高考總復(fù)習(xí)優(yōu)化設(shè)計二輪用書英語(新高考)閱讀理解　文體分類練4　說明文之發(fā)明創(chuàng)新類

高考總復(fù)習(xí)優(yōu)化設(shè)計GAOKAOZONGFUXIYOUHUASHEJI2024文體分類練(四)說明文之發(fā)明創(chuàng)新類Passage1Passage2Passage3(2023福建福州二模)Someday,youmaynolongerneedtobrushyourteethbyhand.Instead,agroupofbillionsofnanoparticles(納米粒子)couldautomaticallydoallthatworkforyou.Itwouldbeespeciallylife-changingforpeoplewhofinditdifficultorimpossibletoholdandmoveatoothbrush.Steager,anengineerattheUniversityofPennsylvania(Penn)inPhiladelphiaandHyunKoo,aninventoranddentalresearcherthere,foundawaytoformthenanoparticlesintolong,skinnybristles(刷毛),alotliketheonesonatoothbrush.Butthesebristlesshape-shifttofitwhateversurfacetheyencounter.Passage1Passage2Passage3Thetooth-cleaningrobotworksthankstotwomagnets(磁鐵).Onegoeseachsideoftheteeth.Thenanoparticlessitinaliquidbetweenthemagnets.Whenthemagnetsareturnedoff,thenanoparticlesmoverandomlyintheliquid.Assoonasonemagnetgetsturnedon,thenanoparticlesgathertogethernearitscenter.Whentheresearchersturnontheothermagnetandturnoffthefirstone,thenanoparticlesextendoutwardinlong,skinnybristles.Whenthere’satoothintheway,thesebristlescan’tstretchoutasfarastheywant.Sotheypushagainstthetooth’ssurface.Ifthere’sagapbetweenteeth,theypushintothegap.Movingthemagnetsmakesthebristlesmoveagainstandbetweenteeth.Allthatmotioncleanstheteeth.Asabonus,thenanoparticlesalsohavestrongpowertokillviruses.Passage1Passage2Passage3Thenewdeviceisjustaproofofconcept.Theresearchersstillneedtoturnitintoaproductthatpeoplewillwanttouse.“There’salotofengineeringtogetfromheretothere,buteverygoodideaneedstohaveastart,”saysSteager.[語篇解讀]本文為一篇說明文。文章介紹了一款納米材料的機器人潔牙器。Passage1Passage2Passage31.Whatisspecialaboutthetoothcleaner?A.It’swater-proof.B.It’stransformable.C.Itlookslikeatoothbrush.D.Itcontainsskinnybristles.√解析

細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句“But

these

bristles

shape-shift

to

fit

whatever

surface

they

encounter.”可知,這個潔牙產(chǎn)品能根據(jù)口腔內(nèi)狀況而變形。故選B項。Passage1Passage2Passage32.Whatisparagraph3mainlyabout?A.Theworkingprinciple.B.Themagnets’motion.C.Thevirus-killingprocess.D.Thebristles’formation.√解析

主旨大意題。根據(jù)第三段可知,第三段陳述的是這款清潔牙齒的機器人的工作原理。Passage1Passage2Passage33.HowdoesSteagerfeelaboutthefutureofthedevice?A.Uncertain. B.Confident.C.Concerned. D.Surprised.√解析

推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段可知,Steager認為這個清潔牙齒的設(shè)備從概念到產(chǎn)品,還需要很多工程,但是不失為一個好的想法,故Steager對這款產(chǎn)品很自信。Passage1Passage2Passage34.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitle?A.ATooth-CleanerFightingBacteriaB.ABreakthroughinMedicineC.AShape-ShiftingRoboticTooth-CleanerD.ANewConceptforaNewStart√解析

主旨大意題。通讀全文,尤其是第一段以及第二段最后一句“But

these

bristles

shape-shift

to

fit

whatever

surface

they

encounter.”可知,文章主要介紹了一款納米材料的潔牙器,在口腔中會根據(jù)具體狀況變化形狀。C項“A

Shape-Shifting

Robotic

Tooth-Cleaner

(一種可以變形的機器人潔牙器)”作標(biāo)題比較貼切。Passage1Passage2Passage3(2023山東濟南一模)Thereisnothingquitelikeenjoyingthesights,soundsandcultureofacitywhiletastingacupofcoffeeoutdoors.Butitisnotthatenjoyablewhenheatwavessweepthecity.AnoutdoorcoolingsystemproducedbyKinonko,anIsraeli(以色列的)company,begantobetestedinTelAviv.Theswelteringcityisaperfectplacetotrythenewtechnology.Passage1Passage2Passage3Withglobalwarmingheatingupthetemperature,itwillsoonbetoohottositoutsideincafes.Whileoutdoorcoolingsystemshaveexistedforawhile,mostofthemusesomesortofwaterormistingsystemtocooltheairaroundthem,consumingtoomuchwaterandpower.Aftertwoyearsofdevelopment,theperfectsolutiontotheproblemwasfound.“Wehaveinventedanewgenerationofairconditioner,”KinonkoCEOLeizersaid.AsLeizerintroduced,theenergyisfromthepressurecreatedbetweenliquidnitrogen(氮)andgasnitrogen.Whenliquidnitrogenat-196degreesturnsintogas,itproducesaverystrongpressureandthepressureisusedtorunamechanicalengine.Itisthatmechanicalenginethatslowlyreleasesfreezingnitrogengastocooldowntheairaroundit.Passage1Passage2Passage3Thetechnologyisuniqueandamazing.Beyondthecoolnessoftheconcept,italsohasotheradvantages.Theworkunitdoesn’tneedtobepower-driven,anddoesn’tblowoutharmfulwarmairasitworks.Asforthepotentialprice,itwillprobablybenomoreexpensivethananyotherairconditioner.Inaddition,theliquidnitrogencontainerwillneedtobereplacedeveryseventotendays,dependingonusage.Thismakesitanaffordableoptionforallsortsofbusinesses.Thecoolingsystemisexpectedtobeonthemarketin2024.[語篇解讀]本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了開始進入測試階段的一種室外冷卻系統(tǒng),這項新技術(shù)有望在2024年投入市場,使人們在炎熱的天氣下,能夠重享在室外喝咖啡的快樂。Passage1Passage2Passage35.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“sweltering”meaninparagraph1?A.Warm. B.Dry.C.Hot. D.Freezing.√解析

詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第一段中“But

it

is

not

that

enjoyable

when

heat

waves

sweep

the

city.”可知,這座城市是非常悶熱的。由此可知,“The

sweltering

city”指的是這座悶熱的城市,畫線詞sweltering意為“悶熱的”。

Passage1Passage2Passage36.Whatproblemdoestheexistingoutdoorcoolingsystemshave?A.Theyarewasteful.B.Theyoverheateasily.C.Theyoftenbreakdown.D.Theyareslowtocooltheair.√解析

細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“While

outdoor

cooling

systems

have

existed

for

a

while,most

of

them

use

some

sort

of

water

or

misting

system

to

cool

the

air

around

them,consuming

too

much

water

and

power.”可知,現(xiàn)在的室外冷卻系統(tǒng)消耗過多的水和電力,是比較浪費的。Passage1Passage2Passage37.Whatdoesparagraph3mainlyexplain?A.Whatpowerstheengine.B.Whatturnsliquidintogas.C.Howthepressureisformed.D.Howthenewsystemworks.√解析

主旨大意題。根據(jù)第三段中“When

liquid

nitrogen

at

-196

degrees

turns

into

gas,it

produces

a

very

strong

pressure

and

the

pressure

is

used

to

run

a

mechanical

engine.It

is

that

mechanical

engine

that

slowly

releases

freezing

nitrogen

gas

to

cool

down

the

air

around

it.”可知,該段主要描述了這種新的冷卻系統(tǒng)是如何工作的。Passage1Passage2Passage38.Whatisthepurposeofthistext?A.Topromoteacompany.B.Tosettleanenergycrisis.C.Tointroduceatechnology.D.Tomarketamistingsystem.√解析

推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中“An

outdoor

cooling

system

produced

by

Kinonko,an

Israeli

company,began

to

be

tested

in

Tel

Aviv.”和最后一段中“The

technology

is

unique

and

amazing.”及“The

cooling

system

is

expected

to

be

on

the

market

in

2024.”可推知,本文的主要目的是向人們介紹一種新的室外冷卻技術(shù)。Passage1Passage2Passage3(2023安徽馬鞍山二模)Togivegrasshoppers(蚱蜢)somecredit—jumpingacrossyardsandbetweenbranchestakesalotmoreexpertisethanitmightappear.Thereareincrediblytinyfactorstoconsider,suchastheresistanceinlaunchsurface,aswellasdesireddistance,speed,andlanding.Mostjumpingrobotscan’tcompetewiththeinsect,astheirjumpsarelimitedtostartingatopextremelyrigidsurfaces.ButanewbouncingrobotdevelopedbyresearchersinCarnegieMellon’sCollegeofEngineeringiscrossingthosebarriers,andshowingpromiseforhowautonomousdevicescouldoperateinthefuture.Passage1Passage2Passage3AteamofscientistsledbyprofessorofmechanicalengineeringSarahBergbreiterrecentlyoptimizedarobot’slatchmechanisms(彈簧機制)usedtoboostitupward.Previously,theselatcheswereprimarilythoughtofassimpleon/offswitchesthatenabledthereleaseofstoredenergy.However,Bergbreiterandherteamemployedmathematicalmodelingtoillustratethattheselatchesbothwerecapableofcontrollingenergyoutput,aswellascontrollingthetransfer(傳遞)ofenergybetweenthejumperandthelaunchsurface.Passage1Passage2Passage3Totesttheirwork,theteampositionedasmalljumpingrobotatopatreebranchandrecordedthepreciseenergytransfersinitsjumps’firstmoments.“Wefoundthatthelatchcannotonlymediate(調(diào)節(jié))energyoutputbutcanalsomediateenergytransferbetweenthejumperandtheenvironmentthatitisjumpingfrom,”saidBergbreiter.Passage1Passage2Passage3Nowthatresearchersbetterunderstandtheinteractionsatplayintheopeningmomentsofjumping,theycannowbeginworkingonwaystointegratethisintofutureroboticdesigns.“Ithasbeennearlyimpossibletodesigncontrolledinsect-sizedrobotsbecausetheyarelaunchedinjustmilliseconds,”explainedBergbreiter.“Now,wehavemorecontroloverwhetherourrobotsarejumpinguponefootorthree.It’sreallyfascinatingthatthelatch—somethingthatwealreadyneedinourrobots—canbeusedtocontroloutputsthatwecouldn’thavecontrolledbefore.”[語篇解讀]本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了科研團隊通過優(yōu)化機器人的彈簧機制,使機器人的彈跳能力獲得極大的改良。Passage1Passage2Passage39.Whatdoestheauthorwanttoshowaboutthenewrobotbymentioninggrasshoppers?A.Itcomeswithtechnicaldifficulties.B.Itcanbeattheinsecteasily.C.Itisthefirstonedesignedforjumping.D.Itisshapedlikethetinycreature.√Passage1Passage2Passage3解析

推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中“There

are

incredibly

tiny

factors

to

consider,such

as

the

resistance

in

launch

surface,as

well

as

desired

distance,speed,and

landing.”及第二段可知,大多數(shù)彈跳機器人在彈跳能力上都無法與蚱蜢匹敵,但新型彈跳機器人正在克服這些障礙,提高彈跳能力,故作者提及蚱蜢卓越的彈跳力是為了展示新型彈跳機器人想要獲得類似的彈跳能力需要克服重重技術(shù)難關(guān)。Passage1Passage2Passage310.WhatadvantagedolatchesdesignedbyBergbreiterhaveoverthetraditionalones?A.Theyarebetterpositionedinrobots.B.Theyhelpreleasemoreenergyatatime.C.Theyworkinextremeenvironments.D.Theyhavemorethanasinglefunction.√解析

細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“Previously,these

latches

were

primarily

thought

of

as

simple

on/off

switches

that

enabled

the

release

of

stored

energy.However,Bergbreiter

and

her

team

employed

mathematical

modeling

to

illustrate

that

these

latches

both

were

capable

of

controlling

energy

output,as

well

as

controlling

the

transfer

of

energy

between

the

jumper

and

the

launch

surface.”可知,和之前的彈簧機制比較,Bergbreiter的團隊設(shè)計的彈簧功能更多。Passage1Passage2Passage3Passage1Passage2Passage311.WhatdoesBergbreiterthinkoftheirwork?A.Ithaschangedtheirresearchdirection.B.Itinspiresnewapplicationsofrobots.C.Itbringsthemasenseofachievement.D.Itwillmakerobotssmallerandlighter.√解析

推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中“Now,we

have

more

control

over

whether

our

robots

are

jumping

up

one

foot

or

three.It’s

really

fascinating

that

the

latch—something

that

we

already

need

in

our

robots—can

be

used

to

control

outputs

that

we

couldn’t

have

controlled

before.”可知,Bergbreiter認為他們的工作取得了重大的突破,給他們帶來了成就感。Passage1Passage2Passage312.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Anewmodelforfuturerobots.B.Astepforwardinrobotdesign.C.Jumpingrobotsinspiredbygrasshoppers.D.Effortstodevelopinsect-sizedrobots.√Pas