacongressinPrague,TheCzechcapital.WherePresidentVaclavHavelsaidthatGypsiesinhisowncountryandelsewhereshouldhaveabetterdeal.AtthecongressaSlovak-bornlawyer,EmilScuka,waselectedpresidentoftheInternationalTomanyUnion.LaterthismonthagroupofelectedGypsypoliticians,includingmembersofparliament,mayorsandlocalcouncilorsfromalloverEurope(OSCE),todiscusshowtopersuademoreGypsiestogetinvolvedinpolitics.TheInternationalRomanyUnionisprobablythemostrepresentativeoftheoutfitsthatspeakforGypsies,butthatisnotsayingalot.Oftheseveralhundreddelegateswhogatheredatitscongress,fewweredemocraticallyelected;oddly,nonecamefromHungary,whoseGypsiesareperhapstheworld’sbestorganized,withsome450Gypsybodiesadvisinglocalcouncilsthere.Theuniondid,however,announceitsambitiontosetupaparliament,buthowitwouldactuallybeelectedwasleftundecided.Sofar,theEuropeanCommissioniswaryofencouragingGypsiestopresentthemselvesasanation.Themight,itisfeared,openaPandora’sboxalreadycontainingBasques,Corsicansandotherawkwardpeoples.Besides,acknowledgingGypsiesasanationmightbackfire,justwhenseveralcountries,particularlyHungary,SlovakiaandtheCzechButtheideathattheGypsiesshouldwinsomekindofspecialrecognitionasEurope’slargestcontinentwideminority,andonewithaterriblehistoryofpersecution,iscatchingon.Gypsieshavesufferedmanypogromsoverthecenturies.InRomania,thecountrythatstillhasthelargestnumberofthem(morethan1m),inthe19thcenturytheywereactuallyenslaved.Hitlertriedtowipethemout,alongwiththeJews.“GypsiesdeservesomespacewithinEuropeanstructures,”saysJanMarinusWiersma,aDutchmanintheEuropeanParliamentwhosuggeststhatoneofthecurrentcommissionersshouldberesponsibleforGypsyaffairs.SomeprominentGypsiessaytheyshouldbemoredirectlyrepresented,perhapswithaquotaintheEuropeanParliament.That,theyargue,mightgivethemaboost.Therearemovesafoottohelpthemtogetmoneyfor,amongotherthings,aGypsyuniversity.OnebigsnagisthatEurope’sGypsiesare,infact,extremelyheterogeneous.Theybelongtomanydifferent,andoftenantagonistic,clansandtribes,withnocommonlanguageorreligion,Theirself-proclaimedleadershaveoftenprovedquarrelsomeandcorrupt.Still,says,DimitrinaPetrova,headoftheEuropeanRomaRightsCenterinBudapest,Gypsies’sharedexperienceofsufferingentitlesthemtotalkofonenation;theirpotentialunity,shesays,stemsfrom“beingregardedassub-humanbymostmajoritiesinEurope.”Andtheyhavebeguntobeabitmorepragmatic.InSlovakiaandBulgaria,forinstance,Gypsypoliticalpartiesaretryingtoformelectoralblocksthatcouldwinseatsinparliament.InMacedonia,aGypsypartyalreadyhassome—andevenrunsamunicipality.NicholasGheorge,anexpertonGypsyaffairsattheOSCE,reckonsthat,spreadoverCentralEurope,therearenowabout20GypsyMPSandmayors,400-oddlocalcouncilors,andagrowingnumberofbusinessmenandintellectuals.Thatisfarfromsayingthattheyhavethepeopleorthecashtoforgeanation.But,withtheGypsyquestionontheEU’sagendainCentralEurope,theyaremakingground.1. TheBestTitleofthispassageis[A].GypsiesWanttoFormaNation.[B].AreTheyaNation.[C].EUIsAfraidofTheirGrowth.[C].TheyAreaTribe2. WherearethemostprobableGypsyterritoryorigins?[A].MostprobablytheydriftedwestfromIndiainthe7thcentury.[B].Theyarescatteredeverywhereintheworld.[C].Probably,theystemmedfromCentralEurope.[D].TheyprobablycamefromtheInternationalRomanyUnion.3. WhatdoestheInternationalRomanylobbyfor?[A].ItlobbiesforademandtobeacceptedbysuchinternationalorganizationsasEUandUN.[B].ItlobbiesforapostinanyinternationalRomanyUnion.[C].Itlobbiesfortherightasanation.[D].ItlobbiesforaplaceinsuchinternationalorganizationsastheEUorUN.4. WhyistheEuropeCommissionwaryofencouragingGypsiestopresentthemselvesasanation?[A].ItmayopenaPandora’sBox.[B].Encouragementmayleadtosomeunexpectedresults.[C].ItfearsthattheBasgnes,Corsicansandothernationsseekingseparationmayraisethesamedemand.[D].Gyspsies’demandmayhighlightthedifferenceintheEU.5. Thebigproblemliesinthefactthat[A].Gypsiesbelongtodifferentandantagonisticclansandtribeswithoutacommonlanguageorreligion.[B].Theirleadersprovecorrupt.[C].Theirpotentialunitystemsfrom“beingregardedassub-human”.[D].Theyareabitmorepragmatic.答案祥解1. B.他們是一個(gè)民族/國家嗎？整篇文章環(huán)境這一點(diǎn)而寫，文章一開始就提出中歐入歐盟的國家會(huì)給大陸吉普塞人一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)，承認(rèn)他們是一個(gè)民族——國家，雖然沒有界定的領(lǐng)土（作為國家，應(yīng)有領(lǐng)土）。吉普塞人的領(lǐng)袖人物也指出其人數(shù)超過歐盟中許多現(xiàn)在有的和將來要入盟的國家。他們至少要在歐盟中有一席之地。第二段提出，吉普塞和猶太人不同，他們沒有可回歸的祖居地。他們的語言屬印歐語系。英國人認(rèn)為他們來自埃及及移民。最可能的是七世紀(jì)時(shí)一些流浪的手工業(yè)工人和藝人從印度向西方流移。第三段涉及一種思想——以吉普塞文化為基礎(chǔ)的無疆土的吉普塞民族應(yīng)有個(gè)說話的地方—越來越為人接受。國際吉普塞人聯(lián)盟聲稱代表30多個(gè)國家的吉普塞人，做了幾件事：展開自我聯(lián)合，提出語言標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和書面形式，在聯(lián)合國進(jìn)行游說活動(dòng)時(shí)揮動(dòng)吉普塞國旗，在布魯塞爾設(shè)立辦事處，六月在捷克首都布拉格召開會(huì)議。第四段集中講到會(huì)上選出了聯(lián)盟主席。一群選出吉普塞的政治家——國會(huì)議員，市長，地方政務(wù)委員再次在布拉格開會(huì)，會(huì)議由歐洲安全合作條約組織召集，來討論如何動(dòng)員更多的吉普塞人參政。第五段涉及聯(lián)盟雄心勃勃的宣布要建立國會(huì)，但如何實(shí)際操作還未落實(shí)。后面主要是外界對(duì)吉普塞的態(tài)度。第六段描述歐盟委員會(huì)在吉普塞作為最大的大陸少數(shù)民族，歷史上遭到殘酷的迫害，應(yīng)贏得特別承認(rèn)。19世紀(jì)他們橫遭奴役，希特勒企圖把它們和猶太人一起消滅。第八段講了歐洲會(huì)議中有人提出吉普塞在歐洲機(jī)構(gòu)中應(yīng)有一席之地，還提議一個(gè)常務(wù)委員負(fù)責(zé)吉普塞事務(wù)。還有行動(dòng)籌建建立一所吉普塞大學(xué)。后面兩段講的是困難，第九段點(diǎn)出。最后一段指出，現(xiàn)在說他們有人有錢可以組成（國家）為時(shí)還早，可是吉普塞是歐盟中日程表上的一個(gè)問題，他們?nèi)找娼咏鉀Q。從內(nèi)部，外部情況分析都說明吉普塞是一個(gè)組成國家的民族。全文都是環(huán)繞它是不是，該不該承認(rèn)為民族/國家而寫，所以B項(xiàng)他們是不是民族是最佳標(biāo)題。A.吉普塞要想組成一個(gè)國家（民族）。這只是文章涉及到的部分內(nèi)容，中歐國家想加入歐盟一事可能產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。C.歐盟害怕它們成長。D.他們是一個(gè)部落。2. A.最可能是在7世紀(jì)從印度流浪到西方。見第1題第二注釋。B.他們分散在世界各地。C.可能他們?cè)从谥袣W。D.他們可能來自國際吉普塞人聯(lián)盟。3. D.它們?cè)谶@些國際組織，如歐盟，聯(lián)合國中進(jìn)行活動(dòng)游說要取得一席之地。見第1題第一段，三段注釋。A.它們游說活動(dòng)歐盟和聯(lián)合國接受他們的要求。太抽象。B.它們活動(dòng)游說在國際機(jī)構(gòu)取得職位。C.他們游說作為民族的權(quán)利。4. C.它害怕巴斯克人，科西嘉人和其它要求分裂的民族會(huì)提出同樣的要求。見難句譯注11。A.它可能會(huì)打開潘多拉盒子。此盒子在文章中只是比喻。B.鼓勵(lì)可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致某些意想不到的結(jié)果。D.吉普塞的要求會(huì)加深歐盟分歧。B,D兩項(xiàng)不夠明確。5. A.吉普塞人屬于不同的，而且常常是對(duì)抗的民族的部落，還沒有共同的語言和宗教信仰。B.他們領(lǐng)袖很腐敗。C.他們潛在的團(tuán)結(jié)來自被人看作是低于人類（次等人）。D.他們有點(diǎn)太講究實(shí)效，B,C,D三項(xiàng)不是主要問題。主要問題是A.項(xiàng)。PassageThree(MethodofScientificInquiry)Whytheinductiveandmathematicalsciences,aftertheirfirstrapiddevelopmentattheculminationofGreekcivilization,advancedsoslowlyfortwothousandyears—andwhyinthefollowingtwohundredyearsaknowledgeofnaturalandmathematicalsciencehasaccumulated,whichsovastlyexceedsallthatwaspreviouslyknownthatthesesciencesmaybejustlyregardedastheproductsofourowntimes—arequestionswhichhaveinterestedthemodernphilosophernotlessthantheobjectswithwhichthesesciencesaremoreimmediatelyconversant.Wasittheemploymentofanewmethodofresearch,orintheexerciseofgreatervirtueintheuseoftheoldmethods,thatthissingularmodernphenomenonhaditsorigin?Wasthelongperiodoneofarresteddevelopment,andisthemoderneraoneofnormalgrowth?Orshouldweascribethecharacteristicsofbothperiodstoso-calledhistoricalaccidents—totheinfluenceofconjunctionsincircumstancesofwhichnoexplanationispossible,saveintheomnipotenceandwisdomofaguidingProvidence?Theexplanationwhichhasbecomecommonplace,thattheancientsemployeddeductionchieflyintheirscientificinquiries,whilethemodernsemployinduction,provestobetoonarrow,andfailsuponcloseexaminationtopointwithsufficientdistinctnessthecontrastthatisevidentbetweenancientandmodernscientificdoctrinesandinquiries.Forallknowledgeisfoundedonobservation,andproceedsfromthisbyanalysis,bysynthesisandanalysis,byinductionanddeduction,andifpossiblebyverification,orbynewappealstoobservationundertheguidanceofdeduction—bystepswhichareindeedcorrelativepartsofonemethod;andtheancientsciencesaffordexamplesofeveryoneofthesemethods,orpartsofonemethod,whichhavebeengeneralizedfromtheexamplesofscience.Afailuretoemployortoemployadequatelyanyoneofthesepartialmethods,animperfectionintheartsandresourcesofobservationandexperiment,carelessnessinobservation,neglectofrelevantfacts,byappealtoexperimentandobservation—thesearethefaultswhichcauseallfailurestoascertaintruth,whetheramongtheancientsorthemoderns;butthisstatementdoesnotexplainwhythemodernispossessedofagreatervirtue,andbywhatmeansheattainedhissuperiority.Muchlessdoesitexplainthesuddengrowthofscienceinrecenttimes.Theattempttodiscovertheexplanationofthisphenomenonintheantithesisof“facts”and“theories”or“facts”and“ideas”—intheneglectamongtheancientsoftheformer,andtheirtooexclusiveattentiontothelatter—provesalsotobetoonarrow,aswellasopentothechargeofvagueness.Forinthefirstplace,theantithesisisnotcomplete.Factsandtheoriesarenotcoordinatespecies.Theories,iftrue,arefacts—aparticularclassoffactsindeed,generallycomplex,andifalogicalconnectionsubsistsbetweentheirconstituents,haveallthepositiveattributesoftheories.Nevertheless,thisdistinction,howeverinadequateitmaybetoexplainthesourceoftruemethodinscience,iswellfounded,andconnotesanimportantcharacterintruemethod.Afactisapropositionofsimple.Atheory,ontheotherhand,iftruehasallthecharacteristicsofafact,exceptthatitsverificationispossibleonlybyindirect,remote,anddifficultmeans.Toconverttheoriesintofactsistoaddsimpleverification,andthetheorythusacquiresthefullcharacteristicsofafact.1. Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis[A].Philosophyofmathematics.[B].TheRecentGrowthinScience.[C].TheVerificationofFacts.[C].MethodsofScientificInquiry.2. Accordingtotheauthor,onepossiblereasonforthegrowthofscienceduringthedaysoftheancientGreeksandinmoderntimesis[A].thesimilaritybetweenthetwoperiods.[B].thatitwasanactofGod.[C].thatbothtriedtodeveloptheinductivemethod.[D].duetothedeclineofthedeductivemethod.3. Thedifferencebetween“fact”and“theory”[A].isthatthelatterneedsconfirmation.[B].restsonthesimplicityoftheformer.[C].isthedifferencebetweenthemodernscientistsandtheancientGreeks.[D].helpsustounderstandthedeductivemethod.4. Accordingtotheauthor,mathematicsis[A].aninductivescience.[B].inneedofsimpleverification.[C].adeductivescience.[D].basedonfactandtheory.5. Thestatement“Theoriesarefacts”maybecalled.[A].ametaphor.[B].aparadox.[C].anappraisaloftheinductiveanddeductivemethods.[D].apun.答案祥解1. D.科學(xué)研究/探索的方法。文章一開始就提出問題，為什么從希臘文化頂峰時(shí)期后兩千年來歸納法和數(shù)學(xué)科學(xué)發(fā)展如此緩慢，而后的兩百年又超越了前人，是應(yīng)用新，舊方法關(guān)系還是其它（見難句譯注1，2）。第二段講埃及古代在科學(xué)探索中運(yùn)用了演繹推理法，而現(xiàn)在應(yīng)用了歸納法。這種解釋太狹隘，經(jīng)仔細(xì)審核，難以很清晰地點(diǎn)明古代和現(xiàn)代科學(xué)教義和探究上明顯的差別。因?yàn)橐磺兄R(shí)都基于觀察，通過分析，綜合，或綜合分析，歸納演繹推理，有可能的話，經(jīng)過校正或經(jīng)由演繹指導(dǎo)下再觀察而向前推進(jìn)。第三段進(jìn)一步闡明不用這些方法觀察，實(shí)驗(yàn)；忽略相關(guān)事實(shí)，推理不慎；不能答出理論的結(jié)論，再用實(shí)驗(yàn)或觀察來檢驗(yàn)等或用得不全，不論在古代還是現(xiàn)代都會(huì)失敗。但這不能說明為什么現(xiàn)代科學(xué)具有較高的功效，通過什么方式方法，超越了前人，更不用說說明最近科學(xué)突飛猛進(jìn)的原因。第四，五段涉及事實(shí)和理論的關(guān)系。A.數(shù)學(xué)的哲學(xué)，文內(nèi)沒有提。B.近來科學(xué)的發(fā)展。C.事實(shí)的驗(yàn)證，只是最后兩段提及驗(yàn)證方法之作用。2. B.是上天的安排，這是作家在用方法論等失敗后得出的結(jié)論。見難句譯注4，第一段最后一句話。A.兩個(gè)階段的相似性。.兩者都試圖應(yīng)用歸納法。D.由于演繹法的衰落。3. A.后者需要證實(shí)。答案在第四，五段，死段試圖在事實(shí)的對(duì)立面和理論，或事實(shí)和思想中發(fā)現(xiàn)上述現(xiàn)象的解釋看起來有餓太狹隘，也會(huì)因模糊不清遭批評(píng)。因?yàn)?，?duì)立面不全面，事實(shí)和理論不是同類的事物。理論，如果是真正的理論，就是事實(shí)——一種特殊類別的事實(shí)，一般復(fù)雜，但仍是事實(shí)。而事實(shí)，從詞的狹義來說，如果很復(fù)雜，如果各成分中存在著邏輯的聯(lián)系，就具有理論的一切主要特征。第五段第二句，事實(shí)是一個(gè)提議，通過運(yùn)用知識(shí)的源泉和經(jīng)驗(yàn)而證實(shí)的提議直接而又簡單。而理論，若是真理論，就有事實(shí)的一切特性（除非其證實(shí)只能通過非直接的，遙遠(yuǎn)的和困難的方式方法），把理論轉(zhuǎn)成事實(shí)必須用簡單的核實(shí)，理論因此具有事實(shí)的一切特性。B.前者簡單。C.是現(xiàn)代科學(xué)家和古希臘的差異。D.幫助我們了解演繹法，三項(xiàng)都不對(duì)。4. C.是推理演繹科學(xué)，這個(gè)問題常識(shí)就能回答。A.歸納法科學(xué)。B.需要簡單證實(shí)。D.基于事實(shí)和理論。5. B.是一個(gè)悖論，見第四，五段注釋。A.比喻。C.對(duì)歸納法和演繹法的贊揚(yáng)。D.雙關(guān)語。PassageFour(ItIsBush)Onthe36thdayaftertheyhadvoted,AmericansfinallylearnedWednesdaywhowouldbetheirnextpresident:GovernorGeorgeW.BushofTexas.VicePresidentAlGore,hislastrealisticavenueforlegalchallengeclosedbyaU.S.SupremeCourtdecisionlateTuesday,plannedtoendthecontestformallyinatelevisedeveningspeechofperhaps10minutes,adviserssaid.TheysaidthatSenatorJosephLieberman,hisvicepresidentialrunningmate,wouldfirstmakebriefcomments.ThemenwouldspeakfromaceremonialchamberoftheOldThedozensofpoliticalworkersandlawyerswhohadhelpedleadMr.Gore’sunprecedentedfighttoclawacome-from-behindelectoralvictoryinthepivotalstateofFloridawerethankedWednesdayandaskedtostanddown.“Thevicepresidenthasdirectedtherecountcommitteetosuspendactivities,”WilliamDaley,theGorecampaignchairman,saidinawrittenstatement.Mr.Goreauthorizedthatstatementaftermeetingwithhiswife,Tipper,andwithtopadvisersincludingMr.Daley.HewasexpectedtotelephoneMr.Bushduringtheday.TheBushcampaignkeptalowprofileandmovedgingerly,asiftoleavespaceforMr.Goretocontemplatehisnextsteps.Yet,attheendofatryingandtumultuousprocessthathadfocusedworldattentiononsleeplessvotecountersacrossFlorida,andoncourtroomsformMiamitoTallahasseetoAtlantatoWashingtontheTexasgovernorwassettobecomethe43dU.S.president.ThenewsofMr.Gore’splansfollowedthelongestandmostrancorousdisputeoveraU.S.presidentialelectioninmorethanacentury,onecertaintoleavescarsinabadlydividedcountry.ItwasabitterendingforMr.Gore,whohadoutpolledMr.Bushnationwidebysome300000votes,but,withoutFlorida,fellshortintheElectoralCollegeby271votesto267—thenarrowestElectoralCollegevictorysincetheturbulentelectionof1876.Mr.GorewassaidtobedistressedbywhatheandmanyDemocraticactivistsfeltwasapartisandecisionfromthenation’shighestcourt.The5-to–4decisionoftheSupremeCourtheld,inessence,thatwhileavoterecountinFloridacouldbeconductedinlegalandconstitutionalfashion,asMr.Gorehadsought,thiscouldnotbedonebytheDec.12deadlineforstatestoselecttheirpresidentialelectors.JamesBaker3rd,theformersecretaryofstatewhorepresentedMr.BushintheFloridadispute,issuedashortstatementaftertheU.S.highcourtruling,sayingthatthegovernorwas“verypleasedandgratified.”Mr.Bushwasplanninganationwidespeechaimedattryingtobegintohealthecountry’sdeep,achingandvarieddivisions.Hethenwasexpectedtomeetwithcongressionalleaders,includingDemocrats.DickCheney,Mr.Bush’sruingmate,wasmeetingwithcongressmenWednesdayinWashington.WhenMr.Bush,whois54,isswornintoofficeonJan.20,hewillbeonlythesecondsonofapresidenttofollowhisfathertotheWhiteHouse,afterJohnAdamsandJohnQuincyAdamsintheearly19thcentury.Mr.Gore,inhisspeech,wasexpectedtothankhissupporters,defendhishive-weekbattleasanefforttoensure,asamatterofprinciple,thateveryvotebecounted,andcallforthenationtojoinbehindthenewpresident.Hewasdescribedbyanaideas“resolvedandresigned.”WhilesomeconstitutionalexpertshadsaidtheybelievedstatescouldpresentelectorsaslateasDec.18,theU.S.highcourtmadeclearthatitsawnosuchleeway.TheU.S.highcourtsentback“forrevision”totheFloridacourtitsorderallowingrecountsbutmadeclearthatforallpracticalpurposestheelectionwasover.Initsunsignedmainopinion,thecourtdeclared,“Therecountprocess,initsfeaturesheredescribed,isinconsistentwiththeminimumproceduresnecessarytoprotectthefundamentalrightofeachvoter.”Thatdecision,byacourtfracturedalongphilosophicallines,leftoneliberaljusticechargingthatthehighcourt’sproceedingsboreapoliticaltaint.JusticeJohnPaulStevenswroteinanangrydissent:”Althoughwemayneverknowwithcompletecertaintytheidentityofthewinnerofthisyear’spresidentialelection,theidentityoftheloserisperfectlyclear.Itisthenation’sconfidenceinthejudgeasanimpartialguardianofthelaw.”Butattheendoffiveseeminglyendlessweeks,duringwhichthephysical,legalandconstitutionalmachinesoftheU.S.electionwerepressedandsorelytestedinwaysunseeninmorethanacentury,thesystemfinallyproducedaresult,andonemostAmericansappearedtobewillingatleaseprovisionallytosupport.TheBushteamwelcomedthenewswithanoutwardshowofrestraintandaplomb.Thegovernor’shopeshadrisenandfallensomanytimessinceElectionnight,andthelegalwarriorsofeachsidesufferedthroughsomanydramaticreversals,thattherewaslittleenergyleftforcelebration.1. Themainideaofthispassageis[A].Bush’svictoryinpresidentialelectionboreapoliticaltaint.[B].TheprocessoftheAmericanpresidentialelection.[C].TheSupremeCourtplaysaveryimportantpartinthepresidentialelection.[D].Goreisdistressed.2. Whatdoesthesentence“asiftoleavespaceforMr.Goretocontemplatehisnextstep”mean[A].BushhopesGoretojoinhisadministration.[B].BushhopesGoretoconcededefeatandtosupporthim.[C].BushhopesGoretocongraduatehim.[D].BushhopesGoregoonfightingwithhim.3. Whycouldn’tMr.GorewinthepresidentialelectionafterheoutpolledMr.Bushinthepopularvote?Because[A].theAmericanpresidentisdecidedbythesupremecourt’sdecision.[B].peoplecan’tdirectlyelecttheirpresident.[C].theAmericanpresidentiselectedbyaslateofpresidentialelectors.[D].thepeopleofeachstatesupportMr.Bush.4. Whatwastheresultofthe5—4decisionofthesupremecourt?[A].Itwasinfactforthevoterecount.[B].Ithadnothingtodowiththepresidentialelection.[C].Itdecidedthefateofthewinner.[D].Itwasinessenceagainstthevoterecount.5. Whatdidthe“turbulentelectionof1876”imply?[A].Theprocessofpresidentialelectionof2000wasthesameasthat.[B].Thereweregreatsimilaritiesbetweenthetwopresidentialelections(2000and1876).[C].Itwascomparedtopresidentialelectionof2000.[D].Itwasgivenanexample.答案祥解1. A.布什在總統(tǒng)選舉中獲勝沾上了政治污點(diǎn)。整篇文章環(huán)繞這一點(diǎn)而寫。文章一開始就寫戈?duì)栐诟叩确ㄔ翰脹Q下退出競選，再寫布什得勝后的低調(diào)行動(dòng)表示對(duì)戈?duì)柕钠谕?。仁厚點(diǎn)出271——276選舉團(tuán)票布什的險(xiǎn)勝是和全國最高法院的欺詐性裁決有關(guān)，這令戈?duì)柾葱募彩?，令布什等感恩戴德。最后集中寫了高等法院司法程序沾上了政治污點(diǎn)，以及當(dāng)選之布什的后果——大多數(shù)美國人似乎暫時(shí)會(huì)支持。這一切說明布什勝勝不武，而戈?duì)枀s是雖敗尤勝。B.美國總統(tǒng)選舉過程，文章過程的焦點(diǎn)在布什獲勝之因，不單單是過程，故B.項(xiàng)不對(duì)。C.高等法院在總統(tǒng)選舉中起著重要的作用。其作用是欺詐性裁決，偏袒布什獲勝，是政治污點(diǎn)，反映了布什的手段。D.戈?duì)柡茈y受，這是事實(shí)，但不是中心思想。2. B.布什希望戈?duì)枺芡艘徊剑┏姓J(rèn)失敗，并支持他，而戈?duì)柎_實(shí)是也這樣做了。所以他的助手稱戈?duì)枮椤皉esolvedandresigned.”堅(jiān)決而又順從天命的人。至少在他的演講中號(hào)召人們追隨新總統(tǒng)。A.布什希望戈?duì)枀⑴c他的政府。C.布什希望戈?duì)栕ＹR他。D.布什希望戈?duì)柪^續(xù)和他斗下去。3. C.美國的總統(tǒng)由選舉團(tuán)提名選舉產(chǎn)生。見難句譯注5和6。A.美國總統(tǒng)由高等法院裁決。B.人民不能直接選舉總統(tǒng)。這只是第一步的原因，主要原因在C.D.各州人民支持布什。4. D.其結(jié)果實(shí)質(zhì)上就是反對(duì)重新計(jì)票。這在第十二段闡述得很清楚：高等法院5比4之裁決實(shí)質(zhì)上就是重新計(jì)票在12月12日州選舉總統(tǒng)選舉團(tuán)的最后一天之前是不能進(jìn)行的，而戈?duì)栐J(rèn)為弗羅里達(dá)州可以法律和憲法的形式重新計(jì)票?？偨y(tǒng)選舉團(tuán)一產(chǎn)生?？偨y(tǒng)由選舉團(tuán)提名選舉產(chǎn)生，那么重新計(jì)票與否對(duì)總統(tǒng)選舉實(shí)際上是毫無作用，所以說5比4裁決12月12日之前……實(shí)質(zhì)上就是反對(duì)重新計(jì)票。A.其結(jié)果實(shí)際上是支持重新計(jì)票。不對(duì)。