英美文學(xué)簡(jiǎn)史及名篇選讀 美國(guó)文學(xué) 課件 10 Realism、11 Modernism、12 American Literature since 1945

AmericanLiteratureLiteratureofRealism（1865-1914）CONTENTS●

Introductiontoliteratureofrealism●Famousnovelists--MarkTwain

(1835-1910)馬克·吐溫HenryJames(1843-1916)亨利·詹姆斯--KateChopin(1851-1904)凱特·肖邦JackLondon(1876-1916)杰克·倫敦TheodoreDreiser(1871-1945)西奧多·德萊塞StephenCrane（1871-1900）斯蒂芬·克萊恩--RobertFrost(1874-1963)羅伯特·弗羅斯特Historical(Political)Background(SeePara3)--IndustrialisminfluencedAmericaaftertheCivilWar(1861-1865).--Mechanizationspreadrapidlyassteamengines,linkedtomachines,anddisplacedhandworkonfarmsandinfactories.--IncreasingnumbersofAmericansleftthefarmstoseekjobsinurbanfactories.--atimeofsteelandsteam,electricityandoilLiteratureofRealism--In1865,thefirststeptowardracialequalitywasmadewhenabolishingslaverywithintheUnitedStates.--From1870to1890,thetotalpopulationofUSAdoubled.Villagesbecametowns,townsbecamecities,andcitiesgrewtoasize.--Thenationalincomeincreased.--agingerbreadera浮華時(shí)代LiteratureofRealismLiteratureofRealismLiteraryCharacteristicsoftheAge--Womenbecamethenation’sdominantcultureforceandladies’journalismbegantoflourishinthelatterhalfofthe19th-century.--Alotofnewwomennovelistsandpoetsappeared.--InfluencedbysuchEuropeansasZola,Flaubert,Balzac,andTolstoy,Americannewauthorsestablishedaliteratureofrealism.TheysoughttoportrayAmericanlifeasitreallywas.--ThegreatrealisticnovelistsincludeMarkTwain,HenryJames,WilliamHowells,etc.LiteratureofRealism--StephenCrane,JackLondon,TheodoreDreiser,etc.arecallednaturalistnovelists,whogivedetaileddescriptionsofthelivesofthehumanpassionandsexuality.--WaltWhitman,EmilyDickinson,H.W.Longfellowarethegreatrealisticpoetsduringthisperiod,whoaresometimescalledpost-romanticpoets.

--KateChopin:leadingfeministawarenes--RobertFrost:linkbetweenRealismandModernismAmericanLiteratureofRealismMarkTwain

(1835-1910)馬克·吐溫

MarkTwainLifeandLiteraryCareer--OneofAmerica’sfirstandforemostrealistsandhumoristsofhisage--WilliamFaulknercalledTwain"thefatherofAmericanliterature”--Heisagreathumorist.--HismainachievementishiscreationofTomSawyerandHuckFinn.--HereceivedanhonorarydoctorateofOxfordUniversityin1907.MarkTwain--MarkTwainisthepennameofSamuelClemens,whogrewupintheMississippiRiverfrontiertownofMissouri.--“MarkTwain”comesfromthephrasethatMississippiboatmenusedtosignifythedepthofthewaterforaboat’ssafepassage.--ThoughTwainearnedagreatdealofmoneyfromhiswritingsandlectures,heinvestedinventuresthatlostagreatdealofmoney.MarkTwain--MarkTwain’scontributiontothedevelopmentofrealismandtoAmericanliteraturewaspartlythroughhistheoriesoflocalisminAmericanfiction(localcolor鄉(xiāng)土特色),--andpartlythroughhiscolloquialstyle（口語(yǔ)體風(fēng)格）.Hemadecolloquialspeechanaccepted,respectableliterarymedium.--Heisalsoasocialcritic.MarkTwainexposedandcriticized,orsatirizedhypocrisyofreligion,racialdiscrimination,Materialcraze,slavery…)MarkTwain--Early19th-centuryAmericanwriterstendedtobetooflowery,sentimental,orostentatious（過(guò)于華麗、傷感、虛飾）partiallybecausetheywerestilltryingtoprovethattheycouldwriteaselegantlyastheEnglish.Twain’sstyle,basedonvigorous,realistic,colloquialAmericanspeech,gaveAmericanwritersanewappreciationoftheirnationalvoice.--ForTwainandotherAmericanwritersofthelate19th-century,realismwasnotmerelyaliterarytechnique:Itwasawayofspeakingtruthandexplodingworn-outconventions.MarkTwainRepresentative:--TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn，1884

《哈克貝利·費(fèi)恩歷險(xiǎn)記》--Thebookisnotedforitscolorfuldescriptionofpeopleandplacesalongthe

MississippiRiver.--anoftenscathing

satire

onracism.--Thenovelisastoryofdeath,rebirth,andinitiation.

--Jim,afatherfigureofHuck--Huckgrowsmorallybeyondtheboundsofhisslave-owningsociety,complexitiesofhumannatureandmoralcourage.MarkTwain--TheAdventuresofTomSawyer，1876

《湯姆·索亞歷險(xiǎn)記》--TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty《卡拉維拉斯郡著名的跳蛙》或譯《卡縣名蛙》Twain'sfirstimportantshortstory.MarkTwain:

Othermasterpieces--InnocentsAbroad(1869)《傻子出國(guó)記》non-fiction--TheGildedAge(1873)《鍍金時(shí)代》--ThePrinceandthePauper(1882)《王子與貧兒》

--LifeontheMississippi(1883)《密西西比河上》-non-fiction

--Pudd’nheadWilson(1889)《傻瓜威爾遜》--RunningforGovernor(1870)《競(jìng)選州長(zhǎng)》-shortstory--The1,000,000PoundBank-Note(1893)-novella

《百萬(wàn)英鎊》

--TheManthatCorruptedHadleyburg(1900)

《敗壞了哈德萊堡的人》-novellaQuestionsfordiscussion1.Howmuchmoneydidhewant?2.Whydidthenarratoraskforthreedollarsonly?3.HowdidhebargaintotheGeneraltogetbackthedog?Isthisreasonable?Whyorwhynot?4.Howmanydollarsdidhegetatlast?5.Whydidhebelievethathegotthemoneyinunquestionableway?6.Whatisthemaintoneofthestorytelling?HenryJames(1843-1916)亨利·詹姆斯

HenryJames

(1843-1916)Hislifeandliterarycareer--HewasborninNewYorkCityin1843.Henevermarried.--Hisfather:aremarkablewriter,SirHenryJames,awealthyphilosopherandafriendofEmerson’s;--Hiselderbrother,WilliamJames,wasthefirstnotableAmericanpsychologist,America’smostinfluentialphilosopher,andaprofessoratHarvardUniversity.(afamilyofscholars)--Attheageofsixmonths:tolivenearWindsorCastleandinthefollowingyeartoParis;--In1875,inParis,hemetTurgenev,Flaubert,andZola.--Since1876hesettledinLondon.--In1911,hegothonorsdegreefromtheUniversityofHarvard.--In1912,hereceivedhonorarydoctorateinliteraturefromOxfordUniversity.HenryJames

(1843-1916)--In1915hebecameanEnglishcitizen.

--In1916,hereceivedtheOrderofMerit,anddiedthisyear.--WithMarkTwain,JamesisgenerallyrankedasthegreatestAmericannovelistofthesecondhalfofthe19thcentury.(美國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)院，176）--aforerunnerofModernismHenryJames

(1843-1916)Hisachievements--themajorauthortobridgethetransitionfrom19th-centuryrealismtotheimpressionisticandmodernisticfictionofthe20th-century

--HeleadsreadersfromAmericatoEurope.

--Heiscalledawriterofthe“internationalnovel”andJamesisnotedforhis“internationaltheme”.--Hepublished100volumesofstories,novels,plays,literarycriticism,biographyandautobiographyandsketchesoftravels.HenryJames

(1843-1916)TheArtofFiction--“Theonlyreasonfortheexistenceofanovelisthatitdoesattempttorepresentlife.”“thenovelishistory”.--“Theonlyobligationtowhichinadvancewemayholdanovel…isthatitbeinteresting.”Headds:Thewaystomakeanovelinterestingareinnumerable.--Anovelisadirectimpressionoflife:tobeginwith,constitutesitsvalue.HenryJames

(1843-1916)--Anovelcannotbewrittenwithoutadeepsenseofreality,buttherealitymustcomefromanawarenessoftheextentofexperience.

--Jamesreferstothenovelasa“l(fā)ivingthing.”Inotherwords,itisorganic.

--Therecanbenodistinctionbetweencharacterandincident(人與事物).Thesearecomplementstoeachother.

HenryJames

(1843-1916)HismasterpiecesTheTurnoftheScrew《螺絲在擰緊》(1898)DaisyMiller《黛西·米勒》1878TheAmerican《一個(gè)美國(guó)人》1877ThePortraitofALady《貴婦人的畫(huà)像》1881TheAmbassadors《專使》1903TheGoldenBowl《金碗》1904TheWingsoftheDove《鴿翼》1902HenryJames

(1843-1916)AmericanLiteratureofRealismKateChopin

(1850-1904)凱特·肖邦

KateChopin--KateChopin

wasanAmericanwriterof

shortstories

andnovels.--aforerunnerofthe

feminist

authorsofthe20thcentury--Chopinwaswidelyrecognizedasoneoftheleadingwritersofhertimewithinadecadeofherdeath.KateChopin--Shewroteshortstoriesforbothchildrenandadultswhichwerepublishedinsomemagazines.--Hermajorworksweretwoshortstorycollections-BayouFolk

(1894)

《河口人們》或譯《支流人》

-ANightinAcadie

(1897)《阿卡迪亞之夜》.--TheStoryofanHourisoneofherimportantshortstories.

KateChopin--Chopinalsowrotetwonovels:

AtFault

(1890)《故障》

TheAwakening(1899)《覺(jué)醒》.ThepeopleinherstoriesareusuallyinhabitantsofLouisiana.TheAwakening,herbest-knownwork,isnowbelievedasanearly

feminist

work.--ChopinacknowledgedthatshewasinfluencedbyZolaandMaupassant'stechniqueandstyles.

點(diǎn)擊進(jìn)入KateChopinTheStoryofanHour************************LouiseMallard,thefemaleprotagonist,hearsthatherhusbandisdead.Shefeelsliberatedbythenewsofherhusband'sdeath.ThenherhusbandisalivetocomehomeandLouiseMallarddied.KateChopin：Questions1.HowisMrsMallard’shealthcondition?2.Whatisthenewsaboutherhusband?3.Whatdoesthedoorsymbolize?4.Whatdoestheopenwindowmean?5.Whydoesthewriterdescribethenaturalscenery,suchasthetopsoftrees,rain,distantsong,sparrows,bluesky,etc.?6.WhatisthemarriageoftheMallardslike?7.Whatisthespiritualexperienceduringonehour?8.Whatistherealcauseofherdeath?9.Whatarethepossiblethemesofthisshortstory?DifferentImages--visualimage

視覺(jué)意象:amentalimagethatissimilartoavisualperception--auditoryimage(ofhearing）聽(tīng)覺(jué)意象:amentalimagethatissimilartoanauditoryperception--olfactoryimage(ofsmell)嗅覺(jué)意象:amentalimagerelatingtothesenseofsmell--gustatoryimage(oftaste)味覺(jué)意象:amentalimageofthesenseoftasteDifferentkindsofimagesintheparagraphsShe(LouseMallard)couldseeintheopensquarebeforeherhousethetopsoftreesthatwereallaquiverwiththenewspringlife.Thedeliciousbreathofrainwasintheair.

Inthestreetbelowapeddlerwascryinghiswares.

Thenotesofadistantsongwhichsomeonewassingingreachedherfaintly,andcountlesssparrowsweretwitteringintheleaves.Therewerepatchesofblueskyshowinghereandtherethroughthecloudsthathadmetandpiledoneabovetheotherinthewestfacingherwindow.KateChopin：TheStoryofanHour

Summary--TheshortstorydescribestheseriesofchangingemotionsLouiseMallardenduresafterhearingofthedeathofherhusbandinonehour.Herhusbandwasbelievedtohavediedinarailroaddisaster.--Mrs.Mallardsuffersfromheartproblems,therefore,hersisterattemptstoinformherofthehorrificnewsinagentleway.Shelocksherselfinherroomtoimmediatelymournthelossofherhusband.KateChopin：TheStoryofanHour--However,shebeginstofeelanunexpectedsenseofpleasure.Sheseemstofeel"Free!Bodyandsoulfree!"fromabenefitofthedeathofherhusband.--Whenherhusbandreturnshomesuddenly,whohadnotdiedintherailroaddisaster,theshockofhisappearancekillsMrs.Mallard.--ambiguousappearanceKateChopin：TheStoryofanHourThemes:1.Feministawareness-liberationofhumannature-thefreedomofherself-pursuinggenderequalityinman-dominatedsociety-difficultyofwomenpursuingequalityandfreedom-Itreflectstheawakeningoffemaleconsciousness.2.Itrevealsthecontradictionbetweentherealityandideal.KateChopin：TheStoryofanHourSymbolsImage—happyandfreelife—femaleindependenceandfreedom-thetopoftrees-deliciousbreathofrain;-distantsong;-countlesssparrows-patchesofbluesky,cloudsDoor—barrier,boundary(outside:sadness,publicopinion,traditionalmoralityvs.inside:abandon,convention,excitement:fancyfreefuture.Window:opentofuture,freedom,newlifeKateChopin：TheStoryofanHourIrony--sadnessbecauseofhusband’sdeath,newlifeoutsidethewindow--Herhusband'sdeathstimulatedherdreamofnewlifeandfreefuture,butherhusband’ssurvivalresultedinherdeath.KateChopin：TheStoryofanHour

--Experienceinanhour:Sadness—liberation—excitement--despair

Criticalthinking:moralaspectFocus:thethemeforwomentopursuetheirfreedomandequalityKateChopinTheAwakening

(1899)–daringnovel--Thenovelisaboutawoman’sdoomedattempttofindherownidentitythroughpassion.Anditwasaheadofitstime.InTheAwakening,ayoungmarriedwomanwithattractivechildrenandanindulgentandsuccessfulhusbandgivesupfamily,money,respectability,andeventuallyherlifeinsearchofself-realization.Poeticevocationsofocean,birds(cagedandfreed),andmusicendowthisshortnovelwithunusualintensityandcomplexity.Thenovelisttreatsracialinjusticewithgreatartistry.(mggwy,172)JackLondon杰克·倫敦（1876-1916）JackLondonHislifeandliterarycareer--anAmericannovelistandshort-storywriter--Heisalsoasocialactivist.--Athispeak,hewasthehighestpaidandthemostpopularofalllivingwriters.--oneofthefirstfictionwriterstoobtainworldwidefameandalargefortunefromhisfictionaloneJackLondon--LondonistheillegitimatesonofW.H.Chancy,butheneversawhisrealfatherandtookhisnameofhisstepfather.--Hegrewupinextremepoverty.Heisapoor,self-taughtworkerfromCalifornia,thenaturalist.--Hewroteformoney,sohewrotetoomuchtoofast,withtoolittleconcernforthestylisticandformalrefinement.--JackLondonbecamefamefrompovertybyhisfirstcollectionofstories,theSonoftheWolf(1900)點(diǎn)擊進(jìn)入JackLondonHisAchievements--Hepublished20novelsandmorethan80shortstoriesduringhislifetime.Someofhismostfamousworksinclude:TheCalloftheWild(1900)TheSea-Wolf(1904)

TheIronHeel(1907)MartinEden(1909).

JackLondonMartinEden

(1909)《馬丁·伊登》--TheautobiographicalnoveldepictstheinnerstressesoftheAmericandreamasLondonexperiencedthemduringhisrisefrompovertytowealthandfame.--MartinEdenisanunsuccessstorywhichrevealsdespairamidgreatwealth.TheodoreDreiser(1871-1945）西奧多·德萊塞TheodoreDreiserHislifeandliterarycareer--TheodoreDreiserwasborninTerreHaute,Indiana,the12thof13children.--Hischildhoodwasdecidedlyunhappy.At15,hefledfromhomeandwenttoChicago,wherehewasheddishesinacheaprestaurant,clerkedinastore,andpaintedadvertisingsigns.--Hedreamedofwealthandsocialsuccess.--Whenhewas18,heenteredtheUniversityofIndianaunderthehelpofasympatheticteacher,buthequitafterayearandreturnedtoChicago.--Finallyhegotajobonanewspaper.ThentoNewYorkCity,hebecameafree-lancejournalistandamagazineeditor.--HisfirstnovelSisterCarriewaspublishedin1900,whichmadehimpopular.Heretiredin1900andgaveallhistimetowritingfiction.TheodoreDreiserTheodoreDreiser--Dreiser’snovelsareverylong,therearetwomanydetails,thelanguageisnotclear,buthisworksareimportant.--DreiserisoneofAmerica’sgreatestwriters,andgreatestnaturalistwriters.(outstandingrepresentativeofnaturalism,whosenovelsdepictreal-lifesubjectsinaharshlight)TheodoreDreiserHisAchievementsHisrepresentative:AnAmericanTragedy

(1925)《美國(guó)悲劇》TrilogyofDesire（欲望三部曲）

1.TheFinancier(1912)《金融家》

2.TheTitan(1914)《提坦》

3.TheStoic(1947)《斯多葛》TheodoreDreiserOthernovelsSisterCarrie(1904)《嘉莉妹妹》

JennieGerhardt

(1911)《珍妮姑娘》

TheGenius(1915)《天才》

TheBulwark(1946)《堡壘》TheodoreDreiserAnAmericanTragedy

--ThenovelexploresthedangersoftheAmericandream.ThestorytellsusthelifeofClydeGriffiths,aboyofweakwillandlittleself-awareness.--Hegrowsupingreatpovertyinafamilyofwanderingevangelists(福音傳道者）,butdreamsofwealthandtheloveofbeautifulwomen.Arichuncleemployshiminhisfactory.WhenhisgirlfriendRobertabecomespregnant,shedemandsthathemarryher.TheodoreDreiser--Meanwhile,Clydehasfalleninlovewithawealthysocietygirlwhorepresentssuccess,money,andsocialacceptance.

ClydecarefullyplanstodrownRobertaonaboattrip,butatthelastminutehebeginstochangehismind;however,sheaccidentallyfallsoutoftheboat.--Clyde,agoodswimmer,doesnotsaveher,andshedrowns.AsClydeisbroughttojustice,eachstepandmotivethatledthemild-manneredClyde,withahighlyreligiousbackgroundandgoodfamilyconnections,areanalyzed.點(diǎn)擊進(jìn)入TheodoreDreiser--ThenovelisascathingportraitoftheAmericansuccessmythgonesour,butitisalsoauniversalstoryaboutthestressesofurbanization,modernization,andalienation（疏遠(yuǎn)，異化）.TheodoreDreiserTheodoreDreiserisconsideredoneofAmerica’sgreatest

naturalists.SisterCarrie

(1900)《嘉莉妹妹》-SisterCarrie

isanovel

aboutayoungcountrygirlwhomovestothebigcity,Chicago,whereshestartsrealizingherown

AmericanDream,firstasamistress

tomen,andlaterbecomingafamousactress.TheodoreDreiser-Dreiserhasoftenbeencritiquedforhiswritingstyle.-SisterCarrie

wentagainstsocialandmoralnormsofthetime,asDreiserpresentedhischaracterswithoutjudgingthem.Carrieengagedinaffairsandother“illicitsexualrelationships”withoutsufferinganyconsequences.StephenCrane斯蒂芬·克萊恩（1871-1900）StephenCraneTheRedBadgeofCourage

(1895)《紅色英勇勛章》

Maggie:AGirloftheStreets

(1893)

《街頭女郎梅季》RobertFrost(1874-1963)

羅伯特·弗羅斯特-apoetofprofoundsimplicity-linkbetweenRealismandModernismRobertFrostLifeandLiteraryCareer--RobertFrostwasborninCaliforniabutraisedonafarminthenortheasternUnitedStatesuntiltheageof10.--HewenttoEngland,attractedbynewmovementsinpoetrythere.--Hispopularityiseasytoexplain:Hewroteoftraditionalfarmlife.RobertFrost--Heoftenusesrhymethatattractsthegeneralaudience.--Hispoemsareverysimple,butmanyofhispoemssuggestdeepermeaning.--Hisbasicinterestisman.--apoetofdignity,simplicity,andambiguity;--oneofthemostpopularAmericanpoetsofthe20thcentury.RobertFrost--afour-timewinnerofthePulitzerPrize--nation’sunofficialPoetLaureatewheninvitedtoreadhispoematPresidentJohnKennedy’sinaugurationin1961,athisage86--Hereceivedcommendations

（贊揚(yáng)，獎(jiǎng)狀）

bytheAmericanAcademyofArtsandLetterandthePoetrySocietyofAmericarespectivelyin1938-1941.--Hissubjectsareuniversal:applepicking,stonewalls,fences,countryroads.RobertFrostSomesaytheworldwillendinfire,Somesayinice.FromwhatI’vetastedofdesireIholdwiththosewhofavorfire.Butifithadtoperishtwice,IthinkIknowenoughofhateTosaythatfordestructioniceIsalsogreatAndwouldsuffice.Questions1.Whatarethesymbolicmeaningsoffireinthepoem?2.Whatdoesicestandforinthepoem?3.Whatisthethemeofthepoem?FireandIceRobertFrostSomesaytheworldwillendinfire,Somesayinice.FromwhatI’vetastedofdesireIholdwiththosewhofavorfire.Butifithadtoperishtwice,IthinkIknowenoughofhateTosaythatfordestructioniceIsalsogreatAndwouldsuffice.3.Whatisthethemeofthepoem?--fire→desire→prevail→destructive--ice→hate→fightorkill→destructiveBothoffireandicearedestructive.FireandIceRobertFrostSomesaytheworldwillendinfire,Somesayinice.FromwhatI’vetastedofdesireIholdwiththosewhofavorfire.Butifithadtoperishtwice,IthinkIknowenoughofhateTosaythatfordestructioniceIsalsogreatAndwouldsuffice.火與冰有人說(shuō)世界將毀滅于火，有人說(shuō)天地將毀滅于冰。根據(jù)我對(duì)于欲望的體驗(yàn)，我同意毀滅于火的觀點(diǎn)。但如果它必須毀滅兩次，則我想我對(duì)于恨有足夠的認(rèn)識(shí)可以說(shuō)在破壞一方面，冰也同樣偉大，且能夠勝任。FireandIceRobertFrostSomesaytheworldwillendinfire,Somesayinice.FromwhatI’vetastedofdesireIholdwiththosewhofavorfire.Butifithadtoperishtwice,IthinkIknowenoughofhateTosaythatfordestructioniceIsalsogreatAndwouldsuffice.火與冰翻譯：晚?xiàng)饔械恼f(shuō)世界將毀于火，有的說(shuō)毀于冰。憑我對(duì)欲望的感受，我贊成毀于火之說(shuō)。若世界要?dú)鐑纱?，憑我對(duì)仇恨的充分了解，我能說(shuō)，冰的摧毀力也同樣強(qiáng)虐，且大得足夠。FireandIceRobertFrostMendingWall

《修墻》--Bysymbolizingthewallasmanybarriersbetweenpeople,thewritertriestoshowthatpeopleneedtobeseparateindividualsaswellasmembersofacommunity.Thesemixedimpulsesarethecommonexperienceofhumanbeing.--The

Wall

as

the

Symbol

of

Convention

點(diǎn)擊進(jìn)入RobertFrostThemes

--The

theme

of

this

poem

is

that

a

respectful

distance

between

neighbours

is

the

recipe

for

harmonious

relationships:

‘Goodfences

make

good

neighbors’.--The

theme

of

this

poem

is

a

farmer’s

pride

in

the

wisdom

passed

down

to

him

by

his

father:

‘He

will

not

go

behind

his

father's

saying’.--The

poet

portrays

an

unusual

and

dour

country

character:

‘like

an

oldstone

savage

armed

he

moves

in

darkness’.RobertFrost--The

theme

of

this

poem

is

cooperation

between

neighbours:‘I

let

myneighbour

know

beyond

the

hill’.

--The

theme

of

this

poem

is

that

country

people

need

their

own

space:

‘We

keep

the

wall

between

us

as

we

go’.--The

poet

suggests

there

are

mysterious

forces

at

workin

nature:

‘Something

there

is

that

doesn't

love

a

wall’.RobertFrost

That

wants

it

down’.

--The

poet

shows

the

different

types

ofagriculture

in

his

locality:‘He

is

all

pine

and

I

am

apple

orchard’.

--The

theme

is

the

way

some

people

keep

to

themselves,

no

matter

what:

‘He

moves

in

darkness

as

it

seems

to

me’.--The

theme

is

the

mental

struggle

between

two

neighbours

who

appear

to

co-operate

on

a

physical

task

while

they

are

very

different

in

outlook.

TheEndofChapterX美國(guó)文學(xué)AmericanLiteratureofModernism(1918-1945)I.GeneralViewofWorldLiterature1.HistoricalBackgroundandModernism--Thecenturyhashadtofacetwowarsthathavecostmanylivesandthedestructionofmuchproperty.--AllthesegaverisetoallkindsofphilosophicalideasinWesternEurope,suchasKarlMarxandEngels'theoryofscientificsocialism,Darwin'stheoryofevolution,Einstein'stheoryofrelativity,andFreud'sanalyticalpsychology.I.GeneralViewofWorldLiterature2.NobelPrizeinLiteraturepromotesthedevelopmentandprosperityofliterature.--InAmerica,11writershaveobtainedNobelPrizeinLiteratureduring20thcentury.OnewonthePrizein2016.20th-centuryAmericanLiterature--SinclairLewis(1885-1951);1930;novel,dramaMainStreet(1922),Babbitt(1922)--EugeneO'Neill(1988-1953),1936;dramaBeyondtheHorizon(1920),TheHairyApe(1922)--PearlS.Buck(1892-1873);1938;novel

TheGoodEarth(1931)--WilliamFaulkner(1897-1962),1949;novel

TheSoundandtheFury(1929)--EarnestHemingway(1899-1961);1954;novelTheOldManandtheSea(1952)--JohnSteinbeck(1902-1968);1962;novelTheGrapesofWrath(1939)20th-centuryAmericanLiterature--SaulBellow(1915-2005);1976;novelTheAdventuresofAugieMarch(1953);--IsaacB.Singer(1904-1991);1978;novelTheMagicianofLublin(1960)--Czes?awMi?osz

(1911-2004);1980;poetryBorninPoland,hebecameaUScitizenin1970

--JosephBrodsky

(1940-1996);1987;poetryHewasexpelledin1972andsettleddowninUS.--ToniMorrison(1931-);1993;novel

Beloved(1987)21st-centuryAmericanLiterature--BobDylon(1941-)2016;

BlowingintheWindRealisticNovelistsSinclairLewis

(1885-1951)辛克萊·劉易斯(SeeP323)SinclairLewisLifeandLiteraryCareer--SinclairLewiswasborninavillageinMinnesota,intheMiddleWest.--Hisfatherwasthetowndoctorandhismotherdiedwhenhewasfive.--Lewiswasanugly,shy

child,withredhairandaredface,whosenicknamewas“Red”.--Hehadveryfewfriends,sohehidinthepubliclibrary,readingeverythinghecouldfind.--HeenjoyedthenovelsofSirWalterScott.SinclairLewis--SinclairLewisiswellknownforhisnovelswhichsatirizetheAmericanmiddleclassandbourgeoislifeinthevillagesandtownsoftheMiddleWest.--Hewrote22novelsinhislife,butonlyfourorfivearestillconsideredfirst-rate.SinclairLewisHisstyle,influence-Lewis’bookshavebeencriticizedforshallownessof,aflatprosestyle,andlackofpoliticalperspective.Hisgreatgiftwassatire.-AmericanswerebothshockedanddelightedbyLewis’ssatiresbecausehereproducedthetruesightsandsoundsofrealplaces.SinclairLewis--In1930,LewisbecamethefirstwriterfromtheUnitedStatestobeawardedtheNobelPrizeinLiterature,"forhisvigorousandgraphicartofdescriptionandhisabilitytocreate,withwitandhumor,newtypesofcharacters.“--EarlierAmericanwriterssuchasMarkTwainorHenryJameswereformoredeservingofaNobelPrizethanLewis,buttheirworkswerescarcelyknownoutside.SinclairLewisMainWorksMainStreet(1920)isthestoryofawell-educatedgirlfromtheEastwhomarriesthetowndoctorinaMiddleWesternvillage.Herattemptstoraisetheculturalleveloftheinhabitantsfail.Intheend,shelosesherspiritandbecomesliketheotherpeoplearoundher.SinclairLewisBabbitt(1922)isasatiricalnovelaboutAmericancultureandsocietythatcriticizesthevacuityofmiddle-class.--Itisastoryofanoptimisticbusinessmaninasmallcitywherebusinessisthemostimportantactivity.GeorgeBabbitttriestobreakloosefromtheconfiningbehaviorandidealsofthemiddleclass.Hefindshimselfisolatedbyhiscolleagues,sohereturnstotheirways,hopingthatperhapshischildrenwillhavethecouragetobreakawayfromsuchalife.PearlS.Buck(1892-1973)

賽珍珠PearlS.Buck(1892-1973)

賽珍珠L(zhǎng)ifeandLiteraryCareer--PearlS.BuckwasanAmericanwriterandnovelist.--Buckwasthedaughterofmissionaries,shespentmostofherlifebefore1934in

China.--Herrepresentativenovelis

TheGoodEarth

《大地》andit’sthebest-sellingbookin1931and1932,whichwonthePulitzerPrize

in1932.--SheisthefirstwomanwritertogetthePulitzerPrize.Pear