國際經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)資料(英文版)

takesplacedependsonthettermsoftradedependsontherelativestrengthofeachnation'ssignificantlylargerthantheother,thelargernationattain下作為不重要角色的重要性)model.othergroupsopposeit.a.Nationshavethesametastesandpreferencec.Andtheyusethesametechnology.relativelyabundant(cheap)inputiscommodityintheproductionofw·Thecapital-abundantcountrythusexportsthedifferencespecialization→tradea.Theassumptionsunderlyingthefactor-endowmenttheoryarenotcompletelyborneoutintherealwb.Thetransportationcostsandtradebarriersmaypreventpricesfrom(運(yùn)輸成本、關(guān)稅、補(bǔ)貼以及其他經(jīng)濟(jì)政策都會(huì)使國與國之間的價(jià)格商品不同，市場是不完全競爭的，非貿(mào)易品的存在以及閑置資源……)TheUnitedStatesexportswerelesscapital-intensivethanimport-competinggoods.Althoughtwonationshavethesamehappen.Becausethereiseconomiesofscalethatcancomcompletelyspecializationbetweenthetwonations.專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)兩種不同的產(chǎn)品，但是，必須存在First-moveradvantage先發(fā)優(yōu)勢)重疊需求理論或林德理論)Demandsideandinvolveinmaa.Themainforceinfluencingmanufactured-goodtradomesticdemandconditions.b.Theforeignmarketswithgreatestexportpotentialwillbefoundinnationswithconsumertastessimilartothoseofdomesticconsumers.c.Lindercontendsthattastesofconsumersareconditionedstronglybytheirincomeleparticularpatternoftastes.Nationswithsimilarpercapitaincomeswillhaveoverlappingdemandstructuresandwilllikelyconsumesimilartypesofmanufacturedgoods.生產(chǎn)的商品的種類反映了該國的人均收入水平相似的國家要比在人均收入水平不同的國家間更為頻繁。該理論解釋了戰(zhàn)后發(fā)達(dá)國在地理位置上也是相近的。因此，頻繁的貿(mào)易反應(yīng)的也可能是低的運(yùn)輸成本和文化a.Inter-industrytrade:Theexchangebetweennationsofproductsofb.Intra-industrytrade:two-waytradeinasimilarcommodity.ii.Differencesbetweentheinter-industrytradeandtheintra-industry產(chǎn)業(yè)間貿(mào)易同種或相近經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平的工業(yè)國家產(chǎn)業(yè)間貿(mào)易同種或相近經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平的工業(yè)國家現(xiàn)代貿(mào)易理論規(guī)模報(bào)酬遞增異質(zhì)商品不同經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平的工業(yè)國新古典貿(mào)易理論不同經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平的工業(yè)國新古典貿(mào)易理論規(guī)模報(bào)酬不變同質(zhì)商品適用的基礎(chǔ)理論生產(chǎn)函數(shù)特點(diǎn)消費(fèi)者偏好貿(mào)易利益來源產(chǎn)品的差異性和規(guī)模報(bào)酬遞增生產(chǎn)要素比較優(yōu)勢的利用a.Anationmayexportandimportthesameproductbecauseofb.Homogeneousgoodsareseasonal.a.LoveVarity:Intra-industrytradeincreasestherangeofchoicesavailabletoconsumersineachcountry,aswellasthedegreeofcompetitionamongmanufacturersofthesameclassofproductineachcountry.foreigncompetitorbyspecializinginafewvarietiesandstylesofaproduct.VI.Productcycletheory唯一一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)理論；要素密集度發(fā)生變化；動(dòng)態(tài)比較優(yōu)勢Inadynamicworld,technologicalchangesoccurindifferentnationsatdifferentratesofspeed.Thechangingfactorscanaffectcomparativeadvantagesandthepatternoftrade.Thistheoryfocusesontheroleoftechnologicalinnovationasakeydeterminantoftradepatternsinmanufaiii.Standardizedstage:labor-intensive(生產(chǎn)向發(fā)展中國家轉(zhuǎn)移)imitation模仿losecomparativeadvantages;decliningphasel.TypesoftariffAdvantages:a.Itcandistinguishamongsmalldifferentialsinb.Ittendstomaintainaconstantdegreeofprotectionfordomesticperiodschangingprices.determinethevalueofanimportedaprocessreferre(海關(guān)估價(jià))Importpricesareestimatedbycustomsappraisers,whomaydisagreeonproductvalue.b.Importpricestendtofluctuateovertime,whichmakesthevaluationprocessradifficult.Thiskindoftariffusuallyappliestomanufacturedproductsembodyingrawmaterialsthatare消)thecostdisadvantageofdomestidutygrantsprotectiontothefinished-goodsindustry.ImporttariffprotectivetariffExporttariffrevenuetarifffproduct.productiveactivities(valueadded)thatanexistingtariffstructuremakespossible,comparedwithwhatwouldoccurunderfree-tradeconditions.iv.ConclusionWhenmaterialinputsorintermediateproductsenteracommodityisprotectedbyahiahighprotectionrateforthedomesticproducers.(工業(yè)制成品Thehighervalueofnominaltariffrateonfinalproduct,thegreatertheeffective-protectionrateforanygivennominaltariffrateonthefinalproduct.其目的是限制發(fā)展中國家國內(nèi)制造業(yè)的發(fā)展，欲i.Definition:Thetariffstructuresofindustrializednationshprotestationtointermediateandfinishedproductsthantoprimarycommodities.(進(jìn)口制成品的名義關(guān)稅高于中間投入品和ii.這種情形與發(fā)達(dá)國家同發(fā)展中國家之間的貿(mào)易往來密切相關(guān)。由于發(fā)達(dá)國家多是主機(jī)上升的關(guān)稅結(jié)構(gòu)，對制成品行業(yè)的進(jìn)口保護(hù)重于對中間品和原材料行業(yè)的進(jìn)口保護(hù)，發(fā)展中國家認(rèn)為這是一種歧視性的規(guī)定，其目的是在于限制發(fā)展中國家國內(nèi)制造業(yè)的發(fā)展，欲將a.價(jià)格上升時(shí)生產(chǎn)者剩余增加，消費(fèi)者剩余減少。b.價(jià)格下跌時(shí)，剩余從廠商轉(zhuǎn)移到消費(fèi)者身上?？傊?，市場價(jià)格的變動(dòng)將會(huì)導(dǎo)致剩余在消費(fèi)者和生產(chǎn)者之間轉(zhuǎn)Forsmallnation,itcannotchangethepriceinworldmarkets;Thewelfareeffectsofatariffincludearevenueeffect,aProtectiveeffect:b本國較高的邊際成本所帶來的效率損失Consumptioneffect:d消費(fèi)者放棄一定數(shù)量商品購買Deadweightloss:b+d它代表關(guān)稅扭曲國內(nèi)自由貿(mào)易的價(jià)格而產(chǎn)生的社會(huì)凈成本A.Revenueeffectreferstotheconsumersushiftedfromtheprivatetothepublicsectors.B.Thedistributiveeffect,therefore,isatransferofincomefromconsumerstoproducers.C.Atariff'sprotectiveeffectthusarisesbecauselessefficientdomesticproductionissubstitutedformoreefficientforeignproduction.D.Theconsumptioneffectrepresentsarealcosttosociety,thequantityofimports,bymeansoftariffpolicy,influence四條線：國內(nèi)進(jìn)口需求曲線D;國內(nèi)出口供給曲線S;原來世界市場的價(jià)格水平為P;征收關(guān)稅后國內(nèi)市場價(jià)格P;征收關(guān)稅后國際市場價(jià)格P'w。Explanation:Rv為征收關(guān)稅之間的國內(nèi)價(jià)格，當(dāng)征收了一定量的關(guān)稅后，國內(nèi)的市場價(jià)格上升到P,此時(shí)生產(chǎn)效應(yīng)和消費(fèi)效應(yīng)分別是b和d;易條件效應(yīng)termsoftradeeffect”e,這是由于貿(mào)易條件的改A.Consumptioneffect:dB.Protectiveeffect:bF.Neteconomicwelfare:e-(b+d)Termsoftradeeffectrepresentsaredistributionofincomefromtheforeignnationtotariff-levyingnationbecausenewtermsoftrade.situation.Itcanuseitstariffpolicytoimprovethetermsatwhichit策改善本國的貿(mào)易條件，進(jìn)而增加本國的福利)A.Ife>b+d,nationalwelfareisincreased.B.lfe=b+d,nationalwelfareremainsconstant.C.Ife<b+d,nationalwelfareisdiminished.atariffonimports.However,atariffcausesthevolumeofimportstodecrease,whichlessensthenation'swelfarebyreducingitsconsumptionoflow-costimports.世界市場價(jià)格不變下降關(guān)稅承擔(dān)國內(nèi)消費(fèi)者國內(nèi)消費(fèi)者+國外出口商國內(nèi)市場價(jià)格世界市場價(jià)格+關(guān)稅世界市場價(jià)格(低于征收關(guān)稅前的世界價(jià)格)+關(guān)稅Anationoptimizesitseconomicwelfarebyimposingatariffrateatwhichthepositivedifferencebetweenthegainofimprovingtermsoftradeanlossofdecliningimportvolumeismaximized.Theoptimumtariffisonlybeneficialtotheimportingnation.Becauseanybenefitaccruingtotheimportingnationthroughalowerimportpriceimpliesalosstotheforeignexportingnation,imposinganoptimumtariffisabeggary-neighborpolicythatcouldinviteretaliation(報(bào)復(fù)).ii.Protectionagainstcheaperforeignlabors.iii.Fairnessintrade:Alevelplayingfield如環(huán)保iv.MaintenanceofdomesticstandardoflThisargumentdoesnotdenythevalidityofthecaseforfreetrade.However,temporarilyshieldtheirnewlydevelopingindustriesfromforeigncompetition.Otherwise,ma.OnceaprotectiveindustrializednationssuchastheUnitedStates.fromcutthroatcompetition(惡性競爭)Tariff-rateQuotas(關(guān)稅配額)A.HistoricalshareA.Impactonthevolume:Duringprevenues.power.activities.l.Domesticcontentimport-competinggoods.thataretobesoldoverseas.terms-of-tradeeffect.(出口補(bǔ)貼減少了國內(nèi)市場上的銷量，對更高價(jià)格做出的調(diào)整，最終出口會(huì)增加。使本國貿(mào)易條件惡生產(chǎn)者剩余增加。出口補(bǔ)貼的凈社會(huì)成本等于deadweightDumpingisrecognizedasaformdiscrimination.ItoccurswhenforeignbuyersarechargedlowerpricesthandominventoriesonforeignmarketsbysellingabroadatlowerB.Predatorydumping(惡意傾銷):Whenaproducertemporarilyreducesthepriceschargedabroforeigncompetitoroutofbusiness.Whentheproducersucceedsinacquiringamonopolyposition,pricesarethenraisedcommensuratewithitsmarketpower.economicprofits,aproducermayconsistentlysellabroadi.Most-favored-nationclause(MFN最惠國待遇條款):Thisclauseisanagreementbetweentwonatiotheratratesaslowasthoseappliedtoanyothernations.(關(guān)稅政策中的非歧視性原則)現(xiàn)在在美國法律中被稱為normaltraderelations(NTR正常貿(mào)易關(guān)系)A.GSP普惠國待遇(適用于發(fā)展中國家的條款不能應(yīng)用于發(fā)達(dá)國家之間的最惠國待遇條款)B.Nationsbelongiarrangementcaneliminatetariffsappliedtoimportsofgoodscomingfromothermemberswhilemaintainingtariffsonimportsfromnonmembers.(區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)組織成員間的互惠除外)它是指大批發(fā)達(dá)國家允許對來自于某些特定的發(fā)展中國家的指定商品給予免稅待遇。這些商品如果是來自發(fā)達(dá)國家或是比較富裕的發(fā)展中國家，它們要被課以正的關(guān)稅。ii.Settlementoftradedisputes(爭端解決機(jī)制)iii.Usetariffratherthanquotastoprotecttheirdomestic.DifferencesbetA.TheWTOisafull-fledgedinternationalorganization,headquarteredinGeneva,Switzerland.TheWTOhasafarwiderscopethabringingintothemultilateraltradingsystem,forthefirsttime,tradeinservices,intellectualproperty,andinvestment.iii.一攬子協(xié)定：A.TheWTOalsoadministersaunifiedpackageofagreementstowhichallmembersarecommitted.B.TheGATTframeworkincludedmanysideexamples,antidumpingmeasuresandsubsidies)whosemembershipwaslimitedtofewnations.iv.對某些敏感領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行保護(hù)的政策：areas(forexamples,agricultureandtextiles)thatweremoreIV.Strategictradepolicy(戰(zhàn)略性貿(mào)易政策)Strategictradepolicyisthatgovernmentcanassistdomesticcompaniesincapturingeconomicprofitsfromforeigncompetitors.政府能夠幫助國內(nèi)的企業(yè)與國外競爭企業(yè)爭奪經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤，通過干預(yù)幫助國i.Developingcountriesarehighlydependentontheadvancedii.Primaryproducts(初級產(chǎn)品)iii.Ofthemanufacturedgdevelopingnations,manyarelabor-intensiveandincludeonlymodestamountsoftechnologiesintheirproduction.(勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè))ii.Worseningtermsoftrade.Generalizedsystempreferences(GSP普惠制)UnderGSPmajorindustrialnationstemporarilyreducetariffondesignatedmanufacturedimportsfromdevelopingnationsbelowthelevelsappliedtoimportsfromotherindustrialnations.(發(fā)達(dá)國家單方面給予發(fā)展中國家的關(guān)稅優(yōu)惠政策)Internationalcommodityagreements(ICAs國際商品協(xié)定):Theyareagreementsbetweenleadingproducingandconsumicommoditiesaboutmattersmarketwhensuppliesareabundantandpricesarefallingbelowacceptablelevels,andsellsfromthebufferstockwhensuppliesAninward-orientedstrategy,inwhichindustriesareestablishedlargelytosupplythedomesticmarket,andforeigntradeisassignednegligibleimportance.Usingreplacementtoprotectdomesticindustriesimportcompetition.ii.Export-ledgrowth(出口導(dǎo)向)外向型Thestrategyisanoutward-oriented,anditinvolvespromotinggrowththroughtheexportofmanufacturedgoods.Typesofregionaltradingarrangement含義：在兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的國家或行政上獨(dú)立的經(jīng)濟(jì)體之間通過達(dá)成協(xié)議，相互取消進(jìn)口關(guān)稅和與關(guān)稅具有同等效力的其他措施而形成的區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化組織。主要特征：(1)成員內(nèi)部相互取消了商品貿(mào)易的障礙。(2)成員經(jīng)濟(jì)體之間沒有共同對外關(guān)稅。(3)實(shí)踐中通常采取“原產(chǎn)地原則”以區(qū)分來自成員國與非成員國(3)實(shí)踐中通常采取“原產(chǎn)地原則”以區(qū)分來自成員國與非成員國ii.關(guān)稅同盟(customsunion)含義：在自由貿(mào)易區(qū)的基礎(chǔ)上，所有成員對非成員國采取統(tǒng)一的進(jìn)口關(guān)稅或其他貿(mào)易措施的一種區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化組織。iii.共同市場(commonmarket)含義：各成員國之間不僅實(shí)現(xiàn)了自由貿(mào)易，建立了共同對外關(guān)稅，而且還實(shí)現(xiàn)了服務(wù)、資本和勞動(dòng)力的自由流動(dòng)。iv.經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)盟(economicunion)含義：不但成員國之間廢除貿(mào)易壁壘，統(tǒng)一對外貿(mào)易政策，允許生產(chǎn)要素的自由流動(dòng)，而且在協(xié)調(diào)的基礎(chǔ)上，各成員國采取統(tǒng)一的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策。v.完全的經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化(perfectlyeconomicintegration)含義：在成員國在實(shí)現(xiàn)了經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)盟目標(biāo)的基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)一步實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)制度、政治制度和法律制度等方面的協(xié)調(diào)，乃至統(tǒng)一的經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化組織形式。Effectsofregionaltradingarrangement商品流通關(guān)稅政策生產(chǎn)要素流通貨幣政策themselves. externaltraderestriction movementoffactorsofproductionacross nationalbloc.national, taxation,and supranationai.StaticEffects(靜態(tài)效應(yīng))由于經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化所引起的，產(chǎn)品來源地從資源耗費(fèi)較高的本國生產(chǎn)者轉(zhuǎn)向資源消耗較低的成員國生產(chǎn)者。這種轉(zhuǎn)移體現(xiàn)在經(jīng)濟(jì)開始走向按自由貿(mào)易來配置資源，因此，可能有利于福利水平的增長。Itassumesthattherearethreenationsintheworld,A,BandC.InA'sdomesticmarket,equilibriumpriceisPA.Andbeforeregionalarrangement,nationAimportproductsfromsigningregionalarrangement,nationAimportsproductB.Tradediversioneffect(貿(mào)易轉(zhuǎn)移效應(yīng))產(chǎn)品來源地從資源耗費(fèi)較低的非成員國生產(chǎn)者轉(zhuǎn)向課資源耗費(fèi)較高的成員國生產(chǎn)者，這種轉(zhuǎn)移代表經(jīng)濟(jì)背離了自由貿(mào)易的資源配置，因此可能帶來福利水平的降低。Thetradediversionoccurswhenimportsfromalow-costsupplieroutsidetheunionarereplapurchasesfromahigh-costsupplierwithintheunion.成員國低效率的高成本，代替了非成員國高效率的低成本，高成本和低成本之間的福利差距就是貿(mào)易轉(zhuǎn)移的損失?；锇閲膬r(jià)格越接近低成本的世界市場價(jià)格，一體化對該國市場的影響越有和需求曲線越是富有彈性，一體化效應(yīng)越有可能為正；參與國的數(shù)量越多，一體化越有可能帶來利益，因?yàn)橄鄬χ挥性缴贁?shù)量國家的貿(mào)易E.收入分配效應(yīng)F.商業(yè)周期效應(yīng)ii.Dynamiceffects(動(dòng)態(tài)效應(yīng))A.Economiesofscale:MarkeB.Greatercompeti