孔瑋全能語法課筆記

全能語法班〔一〕建立英文思維中英思維差異1中：含蓄／好戲在后頭英：直接／開門見山中英思維差異2中：主體性思維英：客體性思維WhenreportscameintoLondonZoothatawildpumahadbeenspottedforty-fivemilessouthofLondon,theywerenottakenseriously.譯文：當倫敦動物園接到報告說，在倫敦以南45英里處發(fā)現(xiàn)一只美洲獅時，這些報告并沒有受到重視。Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledgedthatasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortunemustbeinwantofawife.譯文：人們公認這樣一個事實，一個有錢的單身男子一定想要娶個妻子。中英思維差異3中：形象表達法英：抽象表達法家里已有五個孩子，全家人常年在貧困中掙扎。Astheparentshadfivechildren,lifewasaperpetualstruggleagainstpoverty.－－(Lesson45:ThePowerofthePress)簡單句的五大句型1.主謂：－Youjump;Ijump.Inyouth,welearn.Inoldage,weunderstand.2.主謂賓：Ilovethreethings,thesun,themoonandyou.Thesunfortheday,themoonforthenight,andyou,forever.3.主謂＋雙賓-Pleasedomeafavor.-Lovegivesusafairytale.－直接賓語指的是與謂語動詞發(fā)生直接聯(lián)系的名詞通常是物－間接賓語指的是動作所指向的方向通常是人givesbsth(sb.是間賓sth.是直賓)=givesthtosbcooksbsth(sb.是間賓sth.是直賓)=cooksthforsb4.主+謂+賓+賓補-Ifoundthebookeasy.-Lovemakesmangrowuporsinkdown.5.主+系+表系動詞：linkingverb〔連接主語和后面的成分〕-Youaremysunshine〔二〕英文思維黃金法那么1.謂語單一原那么－一個簡單句只能有一個謂語。－如果要表達多個動作概念，有三種方式：a.連詞b.非謂語動詞C.從句2.句子分類：簡單句，并列句，復雜句Lifeisfragile,andevilisreal,butcouragetriumphs.——BushWeareallinthegutter,butsomeofusarelookingatthestars.——OscarWilde復合句－復合句由一個主句和一個或一個以上的從句構成。－主句是全句的主體，通?？梢元毩⒋嬖?；從句那么是一個句子成分，不能獨立存在。－從句不能單獨成句，但它也有主語局部和謂語局部。所不同在于，從句須由一個關聯(lián)詞引導。3.如何在主從復合句中找到主句？第一步：劃出所有引導詞。第二步：引導詞之后的第一個動詞為從句謂語動詞。第三步：所有從句謂語動詞找到之后，最后剩下的即為主語謂語動詞。4.引導詞省略的情況：－賓語從句的引導詞that經常省略－定語從句的先行詞如果在從句里做賓語時，引導詞常省略?！踩趁~性從句把完整的句子當名詞使用在句中充當主語、賓語、表語或同位語時，就被稱為主語從句，賓語從句，表語從句或同位語從句。1.名詞性從句的引導詞－that:無詞義，在從句中不做任何成分，只起連接作用。－whetherif:是否有詞義，不做成分，連接作用。－who/whom:誰；what:…；which:哪一個whose:誰的when:什么時候where:什么地方why:為什么有詞義，充當從句中的成分2.主語從句Whatisworthdoingisworthdoingwell.凡事只要值得做，就值得做好。主語從句的變體：Itis+形容詞+that從句Itisclearthat……顯然……Itisnaturalthat……很自然……Itisfortunatethat……幸運的是……Itislikelythat……很可能……Itisapitythat……可惜的是……Itisnowonderthat……難怪……Itisashamethat……遺憾的是……Itisacommonknowledgethat…是常識主語從句的寫作應用：利弊作文結尾句Whether…isblessingorcursingisadifficultquestiontoanswer,yetthecomfortorconveniencethatitbringswillnotbeeliminated.賓語從句：當你身處困境的時候，就會知道誰是你真正的朋友。Whenyouareintrouble,youwillfindwhoyourrealfriendis.注意1：賓語從句要用陳述句語序?！仓髦^〕注意2:形式賓語的閱讀難點主＋謂＋it＋賓補＋賓語從句Hemadeitclearthatheopposedthisproject.表語從句：ThequestioniswhethertheGodreallyexists.Thatwasbecausehewasashamedofhimself.注意：whether可引導表語從句，但if不可以。because可以引導表語從句。同位語從句：一般修飾抽象名詞，例如:truth,idea,news,information,hope注意：逆向思維幫助化解閱讀難度。形式通常為：抽象n+that＋陳述句特殊引導詞：whether,where,who,whenTheideathathetoldmewastrue.Theideathatthenumber13willbringbadluckistrue.同從和定從的區(qū)別：1.同位語從句是名詞后的完整句，定語從句是名詞后不完整的句子。2.同位語從句和其修飾的名詞內容相等，定語從句內容不相等。同位語從句的寫作應用：1.ThechangeinAlargelyresultsfromthefactthatBA:可替換為society，ideology〔意識形態(tài)〕…B：完整的陳述句。resultfrom還可替換為：dueto,derivefrom,becauseof2.Itrevealstheunquestionablefactthat…它揭示了一個毋庸置疑的事實，那就是…〔四〕語法綜合應用及定語從句一、語法綜合應用前三節(jié)課的語法重點：簡單句的五大句型。簡單句的重要結構：AofB名詞性從句〔尤其是賓語從句〕兩個名詞是句子的天然隔斷。應用一：應用文投訴信的萬能句型Iamwritingtoexpressmyconcern(dissatisfaction/disappointment)abouttheserviceofyourrestaurant.WewouldliketodrawtheattentionoftheauthoritiesconcernedtosomethingtheyobviouslyfailedtonoticeIsincerelyhopethattheauthoritiesconcernedwillconsidermysuggestionandimprovethesituationasbestastheycan.Wetrustthatyouwillnowconsiderthismatterseriouslyandmakeanefforttopreventtherecurrenceofthisproblem.應用二：圖畫作文開頭段：Itisvividlydescribedinthepicturethatalampislisteninginthedarkness/asparkissmilinginthedarkness.Thecaptionreads,“l(fā)oveislikealampwhichisbrighterindarkerplaces.〞Thepicturevividlydepictthataboyismakingthefinalspurtalongtheracetrack.Weareinformedthat“thefinishinglineisalsothestartingpoint.〞3.Thedrawingsvividlyillustratethenoiseanduproarinthebigcityandthepeaceandtranquilityofthecountrylife.補充：圖畫作文必備四組詞圖=photo,〔照片〕=sketch,〔素描〕=drawing,〔畫〕=cartoon,〔漫畫〕=chart(圖表)2.示=show,=reflect,=convey,=indicate,reveal,=illustrate,=demonstrate=represent,=symbolize,=epitomize,〔成為…縮影〕=benaturallyassociatedwith自然聯(lián)系到4.意義=implication暗示=symbolicmeaning象征意義=subtleconnotation微妙的含義二、定語從句1.概述-在英語中，我們通常用一個形容詞作定語修飾名詞或代詞。假設要表達更復雜的意思，需借助一個句子來修飾名詞。-這個被修飾的名詞／代詞因為總在定語從句前面，所以被稱為先行詞。-引導定語從句的詞，被稱為關系詞。2.定語從句的三個重要概念①先行詞----被定語從句所修飾或限制的對象。②引導詞----連接主句和從句，在定語從句中充當一定成分的詞。③不完整的句子三.關系詞關系代詞-先行詞指人：who,whom-先行詞指物：which-先行詞指人指物均可：that先行詞指人或物的所有關系：whoseTheworldisfullofpeoplewhosenotionofasatisfactoryfutureis,infact,areturntotheidealizedpast.關系副詞-時間狀語：when-地點狀語：whereThedictionaryistheonlyplacewheresuccesscomesbeforework.原因狀語：when練習：Iwillneverforgettheday____wemetforthefirsttime.A.whichB.whenC.thatD.onthatIwillneverforgetthetime______Ispentoncampus.A.whichB.whenC.whoD.onthatYoushouldmakeitaruletoleavethings____youcanfindthemagain.A.whenB.whereC.thenD.there先行詞通常為詞〔名詞或代詞〕／詞組Awandererwhoisdeterminedtoreachhisdestinationwillneverfeartherain.先行詞也可以是一個句子〔非限制性定語從句〕－不用逗號隔開----限制性定語從句作用：用來提供必要的信息，以說明定語從句所修飾的先行詞的身份或性質，或用來限制先行詞所指的范圍。假設去掉限制性定語從句，那么主句局部含義不明確，意義不完整。e.g.Idon’tlikepeople.Idon’tlikepeoplewhoneverkeeptheirwords.－用逗號隔開----非限制性定語從句作用：用來提供附加的而非必要的信息，只是對先行詞作進一步的解釋、補充或說明。假設去掉非限，整個主句意義一樣很明確，不會引起誤解和歧義。e.g.Criticismcancreatehighlevelsofstress,whichcanleadtoburnout.e.g.Ican’tgiveyoutheformulaforsuccess,butIcangiveyoutheformulaforfailure,whichistryingtopleaseeverybody.非限寫作應用－Somepeoplearguethat…h(huán)assomemerits,whichcanbelistedasfollows.Firstandforemost,….,Additionally,….與as引導非限有關的作文精品句型Asisseenfromthechart,Asisvividlydepictedinthecartoonabove,Asisapparentlyillustratedbythepicturesabove,Ascanbenoticedfromthetable/graph/figure,thereisamarkedincrease/decline/favorablechangein….五.先行詞和引導詞的分隔現(xiàn)象1.先行詞+其它成分+定語從句e.g.Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectlyaffectteenagercrimerates.Forexample,changesintheeconomythatleadtofewerjobopportunityforyouth.練習：Thefilmbroughtthehoursbacktome______Iwastakengoodcareofinthatfar-awayvillage.A.whoB.thatC.whenD.where2.作主語的先行詞+謂語局部+定語從句e.g.Hecanconquertheworldwhocanconquerhimself.Question:如何尋找定語從句真正修飾的先行詞?方法一：翻譯法Step1:翻譯定語從句Step2:將翻譯后的定語從句+“的〞，再和從句之前的名詞由近及遠地進行搭配，根據(jù)句義和邏輯找出真正修飾的先行詞。方法二：主謂一致〔主語和謂語要在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致〕練習：Thewordsusedbythespeakermaystirupunfavorablereactionsinthelistener_____interferewithhiscomprehension.A.whoB.asC.whichD.what〔五〕定語從句難點及狀語從句六.定語從句難點1.先行詞＋介詞＋which/whomExpertshavestudiestheareasmostaffectedandhavedrawnupamapforlocalpeople,forecastingtheyearinwhichtheirhomeswillbeswallowedupbythehungrysea.(2001/6)2.表示所屬關系或局部整體關系時用介詞of在介詞of前面常出現(xiàn)的詞包括：all,each,both,either,neither,many,some,most,half,themajority,數(shù)字及最高級等。練習：e.x.LivinginthecentralAustraliandeserthasitsproblems,____obtainingwaterisnottheleast.A.ofwhichB.forwhatC.asD.whose寫成兩句就明白了：LivinginthecentralAustraliandeserthasitsproblem.Ofitsproblems,obtainingwaterisnottheleast.of放在句首表范圍Ofallthecountries,Chinawillbethebest.Ofallmystudents,youwilltopthebest.練習：Sheshowedthevisitorsaroundthemuseum,construction______hadtakenmorethanthreeyears.forwhichB.withwhichC.ofwhichD.towhichEnglishisalanguagesharedbyseveraldiverseculture,_________usesitdifferently.allofwhichB.eachofwhichC.allofthemD.eachofthem閱讀原那么：1.將介詞和先行詞搭配。2.將介詞和從句中的謂語搭配。練習：Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’tasingleperson_____shecouldturnforhelp.A.thatB.whoC.fromwhomD.towhom定語從句寫作應用：比照觀點式作文萬能第一句Thereisnodenyingthefactthat….hasbeenaprevalenttopicwithwhichuniversitystudentsareconfronted.Andthereisnoconsensusofopinionamongpeopleconcerningthecontroversialissue.定語從句翻譯原那么：前置法：假設定語從句結構簡短，把從句翻譯成帶“的〞的詞組，放置于被修飾的詞之前。拆分法：假設定語從句結構復雜，需拆分成兩句翻譯，并重復先行詞。e.x.Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesystematic,mannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.e.x.Anyonewhosegoalis“somethinghigher〞mustexpectsomedaytosuffervertigo,whatisvertigo?Fearoffalling?No,vertigoissomethingotherthanfearoffalling.Itisthevoiceoftheemptinessbelowuswhichtemptsandluresus.Itisthedesiretofallagainstwhichwedefendourselves.七．長難句閱讀及翻譯方法1〕分析和拆分結構根本原那么－拆分主從句?！矎秃暇洹常鸱种鞲珊托揎?。〔簡單句〕－利用信號詞。信號詞原那么：1.連詞：－and,or,but,yet,for等連接并列句的連詞。－連接狀語從句的連接詞：when,as,since,until,before,after,where,because,since,though,although,sothat2.關系詞：－who,whom,whose,what,which,whatever,whichever,when,where,how,why3.介詞：－on,in,with,at,of,to4.不定式符號：to5.分詞：過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞常構成修飾語6.標點符號3〕調整翻譯語序定語的語序－中文的定語一般在修飾詞之前，英文簡單定語在前，復雜定語〔短語或定語從句〕通常在后。前置法：簡單定語譯為“的〞結構拆分法：復雜定語單獨譯為一句，重復先行詞。練習長難句分析結構：--Thefirsttimethatthequestion“Whatisatthebottomofoceans〞?hadtobeansweredwithanycommercialconsequencewaswhenthelayingofatelegraphcablefromEuropetoAmericawasproposed.--Creatinga“Europeanidentity〞thatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabricoftheOldContinentisnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoice.不同的文化和傳統(tǒng)將歐洲大陸連接在一起，創(chuàng)造一個尊重不同文化和傳統(tǒng)的歐洲身份并不是一件容易的事，需要人們作出策略性的選擇。狀語的語序－簡短狀語放在修飾動詞之前，復雜狀語〔狀語從句〕在整個句子的主干之前或之后翻譯。邏輯順序：前因后果多主動狀語從句一.概述①九類狀語從句---時間、地點、原因、目的、結果、條件、讓步、比擬、方式②狀語從句就是用連詞將幾個分句連接起來，以表達分句之間的特定的邏輯關系。1.時間狀語從句〔if〕Whenyouconsciouslyundergoamajorlifetransition,bepatientwithyourself.常見其他連詞：unless〔除非〕，once〔一旦〕,incase〔以免)1.Itisalwaysthebestpolicytospeakthetruth----unless,ofcourse,youareanexceptionallygoodliar.2.Alltruthsareeasytounderstandoncetheyarediscovered;thepointishowtodiscoverthem.3.Takemoremoney,incase(that)someaccidenthappens.注意：如何區(qū)分where引導的定語從句和地點狀語從句如何區(qū)分when引導的定語從句和時間狀語從句判斷原那么：假設是定語從句，那么where前面必須有被修飾的地點名詞；假設where前面沒有被修飾的名詞，那么為地點狀語從句。常見連詞：if－Fearisyourbestfriendoryourworstenemy.Itislikefire.Ifyoucancontrolit,itcancookforyouorheatyourhouse.Ifyoucan’t,itwillburneverythingaroundyou,evendestroyyou.〔雙刃劍的比喻寫法〕－Ifyouarenotborntobeintelligent,pleasemakesurethatyouareatleastdiligent.假設非天賦異稟，但愿足夠奮進。－IfWintercomes,canSpringbefarbehind?---OdetotheWestWind3.讓步狀語從句Althoughtheworldisfullofsuffering,itisalsofulloftheovercomingofit.----HellenKeller雖然世間多苦難，但苦難總是能戰(zhàn)勝的。縱有苦難千種，亦存正道萬般。讓步狀語從句的難點1)whatever/however/whenever/wherever/whichever既可引導名詞性從句，也可引導狀語從句。2)nomatterwhat/how/when/where/which=whatever/however/whenever/wherever/whichever練習判斷：Whoeverheisisn’tsoimportant.主語從句Ididn’twanttoknowwhateverhethought.賓語從句whateverheneeds,wewillsatisfyhimatonce.狀語從句Nomatterwhatheneeds,wewillsatisfyhimatonce.狀語從句注意：nomatter系列只引導狀語從句，表示“無論…〞nomatter系列不能引導名詞性從句，讓步狀語從句的倒裝句：As引導的讓步倒裝句adj/adv分詞+as+主語+謂語動詞名詞〔無冠詞〕e.g.Young/Childasheis,heisknowledgeable.As引導的讓步倒裝句的寫作應用〔引出另一種觀點〕Wonderfulas…is,however,itisnotwithoutshortcomings.正常語序的讓步狀語從句Despite/Inspiteof/allthemerits,theybringtheirownnegativeeffects.As引導的讓步倒裝句在寫作中的應用1.圖畫／圖表作文：Simpleasthepictureis,thesymbolicmeaningshouldbeconsideredwithmoreinsight.2.話題性作文：IndispensableasXXis,itsunfavorablefactorsareapparenttobefoundinthefollowingaspects.〔六〕狀語從句難點及應用狀語從句的省略Whilevisitingthecity,theyreceivedawarmwelcome.Whenaskedwhyhewaslate,hekeptsilent.Oncebegun,itmustbedonewell.Writetomeifnecessary.注意：當狀語從句的主語與主句主語一致，且從句中含有系動詞，那么將從句主語和系動詞一起省略?！沧⒁猓罕仨氁黄稹碃钫Z從句三大難點：難點1.while1〕引導時間狀語從句。當…時候，后面必須是持續(xù)性動詞Strikewhiletheironishot.2〕引導讓步狀語從句。一般位于句首，表示盡管。--WhileIdisapproveofwhatyousay,Iwoulddefendtothedeaththatyourrighttosayit.----Voltaire--Whilesomanypeopleareoutsmellingtheflowers,someoneistakingthetimetoplantsome.3)句中的whileYoucanwearoutironshoesinfruitlesssearch,whileyoumayhitonwhatyouneedwithoutevenlookingforit.Wejudgeourselvesbywhatwefeelcapableofdoing,whileothersjudgeusbywhatwehavealreadydone.閱讀：Whiletheleadingactoronthestagecapturesourattention,weareawareoftheimportanceofthesupportingplayersandthesceneryoftheplayitself.難點2.since1.引導時間狀語從句：表自從，主句為完成時態(tài)2.引導原因狀語從句：表因為——Sincethedawnofhumaningenuity,peoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerous,boring,burdensome,orjustplainnasty.(02考研閱讀理解)——Opensourcespyingdoeshaveitsrisks,ofcourse,sinceitcanbedifficulttotellgoodinformationfrombad.難點3:as1〕引導時間狀語從句:表隨著，強調兩個動作的同時進行-Asself-acceptancegrows,shynessnaturallydiminishes.-Howweseeourselvesaswetryanewwayofbeingisessentialtoourabilitytogrow.2)引導原因狀語從句Astherewasverylittlesupport,thestrikewasnotsuccessful.3)as引導讓步狀語從句的倒裝句〔前面講過〕狀語從句的寫作應用：詢問信正文第一段：寫信目的第二段：正文①AsIamparticularlyinterestedin……,Iwouldliketoobtain/requestaboutsomerelevantinformationasregards…….②萬能句Iwouldbegratefulifyouwouldbesokindastoprovidemewithcertainessentialinformationregardingthefollowingaspect.First,…,andsecond,…③必要時增加這句Meanwhile,Iwonderifitisconvenientforyoutosendme…….,andyourinstantassistancewillcontributetomyproject/plan/paper.投訴信：第一段：①寫信目的〔前面課講過〕第二段：②事件大概經過，whichhasputmeintogreatinconvenience.③加分句Givenwell-deservedreputationofyourstore,Iamsureyouwilldoeverythingpossibletoresolvethisprobleminstantly.第三段①感謝看信IamindebtedtoyouforyourattentiontomyletterIappreciateyourattentiontomyletterIwouldliketoexpressmygratitudetoyouforyourattentionto②諸多不便打攪了LetmeapologizeforanyinconveniencesImayhavecaused.③期待回信+再次感謝Ilookforwardtoafavorablereplyatyourearliestconvenience.Yourpromptattentiontomyinquirywouldbehighlyappreciated.Myappreciationtoyouforyourgeneroushelpisbeyondwords.WordsfailmewhenIwanttoexpressmyheartfeltgratitude.④有疑問者請聯(lián)系--Ihopetheseinformationwillbehelpful,andpleasefeelfree.--Don’thesitatetocontactformoreinformation(at82876655)落款公務信函Yourssincerely,/truly,/respectfully,私人信函Yourssincerely,/cordially,/faithfully,署名LiMing〔七〕指代專題及非謂語動詞引入1〕指代的根本理解：－辨識：it;they;this;that;which－本質：邏輯完整－語言簡潔－原那么：詞義對應，句意通順－功能：防止重復，增強連貫性練習：Theword“they〞in“togethertheythreaten…〞refersto________Therealitythathasblockedmypathtobecomethetypicalsuccessfulstudentisthatengineeringandtheliberalartssimplydon’tmixaseasilyasIassumedinhighschool.Individuallytheyshapeapersoninverydifferentways;togethertheythreatentoconfuse.practicallyandrationallyengineeringandtheliberalartsrealityandnobleidealsflexibilityandavaluesystem2〕代詞指代的方法前指原那么近指原那么語法原那么：單復數(shù)一致，人稱一致指代傳遞：指代詞通常首先指前一句的主語，其次是賓語，當前一句的主語也是代詞時，那么繼續(xù)往前找。e.x.97年考研真題閱讀Muchofthelanguageusedtodescribemonetarypolicy,suchas“steeringtheeconomytoasoftlanding〞or“atouchonthebrakes,〞makesitsoundlikeaprecisescience.so的方法用作副詞的代用詞Heoftenbehavedprudently,buthedidnotalwaysbehaveso.2.和do一起代替分句中的主要動詞及后續(xù)局部－Shehopedthattheywouldcleanthehousecarefullybeforeherarrival,butunfortunatelytheydidn’tdoso.－Neverapologizeforshowingfeeling.Whenyoudoso,youapologizefortruth.3〕三種指代－主從復合句中的指代在主從復合句中，第二句的代詞主語經常指代第一句的名詞主語〔有時是賓語〕，表示話題的延續(xù)。－平行結構中的指代主要包括some/many/most/such/each…others;one…another;notonly…butalso,theformer…thelatter,在這種結構中，平行結構兩個局部的兩個代詞經常指代同一對象：前一句的名詞主語。－關系代詞的指代that,which,inwhich,ofwhich等關系代詞通常就近指代前面的先行詞。注意：which前假設有插入語時，處理方法為去掉插入語。句子的各種成分非謂語動詞根本概念：英文的句子有且只能有一個謂語，如果已經出現(xiàn)了一個動詞充當謂語，那么其他的動詞就要改變形式。可以改變成不定式形式〔todosth〕,-ing形式或形式。由于這些形式在句子中不做謂語，所以被稱為非謂語動詞。2.不定式形式：to+動詞原形注意：－to是不定式符號－否認式為nottodo,nevertodo3.不定式除了謂語不能作，其他成分都可以作。1〕作主語：Toknowoneselfisdifficult.要點1：在較長的不定式作主語的句中，往往用it代替不定式作形式主語，而把不定式后置。要點2：兩個重要結構－Itis+形容詞＋〔forsb〕todosth－Itis+形容詞＋〔ofsb〕todosthfor句型常用：possible,important,necessary,difficult,useless等詞。of句型常用：careless,clever,good,kind,nice,stupid,silly,unwise.e.x.Itisimpossibleforyoutodefeatanignorantmeninargument.2〕作表語：Toloveistorisknotbeinglovedinreturn.Tohopeistoriskpain.Totryistoriskfailure,butriskmustbetakenbecausethegreatesthazardinlifeistorisknothing.3〕作定語要點1：不定式作定語時總是放在被修飾詞之后，表示將要發(fā)生的動作。Itisthebestwaytocureaheadache.要點2：假設被不定式修飾的詞作不定式動詞的賓語，應注意是否要加相應的介詞。-Theyhadnohousetolive_____.-Iwanttothankthestudentsforgivingmethechancetomeetwithyou,thechancetotalkalittlebitaboutmycountryandanswersomeofyourquestions.-Artisthedesireofamantoexpresshimself,torecordthereactionsofhispersonalitytotheworldhelivesin.〔八〕非謂語動詞專題4)不定式作賓語只能接不定式作賓語的動詞：hope,promise,expect,plan,prepare,desire,determinee.x.主＋謂＋賓＋賓補IfindtosaythethingsdifficultIfinditdifficulttosaythethings.IfinditdifficulttosaysthethingsImean.IfinditmoredifficulttosaythethingsImeanthanthethingsIcan’t要點1:不定式作賓語而后面還有賓補時，常用it來代替不定式短語，而把真正作賓語的不定式短語放在補語之后。常見動詞：believe,consider,feel,find,make,think要點2:疑問詞＋不定式結構不定式可以和how,which,what,who,when,who,whose,Where,whether連用，作表語或賓語。－Alltruthsareeasytounderstandoncetheyarediscovered;thepointishowtodiscoverthem.－Ifyouwanttoteachyourchildrenhowtosaysorry,youmustbegoodatsayingityourself,especiallytoyourownchildren.5〕不定式作賓補：動詞＋sth/sbtodosth-ask,advise,allow,enable,encourage,inspire,instruct注意：六看三讓二聽一感覺的動詞在接不定式作賓補，省略to六看：see,watch,notice,lookat,observe,find三讓：make,let,have二聽：hear,listento一感覺：feel注意：在被動語態(tài)中，上述動詞后面的不定式要將省略的to復原。－Nevermakeanythingsimpleandefficientwhenawaycanbefoundtomakeitcomplexandwonderful.6〕不定式作狀語－Inordertobetrulyhappy,youmustlivealongwith,andyoumuststandforsomethinglargerthanyourself.－IdecidednottoletmypastrulemyfuturesoIdecidedtochangemypresentinordertoopenupmyfuture.onlytodo〔翻譯考點〕引出意想不到的或不愉快的結果e.g.我們匆忙趕到火車站，不料發(fā)現(xiàn)車已經開走了。不定式的寫作應用forexample=acaseinpointisthat……=Examplestoprovetheviewareabundant,butthemostpersuasiveoneisthecasethat……=Numerousexamplescanbegiventodemonstratethisviewpoint，butthemostcompellingoneisthecasethat……=Icanthinkofnobetterillustrationthanthefollowingones.=Thiscaseeffectivelyclarifythefactthat…=Takingalookaround,wecanfindexamplestoonumeroustolist.建議措施－Therefore,itisnecessaryforustouseInternetinareasonablewayandrestrainfromoverindulgence.－Frommyperspective,itisimperativeforustotakedrasticmeasurestoreversethedisturbingtrend(illustratedinthepicture)－Accordingly,itisvitalforustoderivepositiveimplicationsfromthesethought-provokingdrawings.分詞現(xiàn)在分詞：V+ing,和被修飾詞是主動關系，動作正在進行中。(主動和進行〕過去分詞：V-ed,含義為被動和完成e.g.Anelegantly-furnishedroomDepartedloversCannedfood1.分詞作定語單個分詞作定語一般放在被修飾詞之前，分詞短語作定語一般放在被修飾詞后。e.g.Theplane(senttosearchforthemissingplane)alsodisappeared.2.分詞做狀語(可以和從句轉換〕e.g.Lockedup，hehadnowaytoescape.Becausehewaslockedup,hehadnowaytoescape.e.x.Huntingconsistsofpursuingafoxacrossthecountryside,withagroupofspeciallytraineddogs,followedbymenandwomenridinghorses.(2002/1)3.分詞難點：獨立主格結構分詞作狀語時，其邏輯主語與句子的主語應該一致，假設不一致，那么需加上分詞的邏輯主語。練習：站在車站上，一塊石頭砸在了他的頭上。Note:獨立主格中的邏輯主語前有時可以加with或without,做伴隨狀語或定語。沒有任何人陪她，她開始了旅程。e.g.Shestartedonthejourneywithoutanyoneaccompanyingher.他一句話都沒說就離開了家。e.g.Helefthome,withoutasinglewordsaid.〔九〕動名詞專題及特殊句型動名詞1.根本理解形式：v-ing本質：有動詞和名詞特征的非謂語形式。功能：在句中可做主，賓，表，定。2.作主語和表語時與不定式的區(qū)別：－表示客觀性，一般性的行為多用動名詞。－表示具體性、一次性的行為多用不定式。Smokingisdifficulthabittobreak.Itisn’tgoodforyoutosmokesomuchtoday.3.作表語時與現(xiàn)在分詞的區(qū)別：動名詞：主語和表語可互換位置。Myjobisteaching.現(xiàn)在分詞：主語和表語不可互換位置。Myjobisinteresting.動名詞后置做主語的固定句型Itisnogood/nousedoingsthe.g.Itisnousecryingoversplitmilk.3.作賓語時與不定式的區(qū)別：在一些動詞后面接todo和v-ing形式意義不同forget/remember+-ing形式=忘記或記起先前的行為。--------------+todo=忘記或記起將要發(fā)生的行為。I’llneverforgetmeetinghim.Don’tforgettolockthedoor.regretdoing=對過去的事情感到遺憾regrettodo=宣布壞消息Weregrettoinformyouofdelaysintoday'service.4.動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞作定語的區(qū)別asleepingchildasleepingpill檢驗原那么：動名詞做定語可替換為beusedfor現(xiàn)在分詞做定語可替換為定語從句。DrinkingwaterRisingsun倒裝：一、英文的語序：陳述語序：主＋謂倒裝語序：謂＋主－謂語動詞＋主〔全部倒裝〕－謂語中的助動詞／情態(tài)動詞＋主＋謂語動詞〔局部倒裝〕二、倒裝的三步驟：寫出正常語序的句子。提前該提前的局部。倒主謂／主助。三、全部倒裝：1〕here,there,now,then,thus等副詞位于句首，謂語動詞常用be,come,go,lie,run.鳥兒飛走了。Thebirdsflyaway.Awayflythebirds.2〕表示運動方向的副詞或地點狀語置于句首，謂語表示運動的動詞。注意：如果主語是人稱代詞，那么不能倒裝。AtthecoreofthisdebateischairmanLevin.3)主系表倒裝為表系主。Impossibleisnothing.Anythingispossible.4〕表示前面所說的情況也適用于后者，可用so/neither/nor，其倒裝結構為so/neither/nor+助動詞／系動詞／情態(tài)動詞＋主語注意1:so表肯定，neither,nor表否認。Shehasfinishedherhomework,sohasherbrother.注意2:但如果so表強調前面所說情況的真實性時，其結構為So+主語＋助動詞／系動詞／情態(tài)動詞。這里的主語和前一句的主語是指同一人或同一物。SheknowslittleEnglish,soshedoes.四、局部倒裝：1〕only在句首的倒裝OnlyinthiswaycansbdosthOnlybydoingsthcansodosthOnlywhen…,cansodosth.2)否認意義的詞位于句首＝not,never,hardly,seldom,notuntil,little.中國在任何時間，任何情況下都不會成為第一個使用核武器的國家。Chinawillneverbethefirstcountrytousenuclearweapons.=NeverwillChinabethefirst……=undernocircumstancewillChinabethefirst…=AtnotimeandundernocircumstanceswillChinabethefirst…3)so…that結構的倒裝Herunssofastthatisfaraheadofothers.=Sofastdoesherunthatheisfaraheadofothers.倒裝的閱讀應用1.Deeplyinvolvedwiththisnewtechnologyiskindofmodernbusinesspeoplewhohavegrowingrespectfortheeconomicvalueofdoingbusinessabroad.使用此項新技術的是一種現(xiàn)代商人，他們開始逐漸重視國際商務的經濟效益。2.Godshallwipeawayallthetearsfromtheireyes,andthereshallbenomoredeath.Neithershalltherebesorrowordying,neithershalltherebeanymorepain,fortheformerworldhaspassedaway.上帝擦去他們所有的眼淚，死亡不再有，也不再有悲傷和生死離別，不再有痛苦，因往事已矣。倒裝的寫作練習：－只有通過教育，我們才能在世界上強大。－環(huán)境問題如此地嚴重，以至于我們沒有其他選擇只能采取靈活的措施去處理它。－Onlythrough/byreceivingeducationcanweriseintheworld.－Sosevereistheenvironmentalproblemthatwehavenoalternativebuttotakesomefeasiblemeasurestodealwithit.Wheneveranyonehasoffendedme,Itrytoraisemysoulsohighthattheoffensecannotreachit.＝Wheneveranyonehasoffendedme,sohighdoesItrytoraisemysoulthattheoffensecannotreachit.強調句Itis＋被強調局部＋that.檢驗原那么：取掉itis和that，剩下的局部依然是個完整的局部。－Itisthefirststepthatstopsmostpeople.－Itisnottheplace,notthecondition,butthemindalonethatmakespeoplehappyormiserable.〔十〕時態(tài)語態(tài)情態(tài)及介詞專題一．介詞專題1.V+on1〕憑，靠，根據(jù)dependon/counton依靠，依賴liveon靠…生活，繼續(xù)活著2〕穿上，戴上pullon穿上puton穿戴上／上演／增加體重3〕執(zhí)行，運作，翻開turnon接通，翻開switchon用開關開啟4〕繼續(xù)，進行下去carryon進行交談／繼續(xù)handon把…傳下去hangon/holdoninsiston2.V+out出，往外，出現(xiàn)breakout(戰(zhàn)爭，火災，疾病)爆發(fā)，逃出dropout退學，輟學2〕〔知覺〕出去，處于無知覺狀態(tài)knockout擊倒，擊昏passout昏倒3〕殆盡，完burnoutdieout滅絕，絕跡wearout用壞，磨損,耗盡4〕徹底地carryout實行，執(zhí)行，5〕大聲地，出聲地cryout/readout/speakout/yellout3.V+acoss通過，穿過，從一邊到另一邊swimacross游過2〕使〔論點，想法〕由說話人傳到聽眾一邊，從而使對方理解getacross將…講清楚putacross解釋清楚，說明3〕在對面comeacross偶然遇見，碰上runacross4.V+away1)離開，carryaway使陶醉，傾倒driveaway驅逐，signaway簽字放棄turnaway轉身不看，不理睬2〕保存，儲存putaway放好，收好，儲存packaway把…裝起來3〕繼續(xù)不斷地burnawayeataway侵蝕-Cancersateawaythehealthyfresh.wasteaway日趨衰弱workaway二、被動的專題動作發(fā)出者不明確強調動作受體3.連貫性Allflights______becauseofthesnowstorm,wedecidedtotakethetrain.A.werecanceledB.hadbeencanceledC.havingcanceledD.havingbeencanceled被動在翻譯中的應用itishopedthat…人們希望itisassumedthat…假設，假定…itisclaimedthat…據(jù)說，有人主張itisbelievedthat…有人相信，大家相信itisreportedthat…據(jù)報道，itisconsideredthat…人們認為，據(jù)估計三、時態(tài)的專題一般現(xiàn)在時－表示客觀真理。－人或事物所處狀態(tài)和習慣性重復發(fā)生的動作。要點1:一般現(xiàn)在時在時間，條件狀語從句中代替將來時?！仓鲗默F(xiàn)〕要點2:表示“出發(fā)，到達，開始〞的動詞可用一般現(xiàn)在時替代將來時，表示即將發(fā)生的非個人方案的事。go,come,leave,arrive,start,begin.Thetrainleavesat6:30.現(xiàn)在進行時－表示現(xiàn)在正在進行或現(xiàn)階段正在進行的動作。要點1:瞬間動詞和進行時連用表將來。come,go,leave,return,arrive,begin,startIdon’treallyworkhere.I_____untilthenewsecretaryarrives.A.justhelpout.B.havejusthelpedout.C.amjusthelpingoutD.willjusthelpout.一般過去時－表示過去時間所發(fā)生的動作或所處的狀態(tài)。Thegreatestartistwasonceabeginner.注意：一般過去時強調和現(xiàn)在的不同。Shewassuchanicegirl.過去進行時表示過去某一時刻或時間段正在進行的動作。要點：在由when,while,as引導的時間狀語從句中，動作時間長的用過去進行時，動作時間段的用過去時。燈熄滅的時候我們正在吃晚餐。－Wewerehavingsupperwhenthelightwentout.當我進屋子的時候，她在看書。－ShewasreadingthebookwhenIenteredtheroom.一般將來時：--表示將來某一時刻或時間段發(fā)生的動作。betodo:事先方案安排好的將來－WearetodiscussthisreportnextSaturday.beaboutto:眼皮底下馬上就要發(fā)生的事－Look!Thetrainisabouttoleave!過去將來時--立足過去，展望未來。Hesaidthathewoulddousafavor