英語寫作講稿

議論文寫作策略一、議論文寫作的論證方法及寫作技巧議論文是以議論的方式，通過一定的論據(jù)來闡明論述的觀點(diǎn)、主張或見解。它在歷年四級(jí)考試中占了很大的比重。議論文是由論點(diǎn)(view—point)、論據(jù)(evidence)和論證(substantiation)這三要素構(gòu)成的。一）論證的方法：(1)舉例論證(argumentationwithinstance)用代表性的事例，或親身經(jīng)歷的事例來佐證論點(diǎn)。(2)比較對(duì)照(comparisonandcontrast)論證兩件事物的相同點(diǎn)用比較法，而論證兩件事物的不同點(diǎn)用對(duì)照法。但要確保這兩件事物屬于同類，有可比性，否則無法進(jìn)行比較和對(duì)照。(3)因果推理(cause-and-effectandinference)因果之間的關(guān)系比較復(fù)雜，常有一因一果、一因多果、多因多果等情況。此種論證方法在議論文中占相當(dāng)大的比例，采取不同的方法，要視具體情況而定。二）議論文寫作技巧(1)論點(diǎn)要鮮明。論點(diǎn)是作者在文章中提出的觀點(diǎn)，反映出作者贊成什么，反對(duì)什么，鮮明地表示出來。同時(shí)理論要有新意。(2)論據(jù)要充實(shí)。論據(jù)是作者為自己觀點(diǎn)所提出的理由和根據(jù)。作為論據(jù)的材料主要來自兩個(gè)方面，即事實(shí)論據(jù)和理論論據(jù)。只有充實(shí)的論據(jù)，文章才有說服力。(3)論證要得當(dāng)。通過邏輯推理的方法來闡明論據(jù)與論點(diǎn)的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系。一篇結(jié)構(gòu)好的英語議論文應(yīng)該分為開頭，中間和結(jié)尾三大部分。在開頭說出自己的觀點(diǎn)，在中間部分說出支持自己觀點(diǎn)的理由，最后得出結(jié)論。在中間部分一般說出兩個(gè)或三個(gè)理由比較適合。這樣的寫法符合論述有力，結(jié)構(gòu)清楚的寫作要求。二、議論文常見類型及寫作模式一）議論文常見類型及寫作基本方法1．現(xiàn)象解釋型現(xiàn)象解釋型作文在四級(jí)考試作文中最為常見。命題主要要求考生對(duì)某一社會(huì)現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行解釋并加以評(píng)論，其基本結(jié)構(gòu)是：首先說明現(xiàn)狀；其次闡述這種現(xiàn)狀產(chǎn)生或存在的原因；最后做出分析，提出建議或總結(jié)觀點(diǎn)。比如2007年12月的考題ＷhatElectivestoChoose,2002年6月考題StudentsUseofComputers等。此類文章的基本寫作方法為：描述現(xiàn)象→分析原因→對(duì)現(xiàn)象做出預(yù)測(cè)或如何促進(jìn)（限制）這種現(xiàn)象的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。2．對(duì)比選擇型對(duì)比選擇型同樣是四級(jí)考試中常見的類型，它的標(biāo)志十分明顯。上大學(xué)的費(fèi)用(tuitionandfees)可以通過多種途徑解決;哪種途徑適合于我(說明理由)。2001年1月真題HowtoSucceedinJobInterview?面試在求職過程中的作用;取得面試成功的因素：儀表、舉止談吐、能力、專業(yè)知識(shí)、自信、實(shí)事求是……2003年１月四級(jí)作文：ItPaystoBeHonest（此篇為觀點(diǎn)論證型）1.當(dāng)前社會(huì)上存在許多不誠(chéng)實(shí)的現(xiàn)象2.誠(chéng)實(shí)利人利已，做人應(yīng)該誠(chéng)實(shí)2.問題解決型作文三段論范文及模版2000年1月真題：HowIFinanceMyCollegeEducation上大學(xué)的費(fèi)用(tuitionandfees)可以通過多種途徑解決;哪種途徑適合于我(說明理由)。HowIFinanceMyCollegeEducationCurrently,tuitionandfeesforcollegestudentsaremuchhigherthaneverbefore.Thushowtofinancethecollegeeducationhasbecomeamatterofconcern.Thesefollowingchannelsarepossibleforstudentstoraisethemoney:receivinghelpfromtheirparents,loaningfromthebankormakingmoneybypart-timejobs.AsfarasIamconcerned,Igetthemajorityofmytuitionformmyparentsandtherestbytakingpart-timejobsinmysparetime.Ontheonehand,myparentsarewell-offenoughtoaffordmyeducationalexpenses.Moreover,myparentsbelievetheirfinancialsupportenablesmetofocusonmystudy.Anyway,theirinvestmentisrewardinginthelongterm.Ontheotherhand,collegelifeisthebeginningofmynewlifeafterall,andworkingpart-timeopensmyeyestothesocietyoutsidethecampus.Inviewofthis,earningsomemoneytopayforeducationwithmyownhandsnotonlyhelpstorelievemyparentsoftheirfinancialburdenbutalsobroadensmyview.模板參考第一段1.Currently,___________________________.2.Thushowto___________hasbecomeamatterofconcern.3.Thesefollowingchannelsarepossible______.信息提示1.引出話題2.提出問題3.闡述能解決問題的辦法第二段4.AsfarasIamconcerned,_______________.5.Ontheonehand,______________________.6.Moreover,___________________________.7.Anyway,_____________________________.8.Ontheotherhand,_____________________.4.闡述自己是如何解決問題的5.一方面6.進(jìn)一步闡述7.總結(jié)8.另一方面第三段9.Inviewofthis,________________________.9.得出結(jié)論模板二2001年1月真題HowtoSucceedinJobInterview?面試在求職過程中的作用;取得面試成功的因素：儀表、舉止談吐、能力、專業(yè)知識(shí)、自信、實(shí)事求是……HowtoSucceedinJobInterviewItiscertainthatwiththedevelopmentofthejobmarket,interviewsplayanimportantroleinjob-hunting.Ontheonehand,ajobinterviewoffersbothintervieweesandinterviewersachancetoknoweachotherwithinquiteashorttime.Ontheotherhand,excellentperformanceinaninterviewwillenabletheintervieweestomakeagoodimpressionupontheinterviewersandfinallygetthejob.Therefore,howtosucceedinajobinterviewisworthpayingattention.Firstly,intervieweesshouldhavesomeknowledgeaboutthecompanyandthepositiontheyapplyfor.Secondly,intervieweesshouldhaveself-confidence.Forexample,beingtoomodestisnotwelcometomosthumanresourcesprofessionals.Thirdly,intervieweesshoulddressneatlyandproperly.Inthisway,intervieweescouldshowthattheyattachvitalimportancetothejob.Inbrief,iftheintervieweetakestheadviceandmakesbetterpreparations,heismorelikelytobeemployed.模板參考第一段1.Itiscertainthat______________________.2.Ontheonehand,_______________________.3.Ontheotherhand,______________________.信息提示1.提出問題及解決的必要性2.理由一2.理由二第二段4.Therefore,howto___________isworthpayingattentionto.5.Firstly,______________________________.6.Secondly,____________________________.7.Forexample,_________________________.8.Thirdly,_____________________________.9.Inthisway,__________________________.4.承上啟下，提出要解決的問題5.辦法一6.辦法二7.舉例說明辦法二8.預(yù)期結(jié)果第三段10.Inbrief,____________________________.10.總結(jié)全文三、問題解決型議論文經(jīng)典10句問題導(dǎo)入：1.Currently/Recently/Inthepastfewyears,theproblemof…h(huán)asbecomeabigconcern/quiteaseriousproblemfor…2.Oneoftheuniversal/pressing/urgentproblems/issueswearefacedwith/confrontingusisthat…3.Asmanypeopleknow/Itisgenerallybelievedthat…問題原因及嚴(yán)重性:4.Therearemanyfactors/reasonsresultingin/influencingthe…5.The…is/arebringinggreatdamage/harm/negativeeffectto…./inmanyaspects.6.Obviously,ifwedon’tcontroltheproblem,thechancesare/itisverylikelythat…解決問題：7.Consideringtheseriousnessoftheproblem,itisanurgentthing(forsb.)to…/itishightimethat…8.Inordertomakeourworldabettertolivein,weshouldmakegreateffortsto…9.Takingallthesefactorsintoconsideration/Takingintoaccountallthesefactors,wenaturallycometotheconclusionthat…10.Thefollowingwayscanbeadoptedto…作業(yè)：（任選以下三題之一）1.HowtoReduceNaturalDisasters?（后附范文）１）近年來自然災(zāi)害頻繁發(fā)生２）分析導(dǎo)致該現(xiàn)象的原因以及該怎么做2.HowtoPreventBloodCrimearoundSchools１）最近一段時(shí)間校園血案（bloodcrime)頻繁發(fā)生并對(duì)學(xué)生身心造成的極大傷害2）如何解決該問題3．ProblemsFacedbySingle-parentChildren１）單親家庭十分普遍２）單親家庭對(duì)孩子產(chǎn)生的不良影響3）怎樣解決單親家庭孩子面臨的問題

HowtoReduceNaturalDisasters?Naturaldisasters,likeearthquakes,TsunamisandHurricane,oftencomeunexpectedly.Inrecentyears,therehavehappenedfrequentnaturaldisastersintheworld,likeChina’searthquake,theIndonesianTsunami.Thesedisastershavekilledmillionsofpeople,destroyedcountlesshomes,andwipedoutnumerouspiecesoffertileland.(描述問題段)Butwhatonearthleadstothesenaturaldisasters?Ofcourse,naturalvariationplaysaveryimportantrole.However,moreandmorepeoplebecomeawarethatthosedisastershavemuchtodowithwhatwehavedonetotheearth.Wehavebadlypolluted.Wehaveshockedourownhome-planettimeandagainwithtremendouslypowerfulexplosionsofbombs.Asaresult,naturegoesuptorevengeitselfonus.(說明原因段)Consideringthegreatdestructionofnaturaldisasters,itisurgentforustodoourbesttoprotectourenvironmentsoastopreventthenaturaldisasters.Besides,whennaturaldisastersreallyhappen,firstly,wemustkeepaclearheadandtrytosaveourselvesandhelpotherstosurvive.Secondly,wemustunitetogetherandhaveafirmbelief.Onlyinthiswaycanweconquerthedisastersassoonaspossible.(說明方法段)NaturalDisasters-自然災(zāi)害Inthepasthundredyears,therehavebeenfrequentnaturaldisasters,suchasfloods,droughts,mud-rockflows,seismicseawaves,earthquakes,windstormsandthestretchingofnewdeserts.Thedisaster