大學(xué)英語四六級英文作文課件

CET4I.評分標準作文滿分15分，閱卷標準共分五等：2分，5分，8分，11分及14分。II.審題明確體裁記敘文描寫文說明文說明文常用于說明事實、情況和傳達消息。寫作目的重在解釋、說明。在四、六級寫作考題中，像HowIOvercameDifficultiesInLearningEnglish,MyIdealJob,MakeOurCitiesGreener,TheSuccessfulInterview以及一些圖表作文的題目等等，都可以看作是說明文文體。議論文議論文用以陳述各種理由，但與說明文又有所不同，說明文著重于客觀陳述，而議論文著重于發(fā)表自己的看法；說明文著重于解釋，而議論文著重于“勸說”。這種“勸說”往往依靠推理和論證來闡述自己的觀點，力圖說服讀者，使人相信某種道理或某種假設(shè)。所以，議論文要求論點明確，不要空洞或泛泛而談；論據(jù)充分、有力；論證嚴密。根據(jù)不同的體裁確定寫作方法四、六級作文往往不是單一的體裁，而是幾種體裁的混合體。請看：Directions: Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicTryingtoBeaGoodUniversityStudent.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:做合格大學(xué)生的必要性做合格大學(xué)生的必要條件（可以從德、智、體等方面談）第一步是寫主題句。主題句是作者思維的起點，切題的準繩，闡述的對象，而段落主題句則統(tǒng)領(lǐng)段落中心內(nèi)容。好的段落主題句不但切題，便于圍繞主題句進行擴展，而且常常給讀者一種一針見血的感覺，所以，確切的主題句是保證不偏題或跑題的前提，只有不偏題不跑題才有可能得及格分8分。寫主題句最保險的方法就是把中文提綱的各句譯成英文。例如上述作文的三段主題句分別為：Itisnecessarytobeagooduniversitystudent.(議論文主題句)Thereareseveralrespectsofnecessitiestobeagooduniversitystudent.(說明文主題句)WhatIwilldointhefutureisasfollows.（描寫文主題句)如果給出的提綱是英語，就可以把它擴充成主題句，例如以下這篇作文：GoodHealthImportanceofgoodhealthWaystokeepfitMyownpractices擴展后的主題句分別為：Itisveryimportanttohaveagoodhealth.（將名詞importance變成形容詞important）Therearefourwaysformetokeepfit.（用therebe句型）Myownpracticesareasfollows.（采用原句）另外，應(yīng)選用語法結(jié)構(gòu)完整、內(nèi)容概括、用詞簡潔明了的單句來做段落主題句。例如：MaketheMostofSchoolDays為什么上學(xué)在校時應(yīng)與老師接觸在校時只鉆書本或置學(xué)習(xí)于不顧都不好第一段，主題句當然可以用“Whydowegotoschool？”這種以問句開頭的方式。但是為了使文章的結(jié)構(gòu)更清晰，說服力更強，擬一個立意明確的主題句更好。比如：Wepupilsgotoschooltolearnandtoprepareourselvesforthefuture.就是一個很不錯的主題句。第二段可用帶建議語氣的祈使句作主題句。比如：Contactyourteachersasmuchasyoucan.第三段同樣可使用一個祈使句來做主題句，比如：Don’tgotoextremes.三段十二句作文法四級作文體裁大多是論說文，而論說文的寫作方法通常采用“三段論”法1、開頭段常言道：好的開始是成功的一半，文章的開篇出色是給評卷者留下好印象的關(guān)鍵。請看下面的開頭段：Today’sTVprogramsaremuchtooviolent.AsurveyhasrecentlyshownthatinoneweekofeveningsspentbeforeaTVset,apersonmaywitnesseighty-fivekillings.四級寫作開頭段常用的方法有以下幾種：（1）引用法：如：Asthesayinggoes,“Howtimeflies!”howtospendone’stimeproperlyisbecomingincreasinglyimportant.（2）提問法：提出一個或一連串的問題，以激起讀者的興趣，從而引出主題。如關(guān)于“交朋友”一文的開頭段：Doyouhavemanyfriends?Aretheysimilartoyouordifferentfromyou?Whichkindoffriendsdoyouprefer?（3）定義法：對題目中關(guān)鍵詞做一些簡單的（正面或反面的）解釋，限定其范圍，引出主題。如：Whatisdecisiveness?Itdoesn’tmeanactrushly.(反面定義)Whatisadvertisement?Itisthewordsorpicturesusedonmedia,TVforexample,topublicizeacertainproductorgiveawarningtopeople.(正面定義)（4）數(shù)字法：以針對某一問題客觀報道的數(shù)字作為文章的開頭，可引起讀者的注意，且具有說服力。這種方法尤其適用于圖表作文。如：ThepopulationofUSisgrowingrapidlyfrom1800untilnow.In1800thepopulationwaslessthan1,000,000,butin1999theUSreachesapopulationof250,000,000.Thisrapidpopulationgrowthhasseriouseffectsonthelivingenvironmentsofwildlife.(5) 故事法：Mostofusmayhavesuchexperiences:whenyougotosomeplacefarawayfromthecitywhereyouliveandthinkyouknownobodythere,youaresurprisedtofindthatyourunintooneofyouroldclassmatesonthestreet,perhapsbothofyouwouldcryout;“Whatasmallworld!”（6）開門見山法：在文章的開頭就把自己的觀點提出來，然后展開論述。Asahumanbeing,onecanhardlydowithoutafriend.Societyismadeupofindividuals,andmakingfriendsisaveryimportantpartinourlife.（7）間接開頭法：以敘述別人的觀點開始，引出自己的看法。如：Peopleoftensaythatmoneycanbuyallthings,butIdon’tthinkitistrue.Somepeoplesaythatlovemakestheworldgoround.Othersofalessromanticandmorepracticalturnofmindsaythatitistheenergythatmakestheworldgoround.（8）概括法：先概括總結(jié)文章內(nèi)容涉及的現(xiàn)狀，然后引出主題。如：Inrecentyears,whileourindustriesandbusinesseshavedevelopedquickly,thenumberoftreesinmanybigcitieshasdramaticallyreduced.Effortsarebeingmadetopreventpeoplefromcuttingmoretrees,buttorealizethesignificanceofmakingcitiesgreenerisofgreatimportance.2、中間段（支持段）中間段是發(fā)展、拓寬開頭段中所提文章的主題段落。中間段和文章的主題緊密相關(guān)：主題限制著中間段的內(nèi)容，中間段必須支持主題，即中間段的內(nèi)容必須從不同的角度說明、闡述、論證文章的主題，中間段常用的表達方法主要有例證法、比較與對比法、因果法等。試看：AsanEnglishlearner,Ifinditverydifficulttoformalanguagesense.ItisbecauseIalwaystrytotranslateeverywordorsentenceintoChinese.WheneverIwanttoexpressmyselfeitherinwritingorinspeaking,IoftenthinkinChinesefirst,andthenputitintoEnglish.Asaresult,ImakelittleprogressinmyEnglishstudy.此中間段用因果法展開段落，說明產(chǎn)生問題的原因：alwaystranslateEnglishintoChinese.Thediscriminationagainstwomenisveryobviousinreality.Inthefactoryoroffice,itisfemaleworkerorclerknotmaleonewhoislaidofffirst.Inpoorfamily,itisgirlnotboywhohastodropputofschool.此中間段用了例證法（inthefactory…,inthepoorfamily…）和對比法（itis…not…）來展開段落，段中使用了兩個平行句具體說明現(xiàn)實中的男女不平等現(xiàn)象。3、結(jié)尾段結(jié)尾段是文章的總結(jié)和主題思想的升華，它應(yīng)起到再次肯定和強調(diào)主題的作用，好的結(jié)尾段應(yīng)簡短有力、言簡意概、意味深長?？傊恼碌慕Y(jié)尾應(yīng)該遵循兩條原則：一是照應(yīng)開頭；二是總結(jié)全文，給讀者一個完整的印象。常見方法有如下幾種：總結(jié)法或重述法：在結(jié)尾段概括、重述全文的中心思想，但不簡單重復(fù)主題句，而在思想上保持一致，在句式和措詞上有所變化。例如在論述電視的優(yōu)劣時，文章可以這樣結(jié)尾：OnthewholetherearemoreadvantagesthandisadvantagesintheuseofTV.YetdifferentpeoplemayhavedifferentattitudetowardTV.Butwemustrealizethattelevisioninitselfisneithergoodnorbad.Itsvaluetopeopledependsonhowwelookatit.建議法：就前文提到的問題進行分析比較之后，提出一些解決問題的方法或建議，此法尤其適用于有爭議的問題或說理性的文章。如：Infact,weshouldadoptbothsolutionsbecauseeachhasitsadvantagesasmentionedabove.Onlyinthiswaycanwegivefullplaytotheirstrongpointsandavoidtheirweakones.Itishightimeforgovernmentsofdevelopingcountriestodosomethingtoencouragetheirpeopletoeattherightkindsoffoodsoastohelpthemimprovetheirhealthconditions.評價法：比如考題要求考生寫出保持健康的方法，并說明自己的健身途徑，那么文章可以這樣結(jié)尾：Astomypractices,Ijogforhalfanhourinthemorningeveryday,playbasketballintheafternoonandgoswimmingonweekends.Theregularphysicalexercisesmakemestrongandhealthy.引語法：用格言、諺語或習(xí)語來總結(jié)全文。所引用的名言一定要與前面的觀點相符，以讓讀者接受論點。例如關(guān)于books的一文結(jié)尾：Inparticular,IenjoywhatFrancisBaconsaid－“studiesservefordelight,foeornamentandforability.”預(yù)測法：根據(jù)上文提出的論點，預(yù)測該問題未來的發(fā)展，或?qū)ψx者提出警告或希望。如：Thedecreaseoftobaccoproductionandthenon-smokingcampaignsaregoodsignsforustopredictthattobaccoconsumptionshouldbegoingdownwitheverypassingdaywhilepeople’shealthbegettingbetterdaily.Asfarastheroleofinformationinthefutureisconcerned,Ibelievethatinformationwillplayamoreandmoreimportantpartinourdecision-making.Withoutinformationonewouldhavetogropeinthedarkandfindithardtomoveevenonestepforward.展開或期望法：表達對將來的展望或倡議讀者投入行動。如：IamsurethatChinesewillbecomeoneofthemostimportantlanguagesintheworldinthenextcentury.AsChinawillopenfurthertotheoutsideworldthelanguageissuretobespreadworldwide.Ifeveryonehasdevelopedgoodmanners,peoplewillformamoreharmoniousrelation.Ifeveryonebehavesconsideratelytowardsothers,peoplewillliveinabetterworld.Withthegeneralmoodofsocietyimproved,therewillbeaprogressofcivilization.反問法：雖然形式是問句，但意義卻是肯定的，具有明顯的強調(diào)作用，引起讀者思考。如：Therefore,listeningskillsmustbeconsideratelyimproved.Sinceitissuchanimportantmeansoflearningandcommunication,whyshouldwenotdevelopthisabilitytoitsfullextent?So,whatcanwebenefitfromhealthifwedon’thavehealth?如前所述，四、六級作文大多是三段式，依此推斷，如果每段中寫四句話，即主題句加兩三個擴展句和一個結(jié)論句，這樣全篇在12句左右，每句十幾個詞，這樣就達到要求的120-150詞了。既要注意字數(shù)要求，又要注意不要寫得太多，言多必失。同時要注意分層次來展開主題，而不要寫成流水帳。如果詞數(shù)不夠，可以給每一句或某些句子添加詞語。例如，可以這樣來加詞：主題句：Therearefourwaystokeepfit.→Therearefourormorewaystokeepfitforeveryoneofus.從幾方面說明：First,weshouldhavebreakfastinthemorning.(→Firstly,weshouldhaveourbreakfast,withmilk,eggs,breadandsoon,inthemorning.)Second,weshouldhaveanapatnoon.(→Secondly,weshouldhaveashortnap,even30minutes,atnoon.)Third,sportsexercisesarenecessaryintheafternoon.(→Thirdly,sportsexercisesarenecessaryandwecandosomeexercisesintheafternoon.)Andfourth,wecouldhaveapleasantfeelingintheeveningbylisteningtomusic.(Andfourthly,wecouldhaveapleasantfeelingintheeveningbylisteningtosomelightmusic.)(2)怎樣寫圖表式作文圖表作文就是命題者向考生提供圖畫、圖表信息，然后要求考生完整、準確地表達圖畫圖表信息的大意。此類作文既考察寫作能力，又考察想象力和觀察力。他需要考生結(jié)合圖表前的標題對所給圖表進行分析、研究，閱讀其中的文字和說明，弄清圖表所包含的各種信息以及信息之間的關(guān)系；然后將這些信息進行比較、概括和歸納；最后提煉和歸納文章的中心思想。在完成看圖作文，把圖表信息轉(zhuǎn)換成文字信息的寫作過程中因注意以下幾點：要充分理解和反映圖表中的信息。既然是看圖表作文，首先要看懂圖表，弄清圖表中各個數(shù)據(jù)之間的關(guān)系，分清主次，明確主題，這樣才能著手寫作。分析圖表要合乎邏輯，不要牽強附會，任意發(fā)揮。注意圖表的參照時間和圖表所使用的單位。注意時態(tài)的選擇。一般來說，沒有參照時間的圖表或表格通常用一般現(xiàn)在時；有參照時間的表格，參照時間用過去時；但如果敘述的是現(xiàn)在情況則采用一般現(xiàn)在時。看圖作文一般分三段寫，第一段說明該圖表反映的總情況，第二段對數(shù)據(jù)進行仔細分析比較，歸納出增減速率，第三段寫讀圖表后的想法或評論。對于圖表類文章的開頭我們可以套用下列句型：Itcanbeseenfromthe(Wecanseefromthe/Ithasbeenshownfromthe)chart(diagram/table/graph/figures/statistics)that…Thechart(graph/table/diagram/graph/figure/pie)shows(indicates/presents)a/an(very)minimal(small/slight/dramatic/slow/gradual/marked/large/rapid/sudden/upward/downward/sharp/uncertain)rise(increasedecrease/decline/reduction/fall/drop/fluctuation/growth/trend…)Accordingtothechart(graph/table…)AsisshowninthechartTherefore/thus/fromthetable(graph/diagram…)wecanconclude/see/infer…Fromthetable/graph…itcanbeseen/concluded/inferred/shownthat…6種展開段落的方法1、 列舉法列舉法（也叫羅列法），是通過列舉一系列的論據(jù)對主題句中提出的論點進行發(fā)泛、全面的陳述或解釋。列舉的順序可以按照各內(nèi)容的相對重要性、時間、空間排列。用列舉法展開段落，能增強文章的說服力，使文章顯得條理清楚。例如：Peoplewelcomeprivateschoolsformanyreasons.Firstofall,thosepeoplearewillingtosendtheironlychildtobetterschoolsevenifcostsmore.Andhavingmoremoneythanthegovernment-fundedpubicschools,thoseprivateschoolscanattractbetterteachers.Theycanalsoofferbetterenvironments,includingsuperiorlivingfacilitiesandmoreadvancedequipment.如，如果提綱是“社會實踐的好處”，就可以先列出主題句和一級擴展句，然后進行整理和充實：主題句:Thereisnodoubtthatsocialpracticehasmanyadvantages.一級擴展句:(1) Studentscanapplywhattheylearnedinclasstopracticalwork,whichwillmakethemknowthemselvesmoreclearly.(2) Somesocialpracticecanbringyousomeprofitandmakeyoumoreindependentofyourparents.(3) Socialpracticecanofferthestudentsachancecontactandgetsomeideaofit.擴展句的列舉順序一般按照各擴展句的重要性，從最重要到較次要，從大的方面到小的方面排列。上面三個擴展句可以這樣排列：Firstly,Socialpracticecanofferthestudentsachancetocontactthesocietyandgetsomeideaofit.Secondly,thestudentscanapplywhattheyhavelearnedinclasstopracticalwork,whichwillmakethemknowthemselvesmoreclearly.Thirdly,somesocialpracticecanbringyousomeprofitanditcanmakeyoumoreindependentofyourparents.列舉中常用的銜接詞（組）有：First,firstofall,tobeginwith,tostartwith,firstandforemost,inthefirstplace,mostimportantofall,moreover,besides,secondly,second,then,furthermore,next,thirdly,fourthly,last,inaddition,finally,lastly等。2、舉例法舉例中常用的銜接詞（組）有：Forexample,take…forexample,thiscanbeillustratedby,anotherexampleis…,like…,forinstance,acaseinpointis…,asanillustration,suchas…等。3、比較法與對比法通過指出事物之間的相似或共同之處來展開段落的方法叫比較法。例如：LearningEnglishislikebuildingahouse.Layingasolidfoundationisthefiresandmostimportantstep.Inotherwords,youshouldreadandspeakEnglisheveryday.Memorizingnewwordsandphrasesisalsohelpful.Likebuildingahouse,learningEnglishtakestime.Sobepatient.Remember,Romewasn’tbuiltinaday.比較中常用的銜接詞（組）有：Atthesametime,accordingly,showadegreeofsimilarity,(somewhat/verymuch)like,(exactly/almost)thesameas,inthesameway,similarto,both,similarly,andso…,and…too,inalikemanner等。對比法是將兩件事物進行對照，通過辨別其差異而指出其各自的特征和本質(zhì)。主題句指出事物之間的不同之處，擴展句進行詳細說明。例如：Thegrowthofvideoviewershasmeantadeclineincinemaaudience.Theattractionofcinemacannotcompetewiththatofwatchingavideoathome.Peoplefinditmuchcheaperandmorecomfortabletohireavideofilmtowatchathomethantogoouttothecinema.Oneortwoyuanforavideofilmisnothingcomparedwiththecostofcinematicketsandbusfares.Besides,videoofferspeopletheflexibilitythatcinemacannotprovide.Peoplearenolongerlimitedtoparticulartimeandplaces,andtheyareabletowatchavideofilmwheneverandwhatevertheylike.對比中常用的銜接詞（組）有：However,yet,whereas,ontheonehand…ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,incontrast,insteadof,bedifferentfrom,differfrom…inthat,butnevertheless,conversely,though,bycontrastwith/to,eventhough,unlike,inspiteof等。4. 因果法用因果法展開段落有兩種形式：一種是原因在前，結(jié)果在后，另一種是結(jié)果在前，原因在后。例如：Itisdifficultforworkerstofindemploymentthisyear.Asaresult,manyrecentcollegegraduatesareunemploymentoraretakingpart-timejobstomeetexpenses.Unemploymentamonghighschoolgraduateshasmeantthatlargenumbersofteenagersareseekingemploymentbenefits.Theunemploymentfiguresarethehighestindecades.Finally,theFederalgovernmentmustcontributelargeamountsofmoneytosupportthegrowingnumbersofpeoplewhoarereceivingwelfareassistance.再看下面的例子：Therearemanyreasonswhylanguageschange.Tostartwith,variouslanguagesthatfromthesameparentdevelopedtheirownuniquenessafterspeakerdriftedawayfromonetoestablishisolated,independentcommunities.Languagechangeisalsoduetotheinfluenceofandinteractionwithforeigncultures,oftenasaresultofmilitaryconquest.Anothercauseforlanguagechangeisrapidlyexpandingtechnologyandnewsystemofcommunication.Theybringallcultureandlanguageintoclosercontactandborrowingbetweenlanguageshasbecomeacommonphenomenoninthecontemporaryworld.Alllanguageschangeastheexperiencesoftheirspeakerschange.在該段主題句中，作者首先說到“l(fā)anguagechange”這個結(jié)果是由很多原因造成的。接著，作者列舉了三點原因，該段是按“結(jié)果—原因”的順序展開的。因果法常用的銜接詞（組）有：Because(of),owingto,becauseby,asaresultof,therefore,becauseofthefactthat,beaconsequenceof,so,thus,onthegroundof/that,resultfrom,hence,consequently,forthisreason等。5. 定義法如：What’shonesty?honestymeansspeakingthetruthandbeingfairanduprightinact.Honestyisavirtue.Hewholiesandcheatsisdishonest.Thosewhogainfortunes,notbyhardlabor,butbyothermeansaredishonest.另外，定義法常常要和比較、對比、舉例等方法結(jié)合在一起使用。如：簡單釋義Asweallknow,practicemakesperfect.Thatistosay,ifwepracticesomethingfrequently,wewillbeabletodoitperfectly.舉例說明Asubjectissomethingsuchasmath,chemistry,orEnglish,thatyoustudyatschool,college,oruniversity.對比或類比Whileburglaryisthestealingofpropertyfromaplace,robberyisthestealingofpropertyfromaperson.（對比）Ahobbyisaninterestingwayofspendingyourfreetime.It’sanactivityyouturntoyourpleasure,notsomethingthatyouhavetodo,likehelpingwiththedishes.It’smorelikespecialfriendthatyouchooseforyouyourself.Youspendyourfreetimewithitbecauseitinterestsyouandbecauseyouenjoyit.（類比）此時，下定義時切忌兩個問題：一是以偏概全，如“Aschoolisaplacewhereyoufindblackboards。”二是省去定義的主要部分，例如“Analogiesarehandyandusefulthings，necessarytomanyofthesciencesandfruitfulineverydaylife，buttheydonotconstituteproof.”前一個例句可以說是一個不貼切的定義，而后一個例句不能算是定義。6. 分類法如下面一篇關(guān)于TheNewMedia的短文就采用了分類的方法，把newsmedia分為radio，TV，newspaper三種，并分別進行了比較、說明。Thenewmediaconsistsofradio,televisionandnewspaper.Newspapersaretheoldestformfornewscommunication.Todaymanypeoplestillbegintheirdaybyreadingthemorningpaperwhilehavingbreakfast,andendtheirdaybyreadingtheeveningpaperafterhavingdinner.Theinventionoftheradiohashadatremendousinfluenceontheworld.Itisabletobringup-to-minutenewstodistantplacesinamatterofseconds.Thusthedevelopmentoftheradiohasmadetheworldasmallerplace.Televisionisthemostrecentlydevelopeddeviceforcommunication.Itallowsustoseeaswellastohearthenews.Thefactthatitenablespeopletoseevisualimageshashadaconsiderableeffectonourperceptionsofworldevents.Classes/sections/families/categories/units/parts/kinds/divisions/groups/types/items/sorts/aspects/…maybeclassifiedaccordingto…,…consistsof…,…fallinto…,…canbe(sub)dividedinto…,…maybefurthersubdivided…,…comprises…,…maybeputinto…,wemaysort…into…邏輯組織技巧四級考試要求考生的作文必須結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，語義連貫、邏輯性強。句子間的銜接技巧,句子與句子之間的連貫除了靠本身的意思之外，還可以通過過渡詞的銜接和詞匯的銜接來實現(xiàn)。過渡詞表現(xiàn)出來的邏輯關(guān)系，可以大大增強文章的連貫性。請找出下列段落中的過渡詞語：Smokingresultsinseriesofnegativeeffects.Tobeginwith,ithasbeenprovedthatpoisonousnicotinecontainedincigarettescanreduceyourfits.Andwhatisworse,itcanevencauselungcancerifyousmokeconstantly.Thatiswhysuchwarningas“smokingisharmfultoourhealth”mustbeprintedonthecoverofthecigarettecaseinwesterncountries.Furthermore,passivesmokingappearsinyourfamilymembersandotherpeopleasaresultofyoursmokingathomeorinpublicplaces.Consequently,theirhealthwillbeunfavorablyinfluenced.Inaddition,smokingaddstoyourfinancialdifficultyifyouhappentobeshortofmoney.Evenifyouarerich,youareencouragedtospendyourmoneyonvaluablebooks,nutritiousfood,high-qualityTVsets,etc.,notonmeaninglesssmoking.Therefore,givingupsmokingisagoodwaytomakeyouandyourfamilyhappy.過渡詞所表示的邏輯意義可以分為以下幾類：表示舉例的：forexample,forinstance,asacaseinpoint,inthecaseof,asanillustration,suchas,like,thatis,say表示比較的：similarly,likewise,inthesamemanner,thesame…as,like,both,equallyimportant表示對照的：onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,bycontrast,unlike,whereas,ratherthan,conversely,instead,theopposite表示讓步的：although,though,nevertheless,however,but,yet,admittedly,itistrue…but,inspiteof,eventhough表示原因的：because,as,since,for,owingto,dueto,asaresultof,onaccountof表示結(jié)果的：thus,so,hence,consequently,therefore,accordingly,forthisreason,asaconsequence表示強調(diào)的：chiefly,especially,indeed,infact,certainly,particularly,tobesure,actually,aboveall,mostimportant,worse,asamatteroffact,nodoubt表示遞進的：first,second,inthefirstplace,inthesecondplace,next,also,besides,furthermore,moreover,inaddition,whatismore,foronething,foranother,notonly…butalso表示結(jié)論的：inconclusion,inshort,onthewhole,finally,lastly,tosumup,toconclude,inanyevent表示時間的：earlier,previous,formerly,before,after,as,until,meanwhile,later,afterwards,next表示空間的：above,across,beyond,infrontof,nextto,opposite,under,below,nearby,closeto14分作文點評Directions: Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowritealetterofappealcallingforstudentsparticipationinanaid-educationprojectinWesternareas.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow:ACallforParticipationinanAid–EducationProject1. 市教委組織了一次西部支教的活動，學(xué)生會呼吁大學(xué)生參與2. 活動的時間、要求及作用寫作指南：根據(jù)題目要求，文章結(jié)構(gòu)如下：第一段直接點題：呼吁大學(xué)生積極參與市教委組織的西部支教活動，并說明活動時間。第二段簡述此次西部支教活動的要求：具備相關(guān)教學(xué)經(jīng)驗；能夠忍受惡劣的氣候和生活環(huán)境。第三段簡述本次活動的作用，再次呼吁大學(xué)生積極參與，并提供聯(lián)系方式。范文與解析：句型變換：……………………….[1]1. UnderthesponsorshipoftheMunicipalEducationCommission,anaid-educationprojectwillbeheldforthedurationofthesummervacation.2. Anaid-educationprojectwillbeheldduringthissummervacationunderthesponsorshipoftheMunicipalEducationCommission.3. Anaid-educationprojectwillbesponsoredinthissummervacationbytheMunicipalEducationCommission.4. TheMunicipalEducationCommissionwillinitiateanaid-educationinthissummervacation.………………………….[3]1. Weherebycallforyourparticipationtoofferyourkindhelptostudents…2. Weherebycallonmorestudentstoparticipate.Inthisway,wecanoffourkindhelptostudents…3. Wearelookingforwardtoyourparticipationandyourkindhelpforstudents…4. Weearnestlyinviteyoutoparticipateandofferyourkindhelptostudents……………….[4]1. Studentsmeetingthefollowingrequirements…2. Studentsconformingtothefollowingrequirements…3. Studentssuitingthefollowingrequirements…4. Studentssatisfyingthefollowingrequirements………………………….[5]1. …,participantsshouldbeconfidenttoendurebadclimateandpoorlivingenvironment.2. …,studentswhoareconfidentoftheirenduranceofbadclimateandpoorlivingenvironmentarewelcome.3. …,participantsneedtomakesurethattheycanbearthefoulclimateandpoorlivingenvironment.4. …,targetparticipantsarethosewhocanputupwithfoulclimateandbadlivingenvironment.……………………….[6]1. Thisprojectwillbeabridgeshorteningthedistancebetweenthewesternareasandmetropolitancities.2. Thisprojectwillbeatieoffriendshipwhichwillshortenthedistancebetweenthewesternareasandmetropolitancities.3. Thisprojectwillbealinkbetweenpeopleinwesternareasandmetropolitancities.4. Thisprojectwillbringpeopleinwesternareasandmetropolitancitiescloser.………………………[7]1. Ourloveanddevotionwillbenefittheteenagerstherethirstyforknowledge.2. Theteenagersthere,thirstyforknowledge,willbenefitfromourloveanddevotion.3. Theteenagersthere,ingreatneedofknowledge,willgetbenefitfromourloveanddevotion.4. Ourloveanddevotionwillyieldbenefittotheteenagerstherewhobadlyneedknowledge.………………………[8]1. Ifinterested,pleasecontacttheStudentUnionviaemail.2. Ifyouareinterested,don’thesitatecontacttheStudentUnionbyemail.3. WhoeverinterestedcancontacttheStudentUnionviaemail.4. Shouldyouinterested,pleasefeelfreetocontacttheStudentUnionviaemail.第2章快速閱讀大學(xué)英語四級中的快速閱讀要求考生在15分鐘內(nèi)閱讀一篇1000詞左右的文章并完成相應(yīng)的測試題目。測試題目包括兩種題型共10道題：7道判斷選擇題及3道句子填空題?？焖匍喿x解題步驟通讀文章開頭、結(jié)尾及各個小標題，從而弄清文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和大意。正確理解題目所表述的內(nèi)容，找出其關(guān)鍵詞語，確定題眼。特別注意人物、事件、地點和數(shù)字等信息。將題眼內(nèi)容與文章各部分小標題的內(nèi)容對比，大概定位該題是在哪個部分被提及。閱讀相關(guān)部分內(nèi)容，準確定位有關(guān)信息。第3章聽力理解第一節(jié)短對話題型應(yīng)試技巧一、三種必備技巧1. 掌握常用語境關(guān)鍵詞（此部分課后自主學(xué)習(xí)，搞清意思，誦讀爛熟于心，必定有助于聽力提高）校園生活場景借書：library,bookforreadingassignment,close,open,weekend,weekday,checkout,volume,theuppershelf,hasbeenmisplaced教授和學(xué)生關(guān)系：doresearch,professor,semester,workasone’sassistant,Ihaveaclassatten,comeinone’sofficehours,researchreport,revise,publish,readsomebooksherecommended,correctallthetypingerrorsinit,readitthroughagain同學(xué)之間的交流：briefings(lectures,presentations)seemtogoonforever,moreattentive,topic,hardtofollow,getonwithone’sessay,havearealhardtime,finishtheassignment,politicalscienceclass,eachpresentsadifferenttheory,getafullmarkinmathexam,helpsb.Tocatchup,findqualitypapertotypeessays,haveone’shandsfullwith,makeprogress,wellworththetimeandtrouble,rewarding,takefiveclasses家庭生活場景外出活動：gotothemovies,gooutfordinner,seeadifferenttypeofmovieforachange,betiredofmoviesaboutromanticstories,lovestories,detectivestories,royaltheater,whattoweartotheparty,cannotaffordsomethingnew,attendaparty外出游玩：theholiday,beontheplane,travelbyair,flysomewhereforone’svacation,we’llhaveanotherfineday,gototheseaside,leaveveryearly,setoffearly,gosightseeing,takeahalf-daytourofthecity,spendmoretimeonsightseeing,catchtheflight,getone’sflightchanged,switchtoadifferentflight家居生活、休閑：sitoutinthebackyardtoenjoythebeautifulday,thereisalotoflaundrytodo,washclothes,whydidsb.Call,pickupthemagazine,paintthehouse,havethehousepainted,climbtheladder,gohomeforthesummer,onone’swayhome,packforthesummervacation,theapplepietastesverygood.買票、在機場：sellout,attendashow,aseatavailable,allthemorningflightshavebeenbookedout,changeone’sdestination,thisareaisfortheairportstaffonly,flyovertosee,keepintouch,seesb.off;約會：couldarrangeitforme,ratherbusythesedays,toarrangeanappointmentforsb.Withsb.Else,goingtocontactsb.,confirmmyappointmentwithsb.,expectsb.,willyoupleasegetmethroughtosb.,bewithsb.預(yù)訂：atableforfour,acornertable,atablenearthewindow,reserveatable,bookaroomwithabath,asingle/doubleroomonthesecondfloor,makereservationforone’sjourney購物：thenewestmodel,representthelatesttechnology,wesellnothingbutthebest,beofthesamebrand,haveagoodsale,nice-lookingstrawhat,youcanwearitrainorshine;refund;complainabout…(投訴)郵局：I’mgoingtosendtheparceltoLondon,what’sthepostageforit銀行：cashacheck,openanaccount,savingsaccount,traveler’scheck,creditcard,interest,withdrawmoney,depositmoney火車站：platform,one-wayticket,round-trip,express醫(yī)院：emergencyroom,operation,ward,tablets,medicine,drugs,injection,surgeon,recover，flu,hightemperature,fever….必須對常用口語短語和表達全面復(fù)習(xí)，做到胸中有數(shù)。下列詞組不僅僅涉及聽力，要耳熟能詳：Attheriskof,accountfor,acaseinpoint,ateasewith,backup,beyondhope,beyondreach,boardthetrain,bebookedup,breakthrough,breakintotears/laughter,bringabout,bymeansof,butfor,callitaday,forsale,asfollows,getalongwellwith,givein,giveup,givesb.alift,givesb.aring,onguardagainst,givebirthto,goDutch,gointodetail,gohungry,hangup,haveone’shandfull,holdone’sbreath,holdup,heartandsoul,handout,hangabout,headfor,holdw