博士生英語全冊配套完整課件3

博士生英語全冊配套完整課件3ENGLISHFORACADEMICPURPOSESFORPHDSTUDENTS

Class1–Orientation;ChoosingaResearchTopicContents4Orientation:Self-Intro1235Orientation:SyllabusChoosingaResearchTopicSelf-IntroductionMyhometownisWuhan,Hubei.IearnedaBAdegreeinEnglishforScienceandTechnologyfromauniversityinmyhometown.Whichuniversity?Followingthat,IcametoTsinghuaandearnedanMAdegreeinEnglishforSpecificPurposes.Self-IntroductionItaughtEnglishformanyyearsatTsinghuauntil2005.ThenIquitmyjobfordoctoralstudiesatHarvard,whereIreceivedmydoctorate

(inQuantitativePolicyAnalysisinEducation)in2012.SELF-INTRODUCTIONInterviewyourclassmatesforthefollowinginformation:NameInstitute/DepartmentResearchinterestFindoutwhetherthereareclassmateswithasimilarresearchinteresttoyou.Contents4Orientation:Self-Intro1235Orientation:SyllabusChoosingaResearchTopicCONTACTINFOEmail:guoqian@Cellffice:文南樓（黃松益樓）227OfficeHour:2:30-4:30pmWednesday(byappointment)QQGROUP342387026/博士生英語1357申請加入時請告訴我你的姓名和院系加入后請將群昵稱改成姓名-院系的格式（e.g.,郭茜-外文）CoursePurposes

Feature:integratingEnglishlearningwithresearchAcademicwriting:journal/conferencepaperbasedoncurrentorpreviousresearchprojectsconductandreportonyourown(oryourco-author’s)originalresearchNotapaperalreadypublished

Academicspeaking:simulationofaconferencepresentation自己英語很差，四級400多分，沒想過博一就能完成一篇文章。好好聽郭老師上課講的方法，跟著把作業(yè)好好完成，非常有收獲。在寫論文的過程中，你可能會覺得很痛苦（尤其是像我這種英語level比較low的），但你一定要堅持下去，因為最痛苦的時候也是你進步最快的時候。加油，當你最后看到你的finalpaper的時候，你會覺得你所有的努力都是值得的！TEXTBOOK(AVAILABLEONCOURSEWEBSITE)Swales,J.M.,&Feak,C.B.(2004).Academicwritingforgraduatestudents(2ndedition).COURSEASSESSMENTAttendanceandParticipation:

10%Writing:

55%5writingassignments30%Finalpaper15%Peerreview10%ListeningandSpeaking:

35%Listening10%Researchtopicintroduction10%Finalpaperpresentation15%WRITING5assignmentsIntroduction,methods,results,discussionandconclusions,abstractandtitleFinalpaperRewardforimprovementPeerreviewWRITING,CONTINUEDAssessmentbasedonpaperstructureandformat,completenessandclarity,logicofcontent,propercitations,grammar,andacademiclanguageShortone-on-oneconsultationexpectedaroundWeeks9-12todiscusshowtoimproveyourwritingLISTENINGTwotalkseachweek:OpenForum(1-3),or6MinuteEnglish,orTEDtalksofyourownchoiceonecountedastwoiflongerthan10minutesexamplesListeningnotestosubmit2-3sentencesummary,andusefulphrases,…我有時候聽聽力，聽了將近一個半鐘，對于英語基礎(chǔ)很差的我，單曲重復(fù)著一個聽力，從一頭霧水到逐漸的柳暗花明又一村，收獲的是自信！老師課上留的聽力作業(yè)要及時做，要是都攢到期末，連續(xù)聽好多聽力，寫note，真的會后悔的SPEAKING2presentationsPresentation1:presentingyourresearchfieldtoageneralaudiencePresentation2:simulationofaconferencepresentationCOURSEASSESSMENTAttendanceandParticipation:

10%Writing:

55%5writingassignments30%Finalpaper15%Peerreview10%ListeningandSpeaking:

35%Listening10%Researchtopicintroduction10%Finalpaperpresentation15%Anyquestions?ASSIGNMENTSUBMISSION5writingassignments:coursewebsitepeerreview:myemailaccountTobesubmittedonedaybeforeawritingassignmentisdueBythepersonwhomakesthereviewFinalpaper:myemailaccountListeningnotes:myemailaccount/inpersonPOLICIESLateassignmentsLateassignmentswillbemarkeddown5%perdaylateuptoamaximumof10days.After10days:agradeofzero.CellphonesCellphonesshouldbeswitchedoffandkeptoutofsight.Usesofcellphonesorlaptopsfortextmessages,games,ordoinghomeworkforotherclasses/projectswillresultinapenaltytoparticipationgradesMajorIssuePlagiarismPLAGIARISM“apieceofwritingthathasbeencopiedfromsomeoneelseandispresentedasbeingyourownwork,withoutreferencetotheoriginalauthorandwork”Includescuttingandpastingsentencesorevenphrasesfromanothersourceslightlyrewritingorre-arrangingothers’wordsPLAGIARISMEXAMPLEOriginalPaper(2004):

Althoughearlierregistry-basedanalysesofsecondneoplasmsafterbreastcancer(BC)didnotdetectanincreasedriskofcutaneousmelanoma(CM),[1][2]severalmorerecentregistry-based[3][4]andhospital-based[5]studieshavedocumentedastatisticallysignificantincreasedriskofCMafterBCwithstandardizedincidenceratios(SIRs)rangingfrom1.4to2.7.SecondPaper(2009):

Recentregistry-based[1,2]andhospital-based[3,4]studieshavedocumentedastatisticallysignificantincreasedriskofCMafterBCwithstandardizedincidenceratios(SIRs)rangingfrom1.4to2.7.PLAGIARISMEXAMPLEOriginalPaper(2004):

Althoughearlierregistry-basedanalysesofsecondneoplasmsafterbreastcancer(BC)didnotdetectanincreasedriskofcutaneousmelanoma(CM),[1][2]severalmorerecentregistry-based[3][4]andhospital-based[5]studieshavedocumentedastatisticallysignificantincreasedriskofCMafterBCwithstandardizedincidenceratios(SIRs)rangingfrom1.4to2.7.SecondPaper(2009):

Recentregistry-based[1,2]andhospital-based[3,4]studieshavedocumentedastatisticallysignificantincreasedriskofCMafterBCwithstandardizedincidenceratios(SIRs)rangingfrom1.4to2.7.ANOTHEREXAMPLEOriginalVersion:ErnestMillerHemingway(July21,1899–July2,1961)wasanAmericanauthorandjournalist.Hiseconomicalandunderstatedstylehadastronginfluenceon20th-centuryfiction,whilehislifeofadventureandhispublicimageinfluencedlatergenerations.(Source:Wikipedia)PlagiarizedVersion:ErnestHemingway’sthriftyandunderstatedstylestronglyinfluenced20th-centuryfiction.Hisaudaciouslifestyleandpublicimagealsoinfluencedlatergenerations.ANOTHEREXAMPLEOriginalVersion:ErnestMillerHemingway(July21,1899–July2,1961)wasanAmericanauthorandjournalist.Hiseconomical

andunderstatedstyle

hadastronginfluenceon20th-centuryfiction,whilehislifeofadventureandhispublicimageinfluencedlatergenerations.(Source:Wikipedia)PlagiarizedVersion:ErnestHemingway’sthrifty

andunderstatedstylestronglyinfluenced20th-centuryfiction.His

audaciouslifestyleandpublicimagealsoinfluencedlatergenerations.CONSEQUENCESOFCOMMITTINGPLAGIARISM美國教育官員四分鐘演講被指抄襲丟工作inNorthAmerica,onecouldbeexpelledfromtheuniversity,dependingontheseverityoftheplagiarism8000名中國留學生去年被美國學校開除中國留學生學術(shù)不誠實的問題令人擔憂。被開除的學生中，不乏許多GPA優(yōu)秀的“好學生”，由于學術(shù)不誠實而被開除的占到77.27%，作弊和抄襲是這些學生最主要犯的錯誤。Academia:consequencesofplagiarismaredrasticandcanendone’scareerWHENWRITINGABOUTOTHERS’IDEAS/WORK…Youmustunderstandthematerialwellenoughtoputitinyourownwords!Workfrommemory.Drawyourownconclusions.Donotmimictheoriginalauthor’ssentencestructureorjustre-arrangetheoriginalauthor’swords.BUT,youcanuse…STANDARDPHRASEOLOGY&EXPRESSIONS(EXAMPLES)Theresultsfromthisexperimentseemtosuggestthat…Theresultsarestatisticallysignificant.Theincreasingpopularityof…isattributedto….TheincreasingpopularityofVoiceoverInternetProtocol(VoIP)isattributedtoitslowcost.Theincorporationof…in…h(huán)asbeenfacilitatedby…TheincorporationofcorpusdatainacademicwritingcourseshasbeenfacilitatedbytheavailabilityoflargecorporaontheInternet.PLAGIARISMVS.USEFULEXPRESSIONS以前看文獻時覺得這個句子表達清楚，句式很好，就摘抄下來了，但沒注明出處，久而久之，就忘記這件事情了。后來寫摘要，沒有想那么多，就用了這個句子。以后讀文獻看到有用的句子和內(nèi)容時，一定會注明出處，以便查找調(diào)查結(jié)果：21.4%的中國在美留學生因為“學術(shù)不誠實”被校方開除。涉及的具體行為包括“不會引用文獻”、“對美國嚴謹?shù)奈墨I引用體系不重視”和“即便學習過，但實際操作并不熟練”CONSEQUENCESOFCOMMITTINGPLAGIARISMFirsttime:agradeofzerofortheassignment,butwithachancetore-writetheassignmentSecondtime:anautomaticzeroWEEKLYSCHEDULEAnyquestionssofar?FINALNOTERelax!Iwantmystudentstodowellinmyclasses.Therefore,please:cometoclasseachweek;participateandmakeaneffort;handinyourhomeworkontime;andavoidplagiarism.Thenyouwillnotneedtoworryaboutyourgrade

課上輕松愉快，課下埋頭苦干我從來沒曾想過自己可以把這學期正在做的實驗寫出英文論文，特自豪，現(xiàn)在！感謝您的課啊，把我潛力激發(fā)出來了，deadline都不如這個給力Contents4Orientation:Self-Intro1235Orientation:SyllabusChoosingaResearchTopicChoosingaResearchTopic"Itisreallyimportanttodotherightresearchaswellastodotheresearchright.Youneedtodo'wow'research,researchthatiscompelling,notjustinteresting."--GeorgeSpringer,chairmanoftheaeronauticsandastronauticsdepartmentatStanfordUniversityChoosingaResearchTopicMostofthetime,youwillhaveageneralthemeyouareinterestedinexploring.Whenchoosinganareatoinvestigate:ChoosesomethingthatisofgenuineinteresttoyouChoosesomethingthatyouareorwillbecomecompetenttohandleChoosesomethingthatissignificantenoughtowarrantresearchIsTsinghuaUniversitybetterthanPekingUniversity?

六、如何選題?

1.首先要結(jié)合自己從事的工作，選擇有科學價值、有創(chuàng)新和有現(xiàn)實意義的論題；

2.其次要善于從學科的邊緣處或多學科的交叉處、結(jié)合部去選題；

3.多看行業(yè)期刊，多聽學術(shù)報告、多與同行探討，弄清研究現(xiàn)狀和要解決的問題等；

4.發(fā)現(xiàn)感興趣領(lǐng)域內(nèi)尚未探討過但很有意義的課題；

六、如何選題?

5.總結(jié)爭論性很強的問題，反復(fù)比較研究方法和結(jié)論，從中發(fā)現(xiàn)切入點；

6.善于抓住科研生產(chǎn)過程中遇到的難題，發(fā)現(xiàn)思維的閃光點；

7.別人沒寫過的內(nèi)容，也許不是因為別人沒想到，而是因為沒有意義或者沒有可能性。

博士生在國外SSCI期刊上面發(fā)表文章的一些經(jīng)驗在最開始找研究課題的時候，讀文獻的目的一是看看前人的研究究竟包含哪些方面有沒有什么漏洞，這時候就不用精讀所有的文章，只要把一個領(lǐng)域的經(jīng)典文章細讀一下，其它的擴展了解個大概就可以了。導師讓我最初的做法是用文字寫下每一篇文章的研究課題是什么，創(chuàng)新的地方在哪里，結(jié)論是什么，漏洞在哪。其實這里面前三部分都還好說，最令我為難的是找出漏洞在哪。我讀碩士研究生的時候有一門課叫做"批判性思維"，練的就是這個，最開始應(yīng)用起來也不是很容易，不過后來越來越順利了，后來才知道導師其實是在訓練我把自己擺在審稿人的角度來看文章。幾周下來，腦子中對自己要研究的領(lǐng)域的研究成果已經(jīng)差不多了解了，對這個領(lǐng)域中很熱但是還沒有解決的問題也了解個大概，這時候再找研究的課題就會簡單很多。TIPSFROMANELSEVIEREDITORTomakeacontributiontoagapinthecurrentknowledgebaseofyourfieldWhat’sHot?TopcitedinElsevierpublicationsScienceDirectTop25ArticlesAfter-ClassReadings/naturejobs/science/articles/10.1038/nj7354-129a

《自然》：怎樣快速撰寫高水平的學術(shù)論文/blog-288924-690830.htmlHomework,Part1Findonewell-written,publishedresearchpaperinyourarea,preferablyapaperthatyoucanciteand/oruseasamodelforyourwriting.Preparetomakea3-to5-minutepresentationonthepapernextweek(preferablywithPPT).Avoidtechnicallanguage,explainverygenerallyWhatistheproblemaddressedbythepaper?Whyisitimportanttosolvethisproblem?Doestheresearchprovidesolutionstotheproblem?Ifyes,howandwhat?Listening:twotalksHomework,Part2HaveanIDcard(about13cmby8cm)readynextweek:name,department,hometown,hobbies,topicofresearch+recentphoto.湯姆·克魯斯DepartmentofChemistryHometown:Syracuse,NYHobbies:Volleyball,flyingMyresearchfocusesondevelopinganewcatalystforsynthesizingdiamondsfromcoal.Ihavepublished__papersinEnglishand__inChinese.Homework,Part3UpdateyourcontactinfoatWebLearning.GetaphotocopyofAcademicWritingforGraduateStudents(2nded.)SupplementaryShapeyoursubjectintoaspecifictopicWhenphrasingyourresearchtopic,keepinminditwillusuallyincludeatleasttwoaspectsormainideas(oftenreferredtoasconcepts).Forexample,youmayhavechosenlawasyourgeneralsubject,inparticularcriminaljustice.ShapeyoursubjectintoaspecifictopicAftersomepreliminaryresearchandbackgroundreading,youmightdiscoverthatonemajorareaofdebateisthedeathpenaltyandwhetherornotitprovidesadeterrenttoviolentcrime.Whatareyourtwoconcepts?deathpenalty&violentcrimeratesShapeyoursubjectintoaspecifictopicThetwo(oroftenthree)conceptsofaresearchtopiccanoftenbephrasedinrelationtoeachotherasfollows:Theeffectofconcept#1onconcept#2.Theroleofconcept#1inconcept#2.Theuseofconcept#1inconcept#2.ShapeyoursubjectintoaspecifictopicTherefore,aplausibleresearchtopicis:

"Theeffectofthedeathpenalty[concept#1]onviolentcrimerates[concept#2]intheUnitedStates.”ShapeyoursubjectintoaspecifictopicResearchtopicsareoftenstatedintheformofaquestion.Forexample,"HowdoesillegalimmigrationaffecttheUnitedStateseconomy?"Rewordthetopicintheformofaquestion:"Theeffectofthedeathpenalty[concept#1]onviolentcrimerates[concept#2]intheUnitedStates.”

"HowdoesthedeathpenaltyaffectviolentcrimeratesintheUnitedStates?”GraduatesCelebratingWithToolsoftheTrade–WhichSchools?EnglishforAcademicPurposesforPhDStudentsClass2–LiteratureSearch;ResearchPaperStructureContents4Presentation:Paper1235LiteratureSearchResearchPaperStructureSGPresentation:ResearchPaperInyourgroup,presenttheresearchpaperthatyouhaveread.Trytocoverthefollowingelements:

Whatistheproblemaddressedbythepaper?Whyisitimportanttosolvethisproblem?Doestheresearchprovidesolutionstotheproblem?Ifyes,howandwhat?(Isthereanygap?)Uselanguagethatyourpeerstudentscanunderstand.

Eachpersonhas3-5minutes.Contents4Presentation:Paper1235LiteratureSearchResearchPaperStructureFindingandRetrievingInformationLibraryCatalogue

Databasese.g.,WebofKnowledge,JSTOR,GoogleScholarMostdatabasescanbesearchedbykeywords,author’sname,subjects,journaltitle,andarticletitle.Mostwillallowyoutolimityoursearchbydate,typeofpublication,andlanguage.StepsforDevelopingaSearchStrategyDivideyourRQintoconcepts(mainideas).Identifysynonymousorrelatedtermsforeachconcept.

CombinetermsusingBooleanoperators(AND,OR,NOT).Conductasearchofthedatabaseinthekeywordmode.Considertruncationifapplicable.e.g.,Truncatingcensorshiptocensor?willretrievecensorship,censor,censors,censoredetc.Truncatinglibrariestolibrar?willretrievelibrary,libraries,librarianetc.RevisingaSearche.g.,InternetANDprivacyANDsecurityTobroadenthesearch

(InternetORnetORWebOR

WWW)

ANDprivacyAND

(securityORencryptionORcryptography)Tonarrowthesearch(InternetORnetORWebORWWW)ANDprivacyAND(securityORencryptionORcryptography)AND

law

(InternetORnetORWebORWWW)ANDprivacyAND(securityORencryptionORcryptography)NOT

emailOrganizingtheRelatedLiteratureWheretostart?Beginreadingthemostrecentstudiesinthefieldandthenworkbackwardthroughearliervolumes.Whichpartofapapertoreadfirst?

Readtheabstractorsummarysectionsofareportfirsttodeterminewhetheritisrelevanttothequestion.Beforetakingnotes,skimthereportquicklytofindthosesectionsthatarerelatedtothequestion.OrganizingtheRelatedLiteratureMakenotesonfilecards,inawordprocessingprogram,orinsomeformatthatcanbeaccessedeasilyormovedaroundtoclusterwithothernotesonrelatedresearch.Writeoutaseparatecompletebibliographicreferenceforeachwork.

author,title,publisher,year,issueandvolumenumbers,webaddressOr:EndNoteOrganizingtheRelatedLiteratureTofacilitatesortingandorganizing,putonlyonereferenceoneachpage,entry,orcard.Besuretoindicatewhichpartsofthenotesaredirectquotationsfromtheauthorandwhichareyourownparaphrases.Ifyousearchedonlinedatabases,keepthesearchstrategies(oftencalled“searchhistories”)onfile.Alittlemore…看了這個你敢說你會讀文獻嗎?LiteratureReview(listening)Contents4Presentation:Paper1235LiteratureSearchResearchPaperStructureBeforewegetdowntowork,wemaybenefitfromothers’experience!ExperienceofProf.ShiYigong如何提高英文的科研寫作能力如何提高專業(yè)英文閱讀能力ExperienceofProf.ShiYigong“科研論文不同于讀者來信，有其專業(yè)特點、甚至是固定格式?！薄耙獙懞每蒲姓撐?，必須先養(yǎng)成讀英文文章的習慣”：報紙新聞

專業(yè)雜志“寫科研論文，最重要的是邏輯。邏輯的形成來自對實驗數(shù)據(jù)的總體分析。必須先討論出一套清晰的思路，然后按照思路來做圖（Figures），最后才能執(zhí)筆。”ExperienceofProf.ShiYigong“具體寫作時，先按照思路（即Figures）寫一個以subheading為主的框架，然后開始具體寫作。第一稿，切忌追求每一句話的完美，更不要追求詞語的華麗，而主要留心邏輯（logicflow），注意前后句的邏輯關(guān)系、相鄰兩段的邏輯關(guān)系。寫作時，全力以赴，盡可能不受外界事情干擾（關(guān)閉手機、座機），爭取在最短時間內(nèi)拿出第一稿。還要注意：一句話不可太長?！盓xampleofLogicFlowAnincreasingnumberofruralpeoplemigratingtocitiesinChinaresultsinanincreasingnumberofchildrenlivingawayfromparents,sinceabout80%…(Zhaoetal.,2014).DuanandZhou(2005)estimatedthisgroupofchildrenat19.81millionin2000,basedon….Thenumberrocketedto58.16millionin2005,…(Duan&Yang,2008).Itfurtherincreasedto61.03millionin2010….Giventhelargenumberofchildrenleftbehindinruralareas…,akeyissueiswhatfactorsmightimpacttheir…,includingeducationandhealth.Children'shealthstatusnotonly….Thehealthofchildrenmaybeaffectedby…ExampleofLogicFlowAnincreasingnumberofruralpeoplemigratingtocitiesinChinaresultsinanincreasingnumberofchildrenlivingawayfromparents,sinceabout80%…(Zhaoetal.,2014).DuanandZhou(2005)estimatedthisgroupofchildrenat19.81millionin2000,basedon….Thenumberrocketedto58.16millionin2005,…(Duan&Yang,2008).Itfurtherincreasedto61.03millionin2010….Giventhelargenumberofchildrenleftbehindinruralareas…,akeyissueiswhatfactorsmightimpacttheir…,includingeducationandhealth.Children'shealthstatusnotonly….Thehealthofchildrenmaybeaffectedby…ExperienceofProf.ShiYigong“學會照葫蘆畫瓢。沒有人天生會寫優(yōu)秀的科研論文，都是從別人那里學來的。學習別人的文章要注意專業(yè)領(lǐng)域的不同，有些領(lǐng)域有它內(nèi)在的寫作規(guī)律。科研文章里的一些話是定式，比如“Toinvestigatethemechanismof…,weperformed…”,“Theseresultssupporttheformer,butnotthelatter,hypothesis…”,“Despiterecentprogress,how…remainstobeelucidated…”等等。用兩次以后，就逐漸學會靈活運用了?！盓xperienceofProf.ShiYigong“在向別人學習時，切忌抄襲。在美國一些機構(gòu)，連續(xù)7個英文單詞在一起和別人的完全一樣，原則上就被認為抄襲（plagiarism）?！薄暗谝桓鍖懲旰?，修改第二稿。還是以邏輯為主，但對每一句話都要推敲一下，對abstract和正文中的關(guān)鍵語句要字斟句酌。學會用“Thesaurus”（同義詞替換）以避免過多重復(fù)。第二稿的修改極為關(guān)鍵，再往后就不會大改了。”ExperienceofProf.ShiYigong“第二稿以后的修改，主要注重具體的字句，不會改變整體邏輯了。投稿前，一定要整體讀一遍，對個別詞句略作改動。記?。簩W術(shù)期刊一般不會因為具體的語法錯誤拒絕一篇文章，但一定會因為邏輯混亂而拒絕一篇文章?！边@些人感覺怎么都那么猛。。。一點小的邏輯問題都看的出來。。。很多邏輯問題這些人都能看出誒。。。我感覺理工科的文章很講究邏輯性“固定格式”“寫作規(guī)律”……StructuredFormatReadershavetheexpectationthatinformationwillbepresentedinastructuredformatthatisappropriatefortheparticulartypeoftext.Evenshortpiecesofwritinghaveregular,predictablepatternsoforganization.Youcantakeadvantageofthesepatterns,sothatreaderscanstillfollowevenifyoumakesomelanguageerrors.ResearchPaperStructureThemostcommonformatforwritingscientificpapersdescribingoriginalresearchistheIMRaDformat:introduction,methods,results,anddiscussionOverallShapeofaResearchPaperOverallShapeofaResearchPaperWHYHOWWHATSOWHAT學習英語論文寫作課程有感英文寫作不用愁，遵循套路似蓋樓。

論文框架多溝通，先粗再精一氣成。

引言三步按序走，技術(shù)方法需講透。

結(jié)果討論要細致，最終結(jié)論把口收。

致謝文獻后補充，摘要關(guān)鍵懶莫偷。

文章素材時積累，圖表格式按要求。

勤做筆記重細節(jié)，動腦思考問不休。

精美之作奪眼球，享樂科研占鰲頭。HomeworkDecideonyourresearchtopicandfindabout10researchpapersonit.Preview:ReadtheIntroductionoftheresearchpapersyoufindandanalyzethegeneralpatternofdevelopmentinthepapers.ListeningSupplementaryExercise1Pickthebestsetofkeywordstobeginsearchingforinformationonglobalwarming.risingoceanlevels,airpollution,greenhousegasesbiodiversity,atmospherictemperature,ozonelayerglobalclimatechange,greenhouseeffect,atmosphericcarbondioxideenvironmentalsustainability,alternativeenergy,biofuelsExercise2Ifyouwereinterestedintheeffectofteachers’stereotypingontheachievementofgirlsinmathclasses,whataresometermsforwhichyoumightsearch?(Female?)AND(TeacherAttitude?)AND(MathematicsInstructionORMathematicsEducationORMathematics).SexDiscriminationorSexStereotypesmightalsobeusedsuccessfully.(Math?)RecommendedOrderforWritingMethodsThemethodscanbewrittenwhileyouareperformingtheresearchor,forcertainstandardprotocols,beforeithasevenbegun.ResultsTodeterminehowyourresultsrelatetoyourhypothesis,andwhattheyactuallyshow.Itispointlesswritingtheintroductionpriortothisstagebecausetheresultsyouobtainwilldeterminehowthepaperneedstobe‘framed’,thatis,whatcontexttheresultsaredescribedin.RecommendedOrderforWritingIntroductionToprovidethecontext(i.e.,whyitisimportanttoconductyourresearch)DiscussionTodescribetherelevanceofyourfindingswithinthatcontextTitleAbstractRecommendedOrderforWritingMethodsResultsIntroductionDiscussionTitleAbstractThankYou!EnglishforAcademicPurposesforDoctoralStudentsClass3–Introduction;CitationsOnlineEnglishDictionaries在線詞典釋義較簡單搭配同義/反義詞（thesaurus）詞義辨析語料庫例句網(wǎng)

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/ContentsIntroduction1Citations2IntroductionYourchancetoconvincereadersoftheimportanceofyourwork.GoodNews:easiertowritethanyoumayrealize!FollowsafairlystandardformatTypically3paragraphslonginSCIwritingRecommendedrange:2to5Notanexhaustivereviewofgeneraltopicintroducethemainscientificpublicationsonwhichyourworkisbasedfocusonyourspecifichypothesis/aimOverallShapeofaResearchPaperWHYHOWWHATSOWHATIntroductions:ThreeMovesestablishtheterritorystateagapstatethepurposeMovesinResearchPaperIntroductionsMove1:Establishingaresearchterritorya.byshowingthatthegeneralresearchareaisimportant,central,interesting,problematic,orrelevantinsomeway(optional)b.byintroducingandreviewingitemsofpreviousresearchinthearea(obligatory)MovesinResearchPaperIntroductionsMove2:Establishinganiche*byindicatingagapinthepreviousresearchorbyextendingpreviousknowledgeinsomeway(obligatory)* ajoboractivitythatyouaregoodatandthatisverysuitableforyou適合自己的位置（一隅，一席生存空間，商機）MovesinResearchPaperIntroductionsMove3:Occupyingthenichea.byoutliningpurposesorstatingthenatureofthepresentresearch(obligatory)b.bylistingresearchquestionsorhypotheses(PISF**)c.byannouncingprincipalfindings(PISF)d.bystatingthevalueofthepresentresearch(PISF)E.byindicatingthestructureoftheRP(PISF)**PISF=probableinsomefields,butrareinothersIntroductions:ThreeMovesestablishtheterritorystateagapstatethepurposeRecurringPhrasesforMove1…h(huán)asbeenextensivelystudied……therehasbeengrowinginterestin…Recentstudieshavefocusedon……h(huán)asbecomeamajorissue……remainsaseriousproblem……therehasbeenincreasingconcern……h(huán)asbeeninvestigatedbymanyresearchers.…h(huán)asbecomeanimportaspectof…argue,demonstrate,indicateindicate&

demonstrate:factthatcannotbearguedargue:one’sstandpointe.g.,MaryWollstonecraft_____thatwomenshouldhaveequalaccesstoeducation.indicated:pointingoutaclearfact,noemotioninvolveddemonstrated:showingreasons(implication:reasonsmoreimportantthanherview)argued:herviewargue,demonstrate,indicateEinstein_____thatatcertaintimes,lightbehavesasindividualparticles.indicated(?)No:notpointingoutanobviousfactdemonstrated(?)No:theoreticalresearchargued(?)Yesargue,demonstrate,indicate“argue”:maypreventreadersfromhavingdoubtsaboutresearchfindingsmayindicate

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與讀者共享的觀點或詮釋Theresultsmayindicatethatclimaticchangecausedtheextinctionofthedinosaurs.讀者可能會對此感到半信半疑Wearguethatclimaticchangecausedtheextinctionofthedinosaurs.顯得更加明確有力mentionDoNOTusethisword.mention:towriteorspeakabout(something/somebody),withoutgivingmuchinformationNotaboutsomethingimportantWordsandphrasesforMove2104Tothebestofourknowledge,…OptionsforMove2A.counter-claiming(somethingiswrong)B.indicatingagap(somethingismissing)C.raisingaquestionormakinganinference(somethingisunclear)D.continuingatradition(somethingcanbeadded)StrongWeakOptionsforMove2A.counter-claiminglikelyonlyincontestedareassuchasPhilosophyandLawB.indicatingagapwidelyusedinmanyfieldsC.raisingaquestionormakinganinferenceD.continuingatraditiontypicallychosenbyresearchgroupsinsciencesandengineeringrefinementsandextensionsofpreviouswork:“addinganotherbricktothewallofknowledge”Swales&Feak(2012),p.349,Task12VariantsforMove3Tomakeanoffertofillthegap(orextendthetradition)thathasbeencreatedinMove2byindicatingthemainpurpose(s);orbydescribingthemainfeatureoftheresearchSwales&Feak(2004),pp.262-263,Task12Nowlet’stakealookatasampleintroduction,with2paragraphs.Introduction,Example1(Para.1)Exposurestosecondhandtobaccosmoke,roadvehicletraffic,anddietaresomeofthemostprevalentmodifiableriskfactorsforasthmainchildren.Theeffectofparentalsmokingonwheezingillnessanddiagnosedasthmainchildreniswellestablished(1,2),butevidencethattheseoutcomesaremorecommoninchildrenlivingclosetoamainroad(3–5)hasnotbeenconfirmedinallstudies(6,7).Severaldietaryfactorshavebeenlinkedtoasthma(8),andoneofthemostconsistentobservationsisofaninverseassociationwithfruitintake(9–13).Introduction,Example1(Para.1)Exposurestosecondhandtobaccosmoke,roadvehicletraffic,anddietaresomeofthemostprevalentmodifiableriskfactorsforasthmainchildren.Theeffectofparentalsmokingonwheezingillnessanddiagnosedasthmainchildreniswellestablished(1,2),butevidencethattheseoutcomesaremorecommoninchildrenlivingclosetoamainroad(3–5)hasnotbeenconfirmedinallstudies(6,7).Severaldietaryfactorshavebeenlinkedtoasthma(8),andoneofthemostconsistentobservationsisofaninverseassociationwithfruitintake(9–13).1:WhatisknownIntroduction,Example1(Para.1)Exposurestosecondhandtobaccosmoke,roadvehicletraffic,anddietaresomeofthemostprevalentmodifiableriskfactorsforasthmainchildren.Theeffectofparentalsmokingonwheezingillnessanddiagnosedasthmainchildreniswellestablished(1,2),butevidencethattheseoutcomesaremorecommoninchildrenlivingclosetoamainroad(3–5)hasnotbeenconfi