雕刻機(jī)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)方案外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

附錄1外文翻譯-原文部分DXFFileIdentificationwithC#forCNCEngravingMachineSystemHuibinYang,JuanYanAbstractThispaperresearchesthemaintechnologyofopenCNCengravingmachine,theDXFidentificationtechnology.Agraphicinformationextractionmethodisproposed.Bythismethod,thegraphicinformationinDXFfilecanbeidentifiedandtransformedintobottommotioncontroller’scode.Sotheengravingmachinecanachievetrajectorytracking.ThentheopenCNCengravingmachinesystemisdevelopedwithC#.Atlast,themethodisvalidatedonathreeaxesmotionexperimentplatform.Theresultshowsthatthismethodcanefficientlyidentifythegraphicinformationincludingline,circle,arcetc.inDXFfileandtheCNCengravingmachinecanbecontrolledwell.KeywordsDXF,CNCEngravingMachine,GALIL,C#IntroductionWiththedevelopmentofpatternrecognitiontechniques,modernCNCengravingmachineneedn’tbeprogrammedmanually.Byimportinggraphicsfile,thecorrespondingshapewillbeengravedbythemachineimmediately.Theoperatingprocessofthemachineissimplifiedenormously,andtherichprogrammingknowledgeisnolongerneedforoperators.Amongthem,DXFidentificationisakeytechnologyofCNCengravingmachine.ByreadingandrecognitionoftheDXFfile,themachiningtrackcanbedirectlygenerated,sothemotioncontroloftheCNCengravingmachinecanbeachieved.2.ResearchStatusResearchershavedonealotofresearchesonhowtocontactCADsoftwaretoNCcode.OmirouandBarouniproposedaseriesofmachinecodes,withwhichtheadvancedprogrammingabilityisintegratedintothecontrolofmodernCNCmillingmachinesystem[1].KovacicandBrezocnikproposedtheconceptofwhichusingthegeneticalgorithmtoprogramtheCNCmachinebasedontheCADmodelundermanufacturingenvironment[2].ButsomeproblemsarestillexistedinthiskindofCNCprogramming(suchastheartificialparticipationdegreeishigherandtheefficiencyislower).TheresearchdirectionofChineseresearchersmainlyincludestwoaspects.OneisthetheoreticalstudyofDXFfileandNCmachining,theotheristheapplicationofDXFfilereading.ZhaiRuiandZhangLiangproposedaprogramstructure,whichisusedtoreaddatainformationofDXFfileanddosomepreprocessbasedonthecrossplatformopensourcelibraryDXFLibbytheanalysisofDXFfilestructurecharacteristic[3].HuangJieqiongandYuanQunwrotetheinterfaceprogramtoreadthestoredpartsgraphicinformationinDXFfilebyuseoftheobject-orientedsecondarydevelopmenttools,ObjectARXandC++,intheresearchofstampingpartsmachining.Thestampingpartsgeometricmodelisautomaticallycreatedbytheautomaticgenerationalgorithmofclosedcontour[4].3.DXFFileandGraphicInformationExtraction3.1.DXFFileDXF(DrawingExchangeFile)isarepresentationofallinformationlabeleddatacontainedintheAutoCADgraphicsfile,andtheASCIIorbinaryfileformatofAutoCADfile.Itcanbeusedasinput/outputinterfaceandgraphicsfileexchangebetweenAutoCADandothergraphicsapplications[5].AcompleteDXFfileiscomposedofsixsegmentscalledSECTION.ThesesegmentswereHEADER,CLASSES,TABLES,BLOCKS,ENTITIESandfileendingcharacter(groupcodeis0,groupvalueisEOF)3.2.GraphicInformationExtractionMethodInordertoextractusefulinformationofthegraphic,manypartsinthefilecanbeignored.ThecorrespondinggeometricdescriptioncanbecompletedaslongasthesectionsofTABLES,BLOCK,ENTITIESareobtained.EachgraphicelementintheDXFfilearestoredwithafixedformat,soitisconvenientfordataexchange,andalsocalleditsreadability.ThecharacteristicsofeachindividualgraphicelementinDXFfileisdescribedbytheparameter(group)consistedbypairedgroupcodeandgroupvalue.Therefore,accordingtothetargetofopenCNCengravingmachine,itisenoughtodescribethetargetgeometrycontourbyreadingtheENTITIESsectioninDXFfilesonly.Theparticularidentificationprocessis:FirstsearchtheDXFfileuntilthe“ENTITLES”isfound,thenbuildagraphicelementobject.Thensearchthegraphicelementtype(LINE,CIRCLE,ARC),andsearchthecorrespondingvaluefollowedbythegroupcode.Forexample,iftheprogramhasfoundtheENTITLESsectionandconfirmthefirstgraphicelementisLINE(Theprogramfound“LINE”after“ENTITLES”).Thenitwillsearchthegroupcodewhichrepresentstheparametersoftheline.Thenumberatthenextlineafterthegroupcodeisthevalueoftheparameter.(e.g.Thenumberatthenextlineafter“10”representtheXvalueofstartpointofthisline,and“20”forYvalueofstartpoint,“11”forXvalueofendpoint,“21”forYvalueofendpoint,etc.).Table1showsanexampleofanENTITIESsection.Table1showsanexampleofanENTITIESsection.Bygettingtheseparametersandvalues,systemthen“sees”thegraphand“knows”thespecificparametersofthegraphwhichisdrewbyAutoCAD.Figure1istheflowdiagramofextractionofgraphicinformation.Table1showsanexampleofanENTITIESsection.3.3.C#RealizationofGraphicInformationExtractionInordertostorethegraphdata,theconvenientmethodistostorenumericvariablesbyusingarray,anditisalsoveryconvenientforcallandassignmentoperation.Firstdefinea2Darray:s[i,j](i<=100,j<=20),definea100linesand20lowsarrayatinitialization,inwhich,everylineistoresagraphicelement,everyelementjinalinestandsforthevalueafterthegroupcode.TheformatandmeaningareshowninTable2Then,thegraphicelementstoragestateiss[i,0],s[i,1],???,s[i,15](I=0,1,2,???).Theadvantageofthisdesignis:Foreachgraphicelement,allthegeometricelementsassociatedwiththetrajectorycanbestoredinanarrayvariablespacewhichhasafixedserialnumber.Itisconvenientandnoteasytomakemistakesinthecalculationorlogicaljudgment.Buttoanyentiregraphicstrajectory,thenumberoflinesorcurvesisnotconsistent,soitisimportanttoapplyforenoughvariablememoryspacetoadapttodifferentrequirementsofgraphicstrajectory.PartoftheC#programofreadingarcgraphicelementinDXFareasfollows：do{Line=mysr.ReadLine();if(Line==“ENTITIES”){……if(Line==“10”){Line=mysr.ReadLine();stringm;m=Line;doublen;n=Convert.ToDouble(m);s[i,j]=n;j++;}……}while(Line!=null)4.GraphicsTrajectoryGenerationToopenCNCengravingmachine,thekeypointishowtoconvertthegraphicelementinformationinDXFfileintomotioncontrollercode,soastocontrolthemachine’smotionaccordingtothemachiningtrajectory.4.1.DXFAnalysisPrincipleTheso-calledDXFanalysisisthestandardizationofeachgraphicelementwhichhasbeenreadinordertoaccordingwiththestandardinstructionsofmotioncontroller.Consideringthebasictypeofgraphicelementisline,circleorarc,thestandardizationrequirementsofdifferentgraphicelementtypearedifferent.Thespecificprinciplesareasfollows:1)LINELinehasonlystartandendpointcoordinate.theactualusefulmemoryspaceiss[i,0],s[i,1],…,s[i,6],otherpartsareallzero.2)ARCAstheformatofarcintheDXFisincludethecentercoordinatesvalue,radius,startangleandendangle.Sothecentercoordinatesvalue,radius,startangleandendanglecanberecognizedandstoredins[i,7],s[i,8],…,s[i,12].ButfortheGALILDMC2143motioncontrollerwhichisusedintheopenCNCengravingmachine,thearcinstructionrequiresstartandendpointcoordinateandrotationangleofthearc.So,theanalysisofarcincludestwoaspects:a)Calculatethestartandendpointcoordinate.b)Calculatetherotationangleandstoreins[i,15].3)CIRCLEBecausetherotationangleofcircleis360?,itcanbesetasafixedvalue.Forthesakeofconvenience,thestartingpositionofcircleissettotheleftorrightquadrantalpoints.4.2.DXFAnalysisMethodAccordingto3.1,thedifficultyofgraphicelementanalysisisarc.AlthoughtheinformationinDXFfilecanconfirmgeometryfeature,forthetracksequencing,thestartandendpointcoordinatesareneeded;andforthemotioncontrollerprograms,italsoneedtochangetheformatfordirectconnection.Byfourelementsofcenter,radius,startangleandendangleaswellassimpletrigonometricfunctioncalculation,thestartandendpointpositionaswellastherotationangleofthearccanbedetermined.Forexample,ifcenterofthearciso(x0,y0),radiusisr,startangleisθ(0<θ<90?)andendangleisδ(0<θ<90?),accordingtotheparametricequationofthecircle,thestartpointa(x1,y1),endpointb(x2,y2),androtationangleεcanbecalculatedusingEquation(1)toEquation(3):5.DevelopmentofOpenCNCEngravingMachineSystemThehardwareoftheopenCNCengravingmachinesystemincludesamotioncontrollerandanuppercomputer(PC).Thereal-timecontroloftheCNCengravingmachinebodyisdonebythemotioncontroller.ThemaintaskofthemotioncontrollerisservomotorcontrolandIOlogiccontrol.ThePCrunsTheDXFanalysisalgorithm,Human-MachineInterface(HMI)andsendsthemotioncontrolinstructionsgotfromtheDXFanalysisalgorithmtothemotioncontroller,sotheengravingmachinecanbecontrolled.ThesoftwareofthesystemincludesPCprogramandmotioncontrollerprogram.5.1.PCProgramThePCprogramincludesHMIandDXFanalysisprogramrunninginthebackground.DXFanalysisprogramaremainlyprogrammedbasedonDXFanalysisprinciplesandmethodson3.5.2.ProgramDesignofMotionControllerInthisdesign,thesubprogramsoflinearandcircularinterpolationareprogrammedinGALILmotioncontroller.AccordingtotheresultsofDXFanalysisinPC,calldifferentsubprograminproperorderandassignvariable,thecontinuoustrackingtrajectorycanberealized.ThelinearinterpolationprogramofGALILmotioncontrollerisasfollows:#LINEARMT2,2VMABVS5000VA100000VD100000VPX,YVEBGSEN6.TestRunningResultByC#,theauthorsfirstfinishedtheDXFfileidentificationaswellastheextractionandstorageofgraphicelementinformation.Thegraphicelementorderingoperationswerealsoachieved.Atlast,thegraphicstrajectoriesweregeneratedbycallingthebottomGALILsoftwareinstructionsandachievedmotiontacking.Thetestwascarriedoutonathreeaxesmotionexperimentplatform,thecarvingcutterwasreplacedwithpen.Penwasfixedontheexperimentplatform.ThetestusedatrajectorygraphdrawnbyAutoCAD.ThefinalresultshowsthatthedevelopedopenCNCengravingmachinesystemcanaccuratelycompletetheidentificationofDXFfile,andthewalkpathisconsistentwiththeCADfile.References[1]OmirouSotiris,L.andBarouniAntigoni,K.()IntegrationofNewProgrammingCapabilitiesintoaCNCMillingSystem.RoboticsandComputer-IntegratedManufacturing,21,518-527.[2]Kovacic,M.,Brezocnik,M.,Pahole,I.,Balic,J.andKecelj,B.()EvolutionaryProgrammingofCNCMachines.JournalofMaterialsProcessingTechnology,164-165,1379-1387.[3]Zhai,R.andZhang,L.()ReadingFrameDesignBasedontheDXFFileFormat.FujianComputer,4,107-109.[4]Huang,J.Q.andYuan,Q.()AutomaticInputandIdentificationforStampingGraphBasedonAutoCAD.MachineryDesign&Manufacture,2,82-84.[5]Bai,X.C.andChen,Y.M.()AutomaticProgrammingofBridgeCuttingMachineBasedontheDXFFile.EquipmentManufacturingTechnology,2,110-112.附錄2外文翻譯-漢字部分利用C#識別DXF文件數(shù)控雕刻機(jī)系統(tǒng)HuibinYang,JuanYan摘要本文研究開放式數(shù)控雕刻機(jī)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)，即DXF識別技術(shù)。圖形信息提取方法被提出。經(jīng)過這種方法，在DXF文件中圖形信息能夠被識別和轉(zhuǎn)換為運(yùn)動控制器底部代碼。所以，雕刻機(jī)能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)軌跡跟蹤。然后利用C#對放數(shù)控雕刻機(jī)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行開發(fā)，最終在一個三軸運(yùn)動試驗(yàn)平臺上對這個方法進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。結(jié)果表明該方法能夠有效地識別DXF文件中線、圓、弧等圖形信息，而且數(shù)控雕刻機(jī)能夠被控制得很好。關(guān)鍵字：DXF；數(shù)控雕刻機(jī)；GALIL；C#1介紹伴隨模式識別技術(shù)發(fā)展，現(xiàn)代數(shù)控雕刻機(jī)無須手動編程。經(jīng)過導(dǎo)入圖形文件，對應(yīng)形狀就會被雕刻機(jī)立即雕刻出來.極大簡化了雕刻機(jī)操作過程，使得操作者不再需要豐富編程知識。其中，DXF識別是數(shù)控雕刻機(jī)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)。經(jīng)過閱讀和識別DXF文件，能夠直接生成加工軌跡,實(shí)現(xiàn)對數(shù)控雕刻機(jī)運(yùn)動控制。2研究現(xiàn)實(shí)狀況研究人員已經(jīng)做了大量研究怎樣將CAD軟件和NC代碼聯(lián)絡(luò)起來。Omirou和Barouni提出一系列機(jī)器代碼，經(jīng)過優(yōu)異編程能力集成到現(xiàn)代數(shù)控銑床控制系統(tǒng)中。Kovacic和Brezocnik提出利用遺傳算法去給基于CAD模型在制造環(huán)境下數(shù)控機(jī)床編程理論,不過用這種數(shù)控編程方法也存在很多問題（比如人工參與程度高但效率低）。中國研究人員研究方向關(guān)鍵包含兩個方面，一個是DXF文件和數(shù)控加工理論研究，另一個是讀取DXF文件應(yīng)用程序。翟睿和張良提出一個用于讀取DXF文件數(shù)據(jù)信息和做部分基于跨平臺開源庫DXFDXF文件結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)分析預(yù)處理程序結(jié)構(gòu)。黃潔瓊和元群編寫使用面向?qū)ο蠖伍_發(fā)工具來讀取存放部分圖形信息DXF文件接口程序，以ARX和C++為對象來研究沖壓件加工。沖壓件幾何模型利用封閉輪廓自動生成算法來自動創(chuàng)建。3DXF文件和圖形信息提取3.1DXF文件DXF(圖紙交換文件)表示全部被標(biāo)識信息包含在AutoCAD圖形文件和ASCII或二進(jìn)制格式文件中，它能夠用作輸入/輸出接口和圖形文件在AutoCAD和其它圖形應(yīng)用程序之間轉(zhuǎn)換。一個完整DXF文件由六個被稱作SECTION段組成，這六段分HEADER，CLASSES，TABLES，BLOCKS，ENTITIES和文件結(jié)束字符（組代碼為0，組值為EOF）。DXF文件每一段結(jié)構(gòu)和含義圖1所表示。統(tǒng)計(jì)塊名稱、目前層名字、塊類型、塊插入基點(diǎn)和全部已經(jīng)定義塊中組員使用點(diǎn)、線、圓、弧,包含實(shí)體和塊關(guān)聯(lián)數(shù)據(jù)來定義實(shí)際3D或統(tǒng)計(jì)塊名稱、目前層名字、塊類型、塊插入基點(diǎn)和全部已經(jīng)定義塊中組員使用點(diǎn)、線、圓、弧,包含實(shí)體和塊關(guān)聯(lián)數(shù)據(jù)來定義實(shí)際3D或2D幾何實(shí)體，這是DXF識別關(guān)鍵部分。DXF識別關(guān)鍵部分包含四個表。每個表包含一個數(shù)量可變條目。依據(jù)這些表在文件出現(xiàn)次序,它們依次是線、表、層表、表字體樣式和表視圖。表、層表,表字體樣式表和視圖。它有時會忽略像標(biāo)題部分。包含全部應(yīng)用程序定義類信息。大部分信息包含沒有價值非CAD應(yīng)用程序。非CAD應(yīng)用程序統(tǒng)計(jì)在AutoCAD系統(tǒng)中全部標(biāo)題變量、目前值和目前狀態(tài)。大部分信息中包含沒有價值非CAD應(yīng)用程序。非CAD應(yīng)用程序沒有價值圖1DXF文件結(jié)構(gòu)3.2圖形信息提取方法為了提取圖形中有用信息，在文件中很多地方能夠忽略。只要取得了表、塊、實(shí)體部分就能夠做出對應(yīng)幾何描述。每個在DXF文件中圖形元素全部被存放為一個固定格式，所以它數(shù)據(jù)交換很方便，這也被稱為它可讀性。每個在DXF文件中圖形元素特征用配對組代碼和組值等參數(shù)來描述。所以，依據(jù)開放式數(shù)控雕刻機(jī)鎖定目標(biāo)，它足以經(jīng)過讀取DXF文件中實(shí)體部分來描述目標(biāo)幾何輪廓。其特定識別過程是：首先搜索DXF文件，直到找到“ENTITLES”，然后構(gòu)建一個圖形元素對象。然后搜索圖形元素類型(線、圓、弧)和緊隨其后組織代碼值。比如，假如程序發(fā)覺ENTITLES部分并確定第一個圖形元素是LINE(程序發(fā)覺“LINE”在“ENTITLES”以后)。然后它將搜索組代碼代表參數(shù)。組代碼后下一行數(shù)字就是參數(shù)值。(如：下一行數(shù)字“10”代表這一行起始點(diǎn)X值，“20”代表起始點(diǎn)Y值，“11”代表這一行終點(diǎn)X值，“21”代表這一行終點(diǎn)Y值等)。表1為ENTITIES部分一個例子。經(jīng)過這些參數(shù)和值，系統(tǒng)就能“看到”圖形并“知道”所畫AutoCAD圖具體參數(shù)。表1ENTITIES部分舉例DXF文件部分解釋ENTITIES段名稱0組代碼LINE圖形元素類型…1050.0起始點(diǎn)X值20100.0起始點(diǎn)Y值300.0起始點(diǎn)Z值11350.0終點(diǎn)X值21500.0終點(diǎn)Y值310.0終點(diǎn)Z值0ENDSEC段結(jié)束符3.3C#實(shí)現(xiàn)圖形信息提取為了存放圖形數(shù)據(jù)，較為方便方法是使用數(shù)組來存放數(shù)字變量，也便于調(diào)用和賦值操作。首先定義一個二維數(shù)組：s[i,j](i<=100,j<=20)，定義一個100行和20個低點(diǎn)初始化數(shù)組，每一行i存放一個圖形元素，在每一行元素j代表組代碼值。格式各意義如表2。然后，圖形元素存放狀態(tài)是s[i,0],s[i,1],???,s[i,15](I=0,1,2,???)。這種設(shè)計(jì)優(yōu)點(diǎn)是：對于每一個圖形元素，全部幾何元素和軌跡能夠存放在一個有固定序列號數(shù)組變量空間。在計(jì)算或邏輯判定時既方便又不輕易犯錯誤。但對于整個圖形軌跡,直線或曲線數(shù)量并不一致，所以關(guān)鍵是要有足夠變量內(nèi)存空間來適應(yīng)不一樣圖形軌跡需求。部分閱讀DXF文件中圖形元素C#程如：do{Line=mysr.ReadLine();if(Line==“ENTITIES”){……if(Line==“10”){Line=mysr.ReadLine();stringm;m=Line;doublen;n=Convert.ToDouble(m);s[i,j]=n;j++;}……}while(Line!=null)表2數(shù)據(jù)存放格式表數(shù)組變量位置數(shù)據(jù)含義[i,0]屬性標(biāo)志：1代表線，2代表圓，3代表弧[i,1]起點(diǎn)X軸坐標(biāo)值[i,2]起點(diǎn)Y軸坐標(biāo)值[i,3]起點(diǎn)Z軸坐標(biāo)值[i,4]終點(diǎn)X軸坐標(biāo)值[i,5]終點(diǎn)Y軸坐標(biāo)值[i,6]終點(diǎn)Z軸坐標(biāo)值[i,7]一個圓或弧中心X軸坐標(biāo)值[i,8]一個圓或弧中心Y軸坐標(biāo)值[i,9]一個圓或弧中心Z軸坐標(biāo)值[i,10]一個圓或弧半徑值[i,11]弧起始角[i,12]弧終點(diǎn)角[i,13]后續(xù)數(shù)據(jù)識別序號排序過程[i,14]給后續(xù)操作[i,15]給后續(xù)操作4圖形軌跡生成要使數(shù)控雕刻機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)起來,關(guān)鍵是怎樣把DXF文件中圖形元素信息轉(zhuǎn)化為運(yùn)動控制器代碼,方便依據(jù)運(yùn)動軌跡來控制機(jī)器運(yùn)動。4.1DXF分析原理所謂DXF分析就是把每個已閱讀圖形元素標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化為符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)運(yùn)動控制器指令?？紤]圖形元素基礎(chǔ)類型是線,圓形和弧形,不一樣類型圖形元素標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化是不一樣。具體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以下:1)線線只有開始和結(jié)束點(diǎn)坐標(biāo).實(shí)際有用內(nèi)存空間s[i,0],s[i,1],…,s[i,6],其它部分全部是零。2)弧在DXF中弧格式包含中心坐標(biāo)值,半徑,開始角度和結(jié)束角度。中心坐標(biāo)值,半徑,起始角度和結(jié)束角能夠識別和存放在s[i,7],s[i,8],…,s[i,12]中。但對于用