德國廢物管理2023-英

Waste

Managementin

Germany2023Facts,data,figures2Waste

Management

in

Germany

2023|

Facts,

data,

figuresPublicationdetailsPublished

byFederalMinistry

fortheEnvironment,

NatureConservation,

NuclearSafetyandConsumerProtection(BMUV)Division

T

II1

·

11055Berlin

·

GermanyEmail:

TII1@bmuv.bund.de

·

Website:www.bmuv.de/englishEdited

byBMUV,

Division

T

II1Designdesign_idee,

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publicationBMUV,

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T

II1Email:

TII1@bmuv.bund.deDownload:

www.bmuv.de/en/publicationsNoteThispublicationoftheFederalMinistry

fortheEnvironment,

NatureConservation,

NuclearSafety

andConsumerProtectionisdistributedfreeofcharge.

It

isnotintendedforsaleandmaynotbeusedtocanvasssupportforpoliticalpartiesorgroups.Furtherinformationcanbefoundatwww.bmuv.de/en/publications3Waste

Management

in

Germany

2023|Facts,

data,

figuresContentsIntroduction4123456789Waste

generationWaste

prevention610121618202224262730323436404244Recovery

and

disposalCommercial

wasteWaste

graphic

paperWaste

woodPackaging

wasteBiowasteMarketing

of

composts

and

digestates10

Residual

waste11

Sewage

sludge12

Waste

electrical

and

electronic

equipment13

Waste

batteries14

End-of-life

vehicles15

Mineral

waste16

Waste

shipment17

Waste

management

as

climate

actionInformation

onthe

InternetListof

abbreviationsListof

figures46484950Picture

credits4Waste

Management

in

Germany

2023|

Facts,

data,

figuresIntroductionThegoalofcirculareconomy

istoreduceresourceconsumptionby

usingrawmaterialsef?ciently

andkeepingthemintheindustrialcycleforaslongaspos-sible.

Circular

economy

embracesall

stages,

from

resource

extraction,

product

de-signandmanufacturetosale,

consumptionandtheclosureofthecyclethroughreuseandrecycling.

Thismeansthatwhiletheconceptofclosedsubstancecyclesfocusesonclosingtheloopattheendofthecyclethroughwastemanagement,circulareconomy

goesbeyondthattoincludeaspectssuchasrawmaterialsup-ply,procurement,

eco-designandwasteprevention.Asearly

asthe1980s,

environmentalpolicy

prioritisedtheclosedsubstancecycleasanextensionofwastemanagement.

Germany'saboveaveragepercapitacon-sumptionofresourcesgivesthecountry

aparticularresponsibility

inthismatter.TheGermanpublicisgenerally

awareoftheimportanceofwasteseparationandrecycling.

Modernsorting,

treatmentandrecyclingtechnologiesarenowwell-established,

andrecyclingcapacity

hasbeenexpanded.Allowingforeconomicandstructuralchanges,

waste

volumesgenerally

re?ectthematerialstandardofliving.

A

decreaseinwaste

volumesirrespectiveofeco-nomicin?uenceswasrecordedupto2009

–

measuredaswasteintensity

(ratioofeconomic

performancetowaste

volumes).

Thisis

why

the

challenges

are

continu-ingtogrow.

It

willremaincrucialtorecoverrawmaterialsandenergy

sourcesfromwasteandreturnthemtotheindustrialcycle.Circulareconomy

alsopaysoff?nancially.

It

hasevolvedintoamajorhigh-performanceeconomicsectorinGermany.

Around11,000companieswithmorethan280,000employeesintotalgenerateanannualturnoverofroughly

80bil-lioneuros.

Themanagementinfrastructurecomprises14,500facilities,

achiev-inghighratesofrecyclingformunicipalwaste(67percent),

productionand5Waste

Management

in

Germany

2023|

Facts,

data,

figuresCirculareconomyalsopaysoff?nanciallycommercialwaste(around70percent)andconstructionanddemolitionwaste(almost90percent).InGermany,

thecoreelementsofcirculareconomy

aresetoutinthe2018Circu-larEconomy

Act(KrWG).

It

transposestheEU

Waste

FrameworkDirectiveintonationallaw,formsthelegalbasisforcirculareconomy

andcontainskey

fun-damentalprinciples.

Beginningwiththelegalde?nitionofwaste,

theseincludeinparticularthepolluterpaysprinciple,

the?ve-stepwastehierarchy,

producerresponsibility,

wastepreventionandthenewduty

ofcarefordistributorsandtradersinthecarefulmanagementoftheirgoods.Theaimofthispublicationistoshowcasewhatcitizensachievetogetherwiththeirmunicipalitiesandindustry,

andtoprovideexamplestoothercountrieswishingtoclosetheirmaterialscyclesinanecologically

soundway.Ultimately,

circulareconomy

isaglobaltask,

andGermancompanies,

scienti?cinstitutionsandmunicipalstakeholderscanmakea

valuablecontributionwiththeirexpertise,

servicesandmoderntechnologies.6Waste

Management

in

Germany

2023|

Facts,

data,

figures1Waste

generationGermany

stillproducesfartoomuchwaste.

Wastevolumesre?ectmaterialprosperity,

butthereareanumberofwaystodecouplethisprosperity

fromthegenerationofwaste.

For

municipalwasteinparticular,

itisimperativetostepupeffortstopromoteconsumerawarenessandwasteprevention.

Waste

preventionisnecessary,

butitisnotanalternativetocirculareconomy.To

protecttheenvironment,

combatclimatechangeandconserveresources,

wewillalwaysneedstate-of-the-artwastemanagementfacilities.

Key

elementsofthisarerecycling,

energy

recovery

fromnon-recyclablewasteandland?llingofresidues.

Thehighcostsofenergy

recovery

resultingfromenvironmentalstipu-lations,

especially

for?uegaspuri?cation,

createthenecessary

economicincen-tivestogivepriority

torecycling.Every

yeararound340milliontonnesofwastearegenerated(withoutdoublecounting).

The

vastmajority

ofthiswasteisconstructionanddemolitionwastethatisreusedforconstructionmeasures.Aroundtwo-thirdsoftheapprox.

50milliontonnesofmunicipalwastearerecycled.However,

theshareofrecyclatesfromrecyc-lingisonly

justover50percentofmunicipalwaste.7Waste

Management

in

Germany

2023|Facts,

data,

figuresFigure

1:Waste

generation

in

Germany

2000

to

2020includinghazardous

wastein

million

tonnes450406.7400366.4362.3

356.1Total351.2340.8

322.2

333.5350300250260.7

223.4

197.7

195.0

199.3

209.0

228.1

229.3Constructionanddemolition20015010050Productionandcommerce47.746.754.851.354.259.255.147.348.250.146.749.642.046.427.548.430.349.731.451.628.850.328.650.9MineralresourcesMunicipal020002003

20062009

20122015

20182020Source:

FederalStatisticalOf?ce,

20208Waste

Management

in

Germany

2023|

Facts,

data,

figuresFigure

2:Decoupling

waste

generation

from

economic

performance2000

to

2020in

billion

euros140131.3120100111.4113.9121.7100

100102.28083.584.78288.387.6100604081.77671.972.666.7200200020042008201220162020Grossdomesticproduct,

priceadjustedNetwastegenerationWasteintensity

ofnetwastegenerationSource:

FederalStatisticalOf?ce,

20229Waste

Management

in

Germany

2023|

Facts,

data,

figuresTo

protecttheenvironment,combatclimatechange

andconserveresources,

wewillalwaysneedstate-of-the-artwastemanagementfacilities10Waste

Management

in

Germany

2023|

Facts,

data,

figures2Waste

preventionInadditiontothewasteindustry,

circulareconomyalsocoverstheupstreamindustrialphases,

wherethesemay

in?uencehowwasteisgeneratedandman-aged.

Inthiscontext,

therecycling-friendly

designofproductsintermsoftheireaseofdismantling,

pollu-tantcontentandresourceconsumptionandexploringoptionsforwastepreventionbothplay

animportantrole.Theaimofwastepreventionistominimisewastegenerationandpollutantcontentofwaste,

witha

viewtoconservingresources.

To

thisend,

theGermangovernmentandfederalstates(L?nder)adoptedthesecond

Waste

PreventionProgrammein2020.

The?rstprogramme,

adoptedin2013,

providedforpublicmeasures.

Theupdatedprogrammeaddressesthemany

opportunitiesforwastepreventionavailabletothepublic,

privatecompaniesandinstitutions.It

isthereforecrucialtoraisepublicawarenessandsensitisepeopletothebene-?tsofeffectivewasteprevention.

Optingfordurable,

streamlinedandrepairablegoodsratherthanunnecessary

andshort-livedproducts,

switchingfromprod-uctstoservicesandfromownershiptoshareduse,

achangeinbehaviour

–

thesearejustsomeexamplesofhoweachofuscanhelpprotecttheplanetthroughinformeddecisions.11Waste

Management

in

Germany

2023|

Facts,

data,

figuresIt

iscrucialtoraisepublicawarenessandsensitisepeopletothebene?ts

ofeffectivewastepreventionAdditionally,

attheeventorganisedby

theGerman

AssociationofLocalPublicUtilities(VKU)every

yearattheendofNovembertomarkthestartoftheEuro-pean

Week

for

Waste

Prevention,

commissionedby

theFederalMinistry

fortheEnvironment,

NatureConservation,

NuclearSafety

andConsumerProtection,best-practiceexamplesarepresentedandnewdevelopmentsarediscussed.12Waste

Management

in

Germany

2023|

Facts,

data,

figures3Recovery

anddisposalTo

achievesustainabledevelopment,

we

needtodecoupleresourceconsumptionfromeconomicgrowth.

Germany,

withitsaboveaverageresourceconsump-tion,

needsanswerssoitcanliveuptoitsresponsibility.

However,

anef?ciencystrategy

canonly

besuccessfulinthelongtermifitsef?ciency

gainsarenotswallowedupby

risingproductionandconsumption.

Waste

preventionandin-creasedmaterialsrecovery

fromwasteareakey

tothis.

Ourgoalistotransformthewasteindustry

intoasourceforobtainingrawmaterialsandfortheproduc-tionofgoods.Thehighrecyclingandrecovery

ratesinGermany

helpsave

resourcesandprimary

energy,

andhighlightthewasteindustry'scontributiontosustainableeconomicpractices.Non-recoverablewastemustbedisposedofsafely,withoutharminghumanhealthortheenviron-ment.

Priortobeingland?lled,

organicwastemustundergomechanicalbiologicaltreatment(MBT)orthermaltreatmenttorenderitinertandsigni?cantlyreducereleasesofleachateandland?llgases.

Themethanethatformsinland?llsis34timesmoredamagingtotheclimatethanCO

.

Theland?llingof2untreatedorganicwastehasbeenbannedsincemid-2005.13Waste

Management

in

Germany

2023|

Facts,

data,

figuresIn2017,

68wasteincinerationplantswithacapacity

ofaround20milliontonneswereoperatinginGermany

forthetreatmentofresidualwaste.

A

furtherapprox.5milliontonnesofincinerationcapacity

wereavailablein32refuse-derivedfuel(RDF)powerplants.

In2017,

atotalof45MBT

plantswithacapacity

ofaround5milliontonnestreatedsome4.5milliontonnesofwaste.

Only

around0.5mil-liontonnesofthiswastewassubsequently

land?lled.Figure

3:Composition

of

household

waste

in

2020inmilliontonnes2.22.6Other(metals,

textiles,

etc.)Glass14.66.9Householdwaste,similarcommercialwastePaperTotal46.60.8Wasteelectronicandelectricequipment(notrecordedseparately)35.2Bulky

wastePlastic/lightweightpackaging5.75GardenandparkWastefrombio-binswaste,

biodegradableSource:

FederalStatisticalOf?ce,

2022;

BMUV14Waste

Management

in

Germany

2023|

Facts,

data,

figuresFigure

4:More

recyclables

than

residual

waste

in

2020

–

household

wastein

million

tonnes15Residual

waste202031Biowaste,

packaging,

glass,

paper18200019902534505101520253035Source:

FederalStatisticalOf?ce,

202215Waste

Management

in

Germany

2023|

Facts,

data,

figuresFigure

5:Construction

and

demolition

waste

in

2020

(including

roadconstruction

waste,

non-hazardous)

inmilliontonnesTotal

disposal:23.1

million

tonnes21.5771.497Land?llingIncinerationandtreatment1.088Energyrecovery196.463MaterialsrecoveryTotal220.6Total

recovery:197.5

million

tonnesSource:

FederalStatisticalOf?ce,

2022;

BMUV16Waste

Management

in

Germany

2023|

Facts,

data,

figures4CommercialwasteWaste

fromprivatehouseholdsisgenerally

collectedby

publicwastemanage-mentproviders,

butthe3.6millionplusbusinessesinGermany

arethemselvesresponsibleforthedisposalorrecovery

oftheirwaste.To

implementthe?ve-stepwastehierarchy,

thenewCommercial

Wastes

Ordin-ance(GewAbfV),

whichenteredintoforceon1

August2017,

introducedastrictcascadeofobligationsprioritisingtheseparatecollectionandrecyclingofpaper,boardandcardboard,

glass,

plastics,

metals,

wood,

textiles,

biowasteandotherproduction-speci?cwastefractions.17Waste

Management

in

Germany

2023|

Facts,

data,

figuresAny

remainingmixedwastemustbeconsignedtopre-treatmenttoextracttherecoverablecomponentsforrecycling.

Mixedwastemay

only

undergoenergyrecovery

orbedisposedofifitsseparationisshowntobetechnically

impossibleoreconomically

unreasonable.Additionally,

since1January

2019,

pre-treatmentfacilitiesmustful?lspeci?ctechnicalrequirements(includingminimumcomponents)andachieveasortingrateofatleast85percentandarecyclingrateofatleast30percent.

TheGermangovernmentiscurrently

reviewingtherecyclingratebasedondevelopmentsinthewasteindustry

andtheexperiencegained.Operatorsoffacilitiesmustdocumentcompliancewithrequirementsforsep-aratecollection,

givingreasonsforany

deviation,

andkeeparecordofwasteconsignedtopre-treatmentandenergy

recovery.

Authoritiescanrequestcorres-pondingdocumentationfromoperatorstocheckcompliancewiththerequire-mentsoftheCommercial

Wastes

Ordinance.18Waste

Management

in

Germany

2023|

Facts,

data,

figures5Waste

graphicpaperAttheinitiativeoftheFederalEnvironmentMinistry,

on26September1994the

ArbeitsgemeinschaftGraphischePapiere(graphicpaperworkinggroup,AGRAPA),

anallianceofassociationsandorganisationsofthepaperproduc-ing,

importingandprintingindustry,

paperwholesalersandpublishinghouses,signeda

voluntary

commitmentdeclarationpledgingtogradually

increasetherecovery

rateofwastegraphicpaperand,

from2000,

tomeetarecovery

targetof60percent.Thetermgraphicpaperreferstoprintproductsandpaperforof?ceandad-ministrationpurposes.

InSeptember2001,

thepositiveresultsled

AGRAPA

toreaf?rmits1994

voluntary

commitmentandfurtherpledgetopermanentlymaintaintherateat80percent(+/-

3percent).

To

date,

ithasbeenabletoachievethistarget,

whichis

very

welcomenewsfortheenvironment.

Thepaperindustryisclearly

meetingitsproducerresponsibility,

whileatthesametimethecom-mitmentreinforcesthe

valueofwastepaperrecyclingintheGermanpaperin-dustry

andmakesasigni?cantcontributiontowardsrelievingtheburdenontheenvironment.19Waste

Management

in

Germany

2023|Facts,

data,

figuresFigure

6:Recovery

of

waste

graphic

paper

1994

to

2019(recovery

rate)ConsumptionofgraphicpaperRecovery

ratein

1,000

tonnesin

percent10,0009,00010093.5%81%86%80%82%88%9080706064%8,6879,0238,0007,0006,0005,0004,0003,0008,2427,3716,2357,6795,3505040302,0001,00020104,9177,3187,4736,5856,0905,4895,001001994200020062012201720192020productsSource:

ArbeitsgemeinschaftGraphischePapiere,

FederalEnvironment

Agency,

2022;

BMUV20Waste

Management

in

Germany

2023|

Facts,

data,

figures6Waste

woodIn2016,

around10milliontonnesofwastewoodweregeneratedinGermany.

Ofthis,

4milliontonneswereconstructionanddemolitionwaste,

2.6milliontonnesfromwoodworkingandwoodprocessing,

0.9milliontonnesofhouseholdandbulky

waste,

0.6milliontonnesofpackagingwasteand0.5milliontonnesofmunicipalwaste.

Inaddition,

3.2milliontonnesofwastewoodwereimportedand1.8milliontonneswereexported.

Followingmechanicaltreatment,

7.7mil-liontonnesunderwentenergy

recovery

and0.6milliontonneswerethermallytreated.

Around1.7milliontonnesper

yearwererecycledandusedinthewoodrecyclingindustry

forchipboardmanufacture(includingexports).Waste

woodmanagementinGermany

isregulatedby

the

Waste

Wood

Or-dinance(AltholzV).

Theordinancecoversmaterialsandenergy

recovery

anddisposalofwastewood,

andsetsouttherequirementsforsafe,

high-qualityrecycling.

Mostrecyclingtakesplaceinthewoodrecyclingindustry

duringtheproductionofchipboard;

thewastewoodusedmustcomply

withstringentlimit21Waste

Management

in

Germany

2023|

Facts,

data,

figuresFigure

7:Waste

wood

managementin

million

tonnes1.41in

million

tonnesImportsRecovery1.700.58MunicipalwastePackagingwasteBulky

waste0.520.56Thermaltreatment0.92EnergyrecoveryWoodworkingandwood7.732.55processingRecyclingConstructionanddemolitionwaste4.04Source:

FederalStatisticalOf?ce,

2018valuesforcontaminantsasspeci?edintheordinance.

Energy

recovery

takesplaceinaround80wastewoodpowerplantswithaninstalledcapacity

ofaround800megawattsthataresubjecttotherequirementsofairquality

law.Sincetheentry

intoforceofthe

Waste

Wood

Ordinancein2002,

therehave

beenchangesinthelegalframework(priority

ofrecyclingoverenergy

recovery

inlinewiththe?ve-stepwastehierarchy)andtechnologicaladvancesinsorting,

pre-treatment,

samplingandquality

controlofwastewoodforrecycling.

TheGer-mangovernmentiscurrently

revisingthe

WasteWood

Ordinancetore?ectthesechangesandbetterexploitthepotentialofwastewoodforrecycling.22Waste

Management

in

Germany

2023|

Facts,

data,

figures7PackagingwastePackagingispartofdaily

life.

It

generally

comprisesglass,

aluminium,

tinplate,plastic,

paper,

cardboard,

paperboardandwood.

Reusingorrecyclingthese

valu-able(secondary)rawmaterialshelpsconservenaturalresources,

save

energy

andreducegreenhousegasemissions.

Theseparatecollectionofpackagingwasteinhouseholds,

regulatedby

thePackaging

Act(VerpackG),

hasgreatpublicsupportandiswidely

used.In2020,

around97percentofGermany'spackagingwastewasconsignedtore-covery.

Onaverage,

every

Germancitizenalready

consignsaround30kilograms23Waste

Management

in

Germany

2023|

Facts,

data,

figuresTable

1:Development

of

recovery

rates

for

packaging

waste

1991

to

2020(packaging

subjecttoa

quota)199153.716.637.111.655.80199783.579.779.561200783.774.291.662.286.966.779.2201284.791.493201784.491.190.999.499.799.496.8201984.195.991.599.699.899.696.8202084.296.091.999.799.899.696.9GlassAluminiumTinplatePlastics99Paper,

cardboardBeveragecardboardTotal

recovery

rate88.661.682.699.498.896.339.2Source:

Gesellschaftfür

VerpackungsmarktforschungmbH(GVM),

2021;

BMUVofseparately

collectedwasteforrecovery

inbagsandbinsforpackaging.

Ontopofthisistheseparatecollectionofglassandpaperpackaging.To

encouragethepreventionofpackagingwasteinparticularandpromotewell-functioningcirculareconomy,

thePackaging

Actwasrevisedin2021.

Thisincludedthepreventionofunnecessary

packagingwasteby

introducingabanonthesaleoflightweightplasticcarrierbagsfrom1January

2022.

Inaddition,

witheffectfrom1January

2023,

restaurants,

bistrosandcafésofferingtakeaway

foodanddrinksarerequiredtoalsoselltheirproductsinreusablepackaging.Thegoalistoreplaceplasticone-way

disposablepackaging.24Waste

Management

in

Germany

2023|

Facts,

data,

figures8BiowasteOverthe

past

30

years,

the

volume

ofbiowaste

collected

separately

as

part

ofmunicipaland

commercial

waste

managementhas

increased

considerably,

andcontinues

torise.

The

reason

forthisistheobligation,

which

was

introduced

by

theCircular

Economy

Act

(KrWG)

and

enteredinto

force

on1

January

2015

to

ensuretheseparatecollection

of

biowaste

from

private

households.

In

lightofthis,

publicwaste

managementbodies

are

continuously

expandingtheir

services

for

the

sep-arate

collection

of

biowaste

from

households

(in

particular

by

providing

bio-binsandsetting

upcollectionpoints

for

green

waste).According

to

theFederal

Statistical

Of?ce,

in2020in

Germany

around

13.65

mil-liontonnesof

biodegradable

waste

(biowaste)

from

private

households,

facil-ities

and

of

commercialand

industrialorigin

were

treated

in

composting

plants(around

7.41

million

tonnes)

andin

anaerobic

digestion

plantsandbiogas

instal-lations

(around

6.24

million

tonnes).

Around

5.3

milliontonnes

were

collected

in

bio-bins

(64

kilogramspercapita)and

5.33

million

tonnes

of

gardenand

parkwaste

(64

kilograms

per

capita)were

collected

separately

(in

totalaround10.63million

tonnes/128kilograms

per

capita).

The

FederalStatistical

Of?ce

also

estimatedthat

in2020,

privatehouse-holds

themselves

compostedandused

around

2.6

milliontonnes(31

kilograms

percap-ita)of

their

own

biowaste.25Waste

Management

in

Germany

2023|

Facts,

data,

figuresFigure

8:Use

of

compost

in

2020932

tonnes21.1%Privatehouseholds(e.g.

allotments),otherpurposes2,949.7

tonnes66.8%Agricultureandforestry(includinghorticulture,perennialcropping,viticulture,

hopgrowing,

etc.)531.9

tonnes12.1%Landscapingandlandscapemanage-ment/landreclamationSource:

FederalStatisticalOf?ce,

2022;

BMUVInthesame

year,

1,102

composting

and

anaerobic

digestion

plants

treating

bio-degradable

waste

separately

or

with

other

waste

were

recorded

in

waste

statistics.Of

these,

218

were

biowaste

composting

facilities,

599

green

waste

compostingfacilities,

227

anaerobic

digestion

plants

(biogas

plants)

and

58

combined

anaerobicdigestionandcomposting

facilities.Intotal,

97

percent

of

all

biodegradable

waste

brought

to

waste

managementfacil-itiesin

2020

underwent

materials

recovery,

inother

words

was

recycled.

In

the

caseofwaste

composted

by

private

households,

100

percent

recycling

in

gardens

andplant

pots

canbeassumed.

Around

4.8

milliontonnes

ofcompost

were

producedfrom

biowaste,

which

was

used

as

fertilisersandsoilimprovers

in

varioussectors(see

?gure

8).26Waste

Management

in

Germany

2023|

Facts,

data,

figuresMarketingofcompostsanddigestates9Separately

collectedbiowasteisturnedintohigh-quality

compostsanddiges-tatesforuseasfertilisers(nutrients)andsoilimprovers(humus).

Digestingsuit-ablebiowasteinbiogasplantsalsoallowsusableenergy

(biogas)toberecovered,whilecompostedbiowastecanbemadeintosubstratemixturesforspeci?cap-plications.

Thisapproachcancontributesigni?cantly

toresourceconservation.Biowastealsoplaysanincreasingly

importantroleinenergy

generation.

Biogascanbeusedtogeneratepowerandheat,

orprocessedandfedintothenaturalgasgrid.

TheRenewableEnergy

Sources

Act(EEG)thereforesupportstheadditionofadigestionphaseforexistingcompostingplants.

Combinedprocessesofthiskindgeneratebothusablebiogasand

valuablecompost,

whichcanbeusedasfertiliserandsoilimprover.27Waste

Management

in

Germany

2023|

Facts,

data,

figures10ResidualwasteRevisedEUwastelegislationrequiresmemberstatestoincreasetheirrecyclingrates.

Up

tonow,thegoalhasbeentorecycle50percentofmunicipalwaste(i.e.wastefromprivatehouseholdsandsmallbusinesses).

Thenewtargetscallforrecyclingratesof55percentin2025,

60percentin2030and65percentin2035.Therevisedlegislationalsochangesthecalculationoftheratefromaninput-basedtoanoutput-basedmethod.

ThismeansthatGermany,

too,

mustfurtherincreaseitswasterecycling.Figure9showsthewastefractionsinresidualwastethattodatehave

notbeenrecycled.

Organicwasteinparticularholdshugepotential,

accountingfornearly40percentofresidualwaste.

Thispotentialmustbetapped.

Theseparatecol-lectionofbiowastehasnot

yetbeenintroducedacrossthewholeofGermany,eventhoughthereisanobligationtodoso.

Otherfractionsofresidualandbulkywasteareequally

suitableforrecycling.High-quality

wasterecyclingcannotbeachievedwithoutseparatecol-lection.

Thatiswhy

Germany'srecyclingandwasteman-agementindustry

supportstheseparationofwasteandwastefractionsrightfromthesource.

Forinstance,

packagingwasteorotherphysicalcontaminantsmistakenly

putinthebio-binpreventthecompostproducedfrommeetingthequality

requirementsforfertilisersandotheruses.

Glassinthepaperbinmakesthewastepaperun-usableinpapermills;

uncleanedpack-agingwastemakessortingdif?cult.28Waste

Management

in

Germany

2023|

Facts,

dat