中國介紹英文版

中國介紹英文版ThePeople'sRepublicofChina

中華人民共和國zhonghuarenmingongheguoChina,locatedinEastAsia,Chinesecivilizationasitsmainbody,theChinesecultureasitsfoundation,unifiedmulti-ethniccountrywiththeHanasitsmajority..dragonisthesymboloftheChina.Chinaisoneofthefourgreatancientcivilizationsintheworld,ithasalonghistory,datingfromabout5000yearsago,theCentralPlainsareabegantoappearandsettlementorganizationintothenationalDynasty,Chinahasexperiencedseveralevolutionandthechangeofdynasties,thelongerdurationofdynastiesXia,ShangandZhou,Han,Jin,Tang,song,YuanMing,Qing.TheCentralPlainsDynastyhistoryinconstantcontact,andthenorthernnomadicpeoplesinmanyethnicfusion,becometheChinesenation.AtthebeginningoftwentiethCenturyXinHairevolution,Chinesemonarchyfromthestageofhistory,replaceisrepublic.In1949,thepeople'sRepublicofChinaestablished,China

establishedthepeople'scongresses.Chinahascolorfulfolkculture,traditionalartformofpoetry,drama,calligraphyandpainting,theSpringFestival,LanternFestival,ChingMing,DragonBoatFestival,theMidAutumnFestival,theDoubleNinthFestivalisanimportanttraditionalfestivalChinese.President:Xi(familyname)jinping(givenname)PrimeMinister:LikeqiangLandarea(claim):9736000sqkm(actuallycontrol):9630000sqkmPopulation(2011est.):1,368,718,015(growthrate:0.493%)lifeexpectancy:77.68Capital(2009est.):Beijing,12.214millionLargestcities:Shanghai,16.575million;Chungking(Chongquing)9.401million;Shenzhen9.005million;Guangzhou8.884millionMonetaryunit:Yuan/RenminbiTHEMAPOFCHINAnationalflagnationalemblemarmyemblemNowadaysChinaHistoryTheearliestrecordedhumansettlementsinwhatistodaycalledChinawerediscoveredintheHuangHebasinanddatefromabout5000B.C.DuringtheShangdynasty(1500–1000B.C.),theprecursorofmodernChina'sideographicwritingsystemdeveloped,allowingtheemergingfeudalstatesoftheeratoachieveanadvancedstageofcivilization,rivalinginsophisticationanysocietyfoundatthetimeinEurope,theMiddleEast,ortheAmericas.Itwasfollowingthisinitialflourishingofcivilization,inaperiodknownastheChoudynasty(1122–249B.C.),thatLao-tse,Confucius,MoTi,andMenciuslaidthefoundationofChinesephilosophicalthought.Thefeudalstates,oftenatwarwithoneanother,werefirstunitedunderEmperorCh'inShihHuangTi,duringwhosereign(246–210B.C.)workwasbegunontheGreatWallofChina,amonumentalbulwarkagainstinvasionfromtheWest.AlthoughtheGreatWallsymbolizedChina'sdesiretoprotectitselffromtheoutsideworld,undertheHandynasty(206B.C.–A.D.220),thecivilizationconductedextensivecommercialtradingwiththeWest.IntheT'angdynasty(618–907)—oftencalledthegoldenageofChinesehistory—painting,sculpture,andpoetryflourished,andwoodblockprinting,whichenabledthemassproductionofbooks,madeitsearliestknownappearance.TheMings,lastofthenativerulers(1368–1644),overthrewtheMongol,orYuan,dynasty(1271–1368)establishedbyKublaiKhan.TheMingsinturnwereoverthrownin1644byinvadersfromthenorth,theManchus.TheHanDynasty(202B.C.-220years),wasastrongunifiedempireaftertheQinDynasty.Thecountry'spopulationreachedabout60000000.the1/3oftheworld.HanDynastyisroughlythesameperiodinRomeempireastheworld'smostadvancedcivilization.TheHanDynastyshares26%ofglobalwealth.is

theworldeconomiccenter.ThecapitalofHanisluoyang,whichisnowstillcalledluoyang.HanDynastyTheTangDynasty(618-907),isthemost

powerfulDynastyintheChinesehistorypopulationwasmorethan80000000.TheTangDynastythefirstdynastynotbuilttheGreatWall.TheproportionofGDP:58%oftheworld.thecapitaloftangisChangancity,whichisnowcalledxian.hasapopulationof1000000.londonhas30000peopleatthesametime.MingDynasty(AD1368~1644)isthedemiseoftheYuanDynasty,afeudaldynastysetupbytheHanpeople.Topromotenationalprestige,strengthenandoverseascountries,thesecondemperorofMingsentZhengHetothewesternworld.From1405to1433,ZhengHehassevenvoyages,visitedAfricamorethan30countriesandregions,reachingasfarastheRedSeaandtheeastcoastofAfricaTheQingDynastyisthesecondregimeontheChinesehistoryestablishedbytheminoritynational,alsothelastfeudalimperialstateontheChinesehistory.Butinthelaterbecauseofpoliticaldeadlock,culturalautocracy,isolation,ideologicalstagnationbythegoverment,Chinagraduallybehindtheworld.in1840,OpiumWarbreakout.ChinathenwasinvadedbyEngland,france,Russiaandother4countries.sovereigntylostseriously.AfterthesecondOpiumWar.modernstartedtheexplorationoftheWesternizationMovement,thelandlordclass.GeographyHongKongMacauTaiwanPandaTian'anMen北京Beijing

Astronomyandcalendar(1)inpreQinperiod:ThespringandAutumnperiod,leavinganaccuraterecordoftheworldrecognizedforthefirsttimetheHalley'scomet."SpringandAutumnAnnals"records,in613BC,"astarMarcointotheBigDipper",referstotheHalley'scomet,arecord600yearsearlierthaneurope.Ourcalendar,thespringandAutumnperiodhasformeditsownfixedsystem,basicallyestablishedleap719yearsofprinciple,whichmade160yearsthaninthewest.IntheWarringStatesperiod,therehavebeentheworld'soldestastronomicalworks"Ganjing",whicharerichinastronomicalrecords,reflectingthatperiodpeople'sunderstandingofastronomy.(2)intheHandynasty:TheHanDynasty,astronomersworkedoutChinesefirstrelativelycompleteAlmanac"Taichucalendar"TheWesternHanDynastyrecordsofsunspots,isrecognizedastheworld'searliestrecordofsunspots.TheEasternHanDynasty,differentpositionfromJapan,ZhangHeng,theearthis,madeascientificexplanationoftheearliestoftheeclipse.ZhangHenginventedtheseismograph,canbeunexpectedearthquakedirectiontelemetrythousandsofmiles,1700yearsearlierthanineurope.(3)intheSuiandTangdynasties:TheTangDynastyastronomersmonkformulated"theDayancalendar"moreaccuratelyreflectstheSunrules,systemcarefully,thatChineseancientcalendarsystemmaturity.Theengineerortheworldbyscientificmethodmeasuredradiallengthofthefounderoftheearth.Intheactualherecognizestheunderstandingtobeonasmallscale,limitedspace,spacedeductioncannotarbitrarilytothescopeoftheboundless,whichisagreatprogressinthehistoryofscientificthoughtinChina.(4)inthesongdynasties:TheNorthernSongDynastyscientistShenKuo'soutstandingcontributionsinastronomy,thefourseasonsandtwenty-foursolartermoftwelvemonthscompletelyunified"Twelvegas"calendarismoreconvenient,isconducivetofarmingarrangements.inventionsDrumBinarysystemTheropeCompassTheastronomicalinstrumentDecimalsystemPrintingcolorprintingPaint

thefirstplasticBronzemirrorsKiteRicewineThebowandarrowAncientrobotAndfinelandlawbranchcultivation:TheironplowLargetuningclockPilotlAbacusThecarpetThedoubleactingpistonbellowsVacancyzerouncertainChemicalweaponOillightingmethodCastironoperationTheworld'sfirstCANAL--