2019年全國(guó)研究生考試英語(yǔ)（二）真題

2019年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)（二）試題

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreach

numberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10

points)

Weighingyourselfregularlyisawonderfulwaytostayawareofany

significantweightfluctuations.1,whendonetoooften,thishabitcan

sometimeshurtmorethanit2.

Asforme,weighingmyselfeverydaycausedmetoshiftmyfocusfrom

beinggenerallyhealthyandphysicallyactivetofocusing3onthescale.

Thatwashadtomyoverallfitnessgoats.Ihadgainedweightintheform

ofmusclemass,butthinkingonlyof4thenumberonthescale,Ialtered

mytrainingprogram.ThatconflictedwithhowIneededtotrainto5my

goals.

Ialsofoundthatweighingmyselfdailydidnotprovideanaccurate6of

thehardworkandprogressIwasmakinginthegym.Ittakesaboutthree

weekstoamonthtonoticeanysignificantchangesinyourweight7

alteringyourtrainingprogram.Themost8changeswillbeobservedin

skilllevel,strengthandincheslost.

Forthese9,Istoppedweighingmyselfeverydayandswitchedtoa

bimonthlyweighingschedule10.Sinceweightlossisnotmygoal,itis

lessimportantformeto11myweighteachweek.Weighingeveryother

weekallowsmetoobserveand12anysignificantweightchanges.That

tellsmewhetherIneedto13mytrainingprogram.

Iusemybimonthlyweigh-in14togetinformationaboutmynutritionas

well.Ifmytrainingintensityremainsthesame,butI'mconstantly15

anddroppingweight,thisisa16thatIneedtoincreasemydailycaloric

intake.

The17tostopweighingmyselfeverydayhasdonewondersformy

overallhealth,fitnessandwell-being.Tmexperiencingincreasedzealfor

workingoutsinceInolongercarrytheburdenofa18morningweigh-in.

I'vealsoexperiencedgreatersuccessinachievingmyspecificfitness

goals,19Tmtrainingaccordingtothosegoals,notthenumbersona

scale.

Ratherthan20overthescale,turnyourfocustohowyoulook,feelhow

yourclothesfitandyouroverallenergylevel.

l.[A]Besides[B]Therefore[C]Otherwise[D]However

2.[A]helps[B]cares[C]warns[D]reduces

3.[A]initially[B]solely[C]occasionally[D]formally

4.[A]recording[B]lowering[C]explaining[D]accepting

5.[A]modify[B]set[C]review[D]reach

6.[A]definition[B]depiction[C]distribution[D]prediction

7.[A]dueto[B]regardlessof[C]asidefrom[D]alongwith

8.[A]orderly[B]rigid[C]precise[D]immediate

9.[A]claims[B]judgments[C]reasons[D]methods

10.[A]instead[B]though[C]again[D]indeed

ll.[A]track[B]overlook[C]conceal[D]report

12.[A]dependon[B]approveof[C]holdonto[D]accountfor

13.[A]share[B]adjust[C]confirm[D]prepare

14.[A]results[B]features[C]rules[D]tests

15.[A]bored[B]anxious[C]hungry[D]sick

16.[A]principle[B]secret[C]belief[D]sign

17.[A]request[B]necessity[C]decision[D]wish

18.[A]disappointing[B]surprising[C]restricting[D]consuming

19.[A]ifbecause[B]unless[C]until[D]consuming

20.[A]obsessing[B]dominating[C]puzzling[D]triumphing

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbelow

eachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWER

SHEET.(40points)

Text1

Unlikeso-calledbasicemotionssuchassadness,fear,andanger,guilt

emergesalittlelater,inconjunctionwithachild'sgrowinggraspof

socialandmoralnorms.Childrenaren,tbornknowinghowtosay"I'

msorryv;rather,theylearnovertimethatsuchstatementsappease

parentsandfriends—andtheirownconsciences.Thisiswhyresearchers

generallyregardso-calledmoralguilt,intherightamount,tobeagood

thing.

Inthepopularimagination,ofcourse,guiltstillgetsabadrap.Itis

deeplyuncomfortable—it'stheemotionalequivalentofwearinga

jacketweightedwithstones.Yetthisunderstandingisoutdated."There

hasbeenakindofrevivalorarethinkingaboutwhatguiltisandwhat

roleguiltcanserve,"saysAmrishaVaish,apsychologyresearcheratthe

UniversityofVirginia,addingthatthisrevivalispartofalarger

recognitionthatemotionsaren'tbinary——feelingsthatmaybe

advantageousinonecontextmaybeharmfulinanother.Jealousyand

anger,forexample,mayhaveevolvedtoalertustoimportant

inequalities.Toomuchhappinesscanbedestructive.

Andguilt,bypromptingustothinkmoredeeplyaboutourgoodness,can

encouragehumanstomakeupforerrorsandfixrelationships.Guilt,in

otherwords,canhelpholdacooperativespeciestogether.Itisakindof

socialglue.

Viewedinthislight,guiltisanopportunity.WorkbyTinaMalti,a

psychologyprofessorattheUniversityofToronto,suggeststhatguiltmay

compensateforanemotionaldeficiency.Inanumberofstudies,Malti

andothershaveshownthatguiltandsympathymayrepresentdifferent

pathwaystocooperationandsharing.Somekidswhoarelowin

sympathymaymakeupforthatshortfallbyexperiencingmoreguilt,

whichcanreinintheirnastierimpulses.Andviceversa:Highsympathy

cansubstituteforlowguilt.

Ina2014study,forexample,Maltilookedat244children.Using

caregiverassessmentsandthechildren'sself-observations,sherated

eachchild'soverallsympathylevelandhisorhertendencytofeel

negativeemotionsaftermoraltransgressions.Thenthekidswere

handedchocolatecoins,andgivenachancetosharethemwithan

anonymouschild.Forthelow-sympathykids,howmuchtheyshared

appearedtoturnonhowinclinedtheyweretofeelguilty.The

guilt-proneonessharedmore,eventhoughtheyhadn?tmagically

becomemoresympathetictotheotherchild'sdeprivation.

"That'sgoodnews,“Maltisays."Wecanbeprosocialbecausewe

causedharmandwefeelregret.”

21.Researchersthinkthatguiltcanbeagoodthingbecauseitmay

help.

Ajregulateachild'sbasicemotions

Bjimproveachild'sintellectualability

C)fosterachild'smoraldevelopment

D)intensityachild'spositivefeelings

22.Accordingtoparagraph2,manypeoplestillconsiderguiltto

be.

A)deceptive

B)burdensome

Cjaddictive

D)deception

23.Vaishholdthattherethinkingaboutguiltcomesfromanawareness

that.

A)emotionsarecontext-independent

B)emotionsaresociallyconstructive

Cjemotionalstabilitycanbenefithealth

D)anemotioncanplayopposingroles

24.Maltiandothershaveshownthatcooperationandsharing

A.mayhelpcorrectemotionaldeficiencies

B.canresultfromeithersympathyorguilt

C.canbringaboutemotionalsatisfaction

D.maybetheoutcomeofimpulsiveacts

25.Theword“transgressions”(Line4,Para.5)isclosestinmeaningto

A.teachings

B.discussions

C.restrictions

D.wrongdoings

Text2

Forestsgiveusshade,quietandoneofthelardercallengesinthefight

againstclimatechange.Evenaswehumanscountonforeststosoakupa

goodshareofthecarbondioxideweproduce,wearethreateningtheir

abilitytodoso.Theclimatechangewearehasteningcouldoneday

leaveuswithforeststhatemitmorecarbonthantheyabsorb.

Thankfully,thereisawayoutofthistrap-butitinvolvesstrikingasubtle

balance.Helpingforestsflourishasvaluableucarbonsinks“l(fā)onginto

thefuturemayrequirereducingtheircapacitytoabsorbcarbonnow.

Californiaisleadingtheway,asitdoesonsomanyclimateefforts,in

figuringoutthedetails.

Thestate,sproposedForestCarbonPlanaimstodoubleeffortstothin

outyoungtreesandclearbrushinpartsoftheforest.Thistemporarily

lowerscarbon-carryingcapacity.Buttheremainingtreesdrawagreater

shareoftheavailablemoisture,sotheygrowandthrive,restoringthe

forest,scapacitytopullcarbonfromtheair.Healthytreesarealsobetter

abletofendoffinsects.Thelandscapeisrenderedlesseasilyburnable.

Evenintheeventofafine,fewertreesareconsumed.

Theneedforsuchplanningisincreasinglyurgent.Already,since2010,

droughtandinsectshavekilledover100milliontreesinCalifornia,most

ofthemin2016alone,andwildfireshaveburnedhundredsofthousands

ofacres.

Californiaplanstotreat35,000acresofforestayearby2020,and60,000

by2030-financedfromtheproceedsofthestateJsemissions-permit

auctions.That'sonlyasmallshareofthetotalacreagethatcould

benefit,abouthalfamillionacresinall,soitwillbevitaltoprioritize

areasatgreatestriskoffireordrought.

Thestrategyalsoaimstoensurethatcarboninwoodymaterialremoved

fromtheforestsislockedawayintheformofsolidlumberorburnedas

biofuelinvehiclesthatwouldotherwiserunonfossilfuels.Newresearch

ontransportationbiofuelsisalreadyunderway.

Stategovernmentsarewellaccustomedtomanagingforests,but

traditionallythey'vefocusedonwildlife,watershedsandopportunities

forrecreation.Onlyrecentlyhavetheycometoseethevitalpartforests

willhavetoplayinstoringcarbon.California'splan,whichisexpectedto

befinalizedbythegovernornextyear,shouldserveasamodel.

26.Bysayingrtoneoftheharderchallenges/,theauthorimpliesthat

A.globalclimatechangemaygetoutofcontrol

B.peoplemaymisunderstandglobalwarming

C.extremeweatherconditionsmayarise

D.forestsmaybecomeapotentialthreat

27.Tomaintainforestsasvaluable“carbonsinks,“wemayneedto

A.preservethediversityofspeciesinthem

B.acceleratethegrowthofyoungtrees

C.strikeabalanceamongdifferentplants

D.lowertheirpresentcarbon-absorbingcapacity

28.California'sForestCarbonPlanendeavorsto

A.cultivatemoredrought-resistanttrees

B.reducethedensityofsomeofitsforests

C.findmoreeffectivewaystokillinsects

D.restoreitsforestsquicklyafterwildfires

29.WhatisessentialtoCalifornia'splanaccordingtoParagraph5?

A.Tohandletheareasinseriousdangerfirst.

B.Tocarryitoutbeforetheyearof2020.

C.Toperfecttheemissions-permitauctions.

D.Toobtainenoughfinancialsupport.

30.Theauthor'sattitudetoCalifornia'splancanbestbedescribedas

A.ambiguous

B.tolerant

C.supportive

D.cautious

Text3

Americanfarmershavebeencomplainingoflaborshortagesforseveral

years.Thecomplaintsareunlikelytostopwithoutanoverhaulof

immigrationrulesforfarmworkers.

Congresshasobstructedeffortstocreateamorestraightforwardvisafor

agriculturalworkersthatwouldletforeignworkersstaylongerintheU.S.

andchangejobswithintheindustry.Ifthisdoesn,tchange,American

businesses,communities,andconsumerswillbethelosers.

PerhapshalfofU.S.farmlaborersareundocumentedimmigrants.As

fewersuchworkersenterthecountry,thecharacteristicsofthe

agriculturalworkforcearechanging.Today'sfarmlaborers,whilestill

predominantlyborninMexico,aremorelikelytobesettledratherthan

migratingandmorelikelytobemarriedthansingle.They,realsoaging.

Atthestartofthiscentury,aboutone-thirdofcropworkerswereover

theageof35.Nowmorethanhalfare.Andpickingcropsishardonolder

bodies.Oneoft-debatedcureforthislaborshortageremainsas

implausibleasit'sbeenallalong:NativeU.S.workerswon'tbe

returningtothefarm.

Mechanizationisn'ttheanswer,either—notyer,atleast.Productionof

corn,cotton,rice,soybeans,andwheathasbeenlargelymechanized,but

manyhigh-value,labor-intensivecorps,suchasstrawberries,needlabor.

Evendairyfarms,whererobotsdoasmallshareofmilking,havealong

waytogobeforetheyJreautomated.

Asaresult,farmshavegrownincreasinglyreliantontemporaryguest

workersusingtheH-2Avisatofillthegapsintheworkforce.Starting

around2012,requestsforthevisasrosesharply;from2011to2016the

numberofvisasissuedmorethandoubled.

TheH-2Avisahasnonumericalcap,unliketheH-2Bvisafor

nonagriculturalwork,whichislimitedto66,000ayear.Evenso,

employerscomplaintheyaren'tgivenalltheworkerstheyneed.The

processiscumbersome,expensive,andunreliable.Onesurveyfound

thatbureaucraticdelaysledtheaverageH-2Aworkertoarriveonthejob

22dayslate.Theshortageiscompoundedbyfederalimmigrationraids,

whichremovesomeworkersanddriveothersunderground.

Ina2012survey,71percentoftree-fruitgrowersandalmost80percent

ofraisinandberrygrowerssaidtheywereshortoflabor.Somewestern

farmershaverespondedbymovingoperationstoMexico.From1998to

2000,14.5percentofthefruitAmericansconsumedwasimported.Little

morethanadecadelater,theshareofimportswas25.8percent.

Ineffect,theU.S.canimportfoodoritcanimporttheworkerswhopick

it.

31.Whatproblemshouldbeaddressedaccordingtothefirsttwo

paragraphs?

A.DiscriminationagainstforeignworkersintheU.S.

B.BiasedlawsinfavorofsomeAmericanbusinesses.

C.FlawsinU.S.immigrationrulesforfarmworkers.

D.DeclineofjobopportunitiesU.S.agriculture.

32.OnetroublewithU.S.agriculturalworkforceis.

A.therisingnumberofillegalimmigrants

B.thehighmobilityofcropworkers

C.thelackofexperiencedlaborers

D.theagingofimmigrantfarmworkers

33.Whatisthemuch-arguedsolutiontothelaborshortageinU.S.

farming?

A.Toattractyoungerlaborerstofarmwork.

B.TogetnativeU.S.workersbacktofarming.

C.Tousemorerobotstogrowhigh-valuecrops.

D.Tostrengthenfinancialsupportforfarmers.

34.AgriculturalemployerscomplainabouttheH-2Avisaforits.

A.slowgrantingprocedures

B.limitondurationofstay

C.tightenedrequirements

D.controlofannualadmissions

35.Whichofthefollowingcouldbethebesttitleforthistext?

A.U.S.AgricultureinDecline?

B.ImportFoodorLabor?

C.AmericaSavedbyMexico?

D.Manpowervs.Automation?

Text4

ArnoldSchwarzenegger.DiaMirzaandAdrianGrenierhaveamessagefor

you.It'seasytobeatplastic.They'repartofabunchofcelebrities

starringinanewvideoforWorldEnvironmentDay一encouragingyou,

theconsumer,toswapoutyoursingle-useplasticstapleslikestrawsand

cutlerytocombattheplasticscrisis.

ThekeymessagesthathavebeenputtogetherforWorldEnvironment

Daydoincludeacallforgovernmentstoenactlegislationtocurb

single-useplastics.Buttheoverarchingmessageisdirectedat

individuals.

Myconcernwithleavingituptotheindividual,however,isourlimited

senseofwhatneedstobeachieved.Onetheirown,takingourownbags

tothegrocerystoreorquittingplasticstraws,forexample,will

accomplishlittleandrequireverylittleofus.Theycouldevenbe

detrimental,satisfyinganeedtohave“doneourbit“withoutever

progressingontobigger,bolder,moreeffectiveactions——akindof

“morallicensing“thatallaysourconcernsandstopsusdoingmoreand

askingmoreofthoseincharge.

Whiletheconversationaroundourenvironmentandourresponsibility

towarditremainscenteredonshoppinghagsandstraws,we'reignoring

thebalanceofpowerthatimpliesthatas“consumers“wemustshop

sustainably,ratherthanas“citizensvholeourgovernmentsand

industriestoaccounttopushforrealsystemicchange.

It'simportanttoacknowledgethattheenvironmentisn?teveryoneJs

priority-orevenmostpeople's.Weshouldn'texpectittobe.Inher

latestbook,WhyGoodPeopleDoBadEnvironmentalThings.Wellesley

CollegeprofessorElizabethR.DeSombrearguesthatthebestwayto

collectivelychangethebehavioroflargenumbersofpeopleisforthe

changetobestructural.

Thismightmeanimplementingpolicysuchasaplastictaxthataddsa

costtoenvironmentallyproblematicaction,orbanningsingle-use

plasticsaltogether.Indiahasjustannounceditwillueliminateall

single-useplasticinthecountryby2022.“Therearealso

incentive-basedwaysofmakingbetterenvironmentalchoiceseasier,

suchasensuringrecyclingisatleastaseasyastrashdisposal.

DeSombreisn'tsayingpeopleshouldstopcaringabouttheenvironment.

It，sjustthatindividualactionsaretooslow,shesays,forthattobethe

only,orevenprimary,approachtochangingwidespreadbehavior.

Noneofthisisaboutwritingofftheindividual.It'sjustaboutputting

thingsintoperspective.Wedon'thavetimetowait.Weneed

progressivepoliciesthatshapecollectiveaction(andreininpolluting

businesses),alongsideengagedcitizenspushingforchange.

36.Somecelebritiesstarinanewvideoto

A.demandnewlawsontheuseofplastics

B.urgeconsumerstocuttheuseofplastics

C.invitepublicopinionontheplasticscrisis

D.disclosethecausesoftheplasticscrisis

37.Theauthorisconcernedthat“morallicensing”may

A.misleadusintodoingworthlessthings

B.preventusfrommakingfurtherefforts

C.weakenoursenseofaccomplishment

D.suppressourdesireforsuccess

38.Bypointingoutoutidentity“citizens”,theauthorindicatesthat

A.ourfocusshouldbeshiftedtocommunitywelfare

B.ourrelationshipwithlocalindustriesisimproving

C.Wehavebeenactivelyexercisingourcivilrights

D.Weshouldpressourgovernmenttoleadthecombat

39.DeSombrearguesthatthebestwayforacollectivechangeshouldbe

A.awin-winarrangement

B.aself-drivenmechanism

C.acost-effectiveapproach

D.atopdownprocess

40.Theauthorconcludesthatindividualefforts

A.canbetooaggressive

B.canbetooinconsistent

C.arefarfromsufficient

D.arefarfromrational

PartB

Directions:

Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatext.Choosethemost

suitableheadingfromthelistA-Gforeachnumberedparagraph(41-45).

MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(1Opoints)

Fivewaystomakeconversationwithanyone

Inchoosinganewhome,CamilleMcClain'skidshavesingledemand:a

backyard.

McClain'slittleonearen,ttheonlykidswhohaveanopinionwhenit

comestohousing,andinmanycasesyoungsters,viewsweighheavily

onparents,realestatedecisions,accordingtoa2018HarrisPollsurvey

ofmorethan2,000U.S.adults.

Whilemorefamiliesbuckanolder-generationproclivitytoleavekidsin

thedarkaboutrealestatedecisions,realtyagentsandpsychologistshave

mixedviewsaboutthefinancial,personalandlong-termeffectskids'

opinionsmayhave.

Theideaofinvolvingchildreninabigdecisionisagreatideabecauseit

canhelpthemfeelasenseofcontrolandownershipinwhatcanbean

overwhelmingprocess,saidRyanHooper,clinicalpsychologistin

Chicago.

"'Childrenmayfaceseriousdifficultiesincopingwithsignificantmoves,

especiallyifitremovesthemfromtheircurrentschoolorsupport

system,“hesaid.

GregJaroszewski,arealestatebrokerswithGagliardoRealtyAssociates,

saidhe'snotconvincedthatkidsshouldbeinvolvedinselectingahome

——buttheiropinionsshouldbeconsideredinregardstoproximityto

friendsandsocialactivities,ifpossible.

Youngerchildrenshouldfeellikethey'rechoosingtheirhome——without

actuallygettingachoiceinthematter,saidAdamBailey,arealestate

attorneybasedinNewYork.

Askingthemquestionsaboutwhattheylikeaboutthebackyardofa

potentialhomewillmakethemfeellikethey'rebeingincludedinthe

decision-makingprocess,Baileysaid.

Manyoftheaspectsofhomebuyingaren'taconsiderationforchildren,

saidTraceyHampson,arealestateagentbasedinSantaClarita,Calif.

Andplacingtoomuchemphasisontheiropinionscanruinafantastic

homepurchase.

“Speakingwithyourchildrenbeforeyoumakearealestatedecisionis

wise,butIwouldn'tbasethepurchasingdecisionsolelyontheir

opinions.Hampsonsaid.

Theotherissueisthatmanychildren-especiallyolderones-maybase

theirrealestateknowledgeonHGTVshows,saidAaronNorrisofThe

NorrisGroupinRiverside,Calif.

“TheyloveChipandJoannaGainesjustasmuchastherestofus,“he

said."HGTVhasseriouslychangedhowpeopleviewrealestate.It'snot

shelter,it'salifestyle.Withthatmindsetchangecomesomeserious

moneyconsequences.

Kidstendtogetstuckinthefeaturesandtheimmediatebenefitsto

thempersonally,Norrissaid.

Parentsneedtoremindtheirchildrenthattheirneedsanddesiresmay

changeovertime,saidJulieGurner,arealestateanalystwith

FitSmallB.

“Theiropinionscanchangetomorrow,vGurnersaid."Harshasitmaybe

tosay,thatdecisionshouldlikelynotbemadecontingentonachild's

opinions,butrathermadeforthemwithgreatconsiderationintowhat

homecanmeettheirneedsbest-andgivethemanopportunityto

customizeitabitandmakeittheirown.”

Thisadviceismorerelevantnowthaneverbefore,evenasmoreparents

wanttoembracetheideasoftheirchildren,despitethecurrenthousing

crunch.

A.remarksthatsignificantmovesm