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PAGE本科畢業(yè)論文外文文獻(xiàn)及譯文文獻(xiàn)、資料題目China’sPathwaytoLow-carbonDevelopment文獻(xiàn)、資料來(lái)源:JournalofKnowledge-basedInnovationinChina文獻(xiàn)、資料發(fā)表(出版)日期:Vol.2No.3,2010院(部):管理工程學(xué)院專業(yè):工程造價(jià)山東建筑大學(xué)畢業(yè)論文外文文獻(xiàn)及譯文1-外文文獻(xiàn)China’sPathwaytoLow-carbonDevelopmentAbstractPurpose–ThepurposeofthispaperistoexploreChina’scurrentpolicyandpolicyoptionsregardingtheshifttoalow-carbon(LC)development.Design/methodology/approach–Thepaperusesbothaliteraturereviewandempiricalsystemsanalysisofthetrendsofsocio-economicconditions,carbonemissionsanddevelopmentofinnovationcapacitiesinChina.Findings–Theanalysisshowsthataholisticsolutionandco-bene?tapproachareneededforChina’stransitiontoagreenandLCeconomy,andthat,especiallyfordevelopingcountries,itisnotenoughtohaveonlygoalsregardingmitigationandadaptation.Instead,aconcreteroadmaptowardsaLCfutureisneededthataddresseskeyissuesoftechnologytransfer,institutionalarrangementsandsharingthecostsinthecontextofaglobalclimateregime.Inthislight,itisarguedthatChinashouldadoptanapproachforlow-carbondevelopmentcentredoncarbonintensityreductionoverthenexttenyears.Originality/value–Thepaperthusprovidesauniquesummary,inEnglish,oftheargumentssupportingChina’scurrentlow-carboninnovationpoliciesfromoneoftheauthorsofthispolicy.Keywords:Carbon,Sustainabledevelopment,Environmentalmanagement,Governmentpolicy,ChinaPapertype–ResearchpaperClimatechangehasbecomethemostsigni?cantenvironmentanddevelopmentchallengetohumansocietyinthetwenty-?rstcentury.Respondingtoclimatechangeisthecoretasktoachievingglobalsustainabledevelopment,bothfortodayandforaratherlongperiodoftimefromtoday.Internationalnegotiationsonpreventionofglobalwarmingandrelatedactionsnotonlyconcernthehumanlivingenvironment,butalsodirectlyimpactthemodernizationprocessofdevelopingcountries.Althoughtheprocessofglobalclimateprotectiondependsontheconsensusofourscienti?cawareness,politicalwills,economicinterests,society’slevelofmorecomplicatednowishowtheUSA,China,IndiaandotherkeycountrieswouldparticipateintheestablishmentofaLCmarket.Establishmentofafairinternationalclimateregimeandmid-tolong-termtargetstotackleclimatechange–thedevelopmentofaLCeconomyalsodependsontheinternationalclimatenegotiationprocessanditsresult,ofwhichthemostcriticalelementiswhetheritwillresultinlegallybindingglobalemissionsreductiontargetsandthecorrespondingmechanismsoftechnologytransferand?nancialsupport,evenifthiswasnotestablishedatCopenhagen.Todate,eventhoughsomeEUcountrieshaveachievedthedecouplingofeconomicgrowthandcarbonemissions,LCeconomyhasnotgenerateduniversallyapplicable,successfulexperiences;andwhatthoseexperiencesmeantodevelopingcountriesstillneedstobe?guredoutandtestedovertime.Fordevelopingcountries,thedif?cultiesandbarrierstodevelopingaLCeconomyareobvious,includingcurrentstageofdevelopment,internationaltradestructure,economiccosts,inadequatemarket,technologydiffusionsystem,institutionalarrangement,incentivepolicyandmanagementsystem.Fromthehistoricevolutionoftherelationshipbetweeneconomicgrowthandcarbonemissionsinindustrializedcountries,mostcountriesexperiencedsuccessivelytheinvertedU-shapecurvesofcarbonintensity,percapitacarbonemissions,andthentotalcarbonemissions.Butdifferentcountriesorregionsvarygreatlyineconomicdevelopmentlevelorpercapitagrossdomesticproduct(GDP)relativetothecarbonemissionspeak.Thisshowsthattheredoesnotexistasingle,exactturningpointbetweeneconomicgrowthandcarbonemissions.Ifyouexaminethosecountriesorregionsthathavepassedthecarbonemissionspeak,roughly24-91years,onaverage55years,arerequiredbetweenthepeakofcarbonemissionsintensityandthatofpercapitacarbonemissions.SomedrivingforcestoreachdifferentpeakshavebeenshowninFigure1intermsofexperienceinthepastandscenarioanalysisinthefuture.Thepointis,withoutstrongmandatoryemissionsreductionmeasuresandexternalsupport,developingcountrieswillneedrelativelylongertimetoreachthepeakofcarbonemissionsgrowthandthenstabilizeanddecreaseStrategicmeasuresOnthebasisoftheabove-mentionedanalysis,theLCpathwithChinesecharacteristicsshallalsofocusongraduallysettingup“resource-ef?cient,environment-friendlyandLC-oriented”society.GuidedbyLCdevelopmentstrategyanditstargets,effortsshallbemadetodeveloprelevantinstitutionalarrangements,improvemanagementsystems,stipulatedevelopmentplans,accumulateexperiencefromdemonstrationsandpilots,andpushforwardLCeconomicdevelopmentinanorderlymanner,sothatasustainableandLCfuturecanbeshapedforChina.FourmajoraspectsarethekeystartingpointstostructureaLCsocialandeconomysystem:(1) Establishalegalandregulatoryframeworkaddressingclimatechangeandimprovingthemacro-managementsystem.Thelegislativefeasibilityandlegalmodelof“LawtoAddressClimateChange”shallbedebatedandarticulated.Also,inthelegislationprocessofotherlawsandregulations,articlesrelatedtoresponsetoclimatechangeshallbeincluded.Forinstance,atechnicalguidelineofstrategicenvironmentalassessmentshallincludearticlesrelatedtoclimatechangeimpactassessment.Alegalandregulatoryframeworkofrespondingtoclimatechangewillgraduallyemerge.OwingtothefactthatChina’sadministrativeauthorityinchargeofclimatechangeremainsweakandlackscapability,?rst,theLeadingGroupoftheState’sResponsetoClimateChangeandEnergySavingandPollutionReductionWorkshallplayitsfullroleswhenamore?exibleanddiversedepartmentalcoordinationmechanismisestablished;andthegroupshallputforwardstrategicmeasurerecommendationsinresponsetoclimatechange.Second,capacitybuildingshallbestrengthenedandmoreadministrativeresourcesshallbeallocated,sothatbetterpreparationismadeforthenextroundofgovernmentrestructuringtofurtherimprovetheadministrativelevelofthegovernmentdepartmentinchargeofclimatechange.(2) Establishlong-actingmechanismframeworkofLCdevelopmentandstipulaterelatedLCdevelopmentpoliciesinanorderlymanner.InstitutionalinnovationisthekeytoembarkingonaLCdevelopmentpath.Chinashallbecomemorepragmaticindevelopingalong-termincentivemechanismandpolicymeasuresthatareinfavourofenergysaving,environmentalprotectionandclimateprotection,guidedbythebalanceddevelopmentframeworkandachievetheLCtransitionatgovernmentandbusinesslevels.Atthismoment,manyregionsandcitieshaveexpressedtheirinterestandenthusiasmtowardLCdevelopment.AswellasthecomplexityofLCeconomyandthediversityofmodels,relatedguidelinesshallberolledouttoguidethemacropolicyandregulatethecontent,model,directionofdevelopmentandassessmentindicatorsystemofaLCeconomy.ExperiencesandlessonsfromothercountriescanbeexaminedandlearnedinordertomoveforwardLCdevelopmentinanorderlyandhealthymanner.Specialplanningandprogramsshallbedevelopedatnationallevel,andthensomerepresentativeregionsandcities,aswellassomekeysectors,canbeselectedforLCpilotingpurpose.Whenthemarketmatures,LCmarketsshallbesetupthroughregulatingthepricingmechanismandstipulating?scalandincentivepolicies.(3) StrengthencollaborationandestablishahealthyLCtechnologysystem.TechnologicalinnovationisthecoreelementinLCdevelopment.Governmentshalladoptintegratedmeasurestoofferarelaxedandfavourablepolicyenvironmentforbusinessdevelopmentandcreateandprovidebetterinstitutionalguaranteesfortechnologicalinnovation.Asaresult,theR&Danddiffusionofhigh-energyef?ciencyandLCemissionstechnologiescanbestrengthenedinbothproductionandconsumption.AdiverseLCtechnologysystemwillbegraduallybuiltforenergysavingandenergyef?ciency,cleancoalandcleanenergy,renewableenergyandnewenergy,aswellascarbonsinks.Thelevelofcommercializationwillbeimproved.Thus,astrongtechnologicalfoundationwillbeprovidedforLCtransitionandshiftinthewaysofeconomicgrowth.Chinashallalsofurtherstrengtheninternationalcollaboration,notonlythroughtheclimate-relatedinternationalcooperationmechanismtoimport,absorbandadoptadvancedtechnologiesfromothercountries,butmoreimportantly,throughparticipatinginthestipulationofrelatedinternationalsectoralenergyef?ciencystandardsandstandardofcarbonintensity,aswellasbenchmarking.ChinacouldconsidervoluntaryormandatorybenchmarkingmanagementtoelevatesomekeyLCtechnologies,equipmentandproductstointernationalleadershiplevel.(4) Establishcollaborationmechanismwithallstakeholders’participation.Low-carbondevelopmentisnotjustforgovernmentorbusiness;instead,itrequiresallrelatedstakeholders’aswellasthewholesociety’sparticipation.Owingtothefactthatthereexistsomeinadequaciesinthegeneralpublic’sawarenessofclimatechange,publicity,educationandtrainingarerequiredincombinationwithpolicyincentivestotransformthepublic’sperceptionandthinking,increasethepublic’sawarenessonresponsetoclimatechangeandgraduallyreachconsensusonfocusingonLCconsumptionbehavioursandmodels.Jointactionswithallthestakeholdersareneededtoresistthepotentialrisksfromclimatechange.References:EIA(2008),InternationalEnergyOutlook,EIA,USDOE,Washington,He,J.(2008),“Addressingclimatechangethroughdevelopinglowcarboneconomy”,KeynoteSpeechinSino-DanishForumonClimateChange,BeijingOctober23.IEA(2008),WorldEnergyOutlook2008,IEA,Paris.IPCC(2007a),ClimateChange2007:Impacts,AdaptationandVulnerability,availableat:www.ipcc.chIPCC(2007b),ClimateChange2007:MitigationofClimateChange,availableat:www.ipcc.chIPCC(2007c),ClimateChange2007:SynthesisReport,availableat:www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr.pdfIPCC(2007d),ClimateChange2007:ThePhysicalScienceBasic,CambridgeUniversityPress,Cambridge.Jiang,K.(2007),“AscenarioresearchonChina’sgreenhousegasemissions”,InternationalClimateChangeRegime:AStudyonKeyIssuesinChina,ChinaEnvironmentalSciencesPress,Beijing,pp.8-24.Stiglitz,J.E.(2009),“Threewaystoglobaleconomicrecovery”,availableat:/pl/2009-01-13/082317033320.shtmlWang,Y.(2008a),“AlowcarbonpathwithChinesecharacteristics”, Greenleaf,No.8,pp.46-52.Wang,Y.(2008b),SummaryofSino-DanishForumonClimateChange:NottoDelayClimateChangeProgressbyFinancialCrisis,availableat:/news/gjcj/200810/t1981142.htm中文翻譯:中國(guó)低碳發(fā)展的途徑摘要:目的:這篇論文的是探索中國(guó)現(xiàn)存的政策和針對(duì)低碳發(fā)展政策的其他可選方向。計(jì)劃、方法論、方式:本論文用到了文獻(xiàn)綜述和實(shí)驗(yàn)系統(tǒng)分析了社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)條件趨勢(shì)的,碳的釋放和中國(guó)創(chuàng)新能力發(fā)展。調(diào)查結(jié)果:分析結(jié)果顯示,中國(guó)綠色和低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)的過(guò)渡需要一個(gè)全面的解決方案和共同利益的方式,特別是對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家,僅僅以緩解和適應(yīng)去對(duì)待作為唯一目標(biāo)是不足的,相反,技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)變的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題是需要一個(gè)對(duì)低碳未來(lái)具體的規(guī)劃圖,,體制安排和分擔(dān)在全球氣候制度方面的費(fèi)用。有鑒于此,有人認(rèn)為中國(guó)應(yīng)采取低碳發(fā)展的方針,未來(lái)十年圍繞在降低碳強(qiáng)度上。創(chuàng)意、價(jià)值:因此,本文作者之一用英文提供了論據(jù)支持中國(guó)目前的低碳技術(shù)創(chuàng)新的政策獨(dú)特論點(diǎn)。關(guān)鍵詞:碳、可持續(xù)發(fā)展、環(huán)境管理、政府政策、中國(guó)論文類型:研究型論文氣候變化已成為二十一世紀(jì)的人類社會(huì)最重要的環(huán)境和發(fā)展的挑戰(zhàn)。應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化是實(shí)現(xiàn)全球可持續(xù)發(fā)展的核心任務(wù),既是為了當(dāng)下也要考慮未來(lái)。防止全球變暖和相關(guān)的行動(dòng)的談判,不只是關(guān)注人類的生存環(huán)境,而且還直接影響到發(fā)展中國(guó)家的現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程。盡管全球氣候保護(hù)的進(jìn)程取決于我們的科學(xué)意識(shí)的共識(shí),政治意愿,經(jīng)濟(jì)利益,社會(huì)的接受程度,以及采取的措施,低碳(LC)的發(fā)展道路,無(wú)疑是人類未來(lái)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵選擇。氣候變化及其延伸的政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)影響的科學(xué)依據(jù)全球氣候系統(tǒng)的變暖已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)明確的事實(shí)。根據(jù)大量的監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù),在過(guò)去一個(gè)世紀(jì)全球平均地表溫度上升0.740C(IPCC,2007年A,B,C,D)。上升的速度已經(jīng)加快。在此期間,全球平均海平面不斷上升。全球變暖已經(jīng)構(gòu)成了對(duì)中國(guó)的氣候,環(huán)境和發(fā)展的嚴(yán)峻挑戰(zhàn)。在全球氣候變化的背景下,中國(guó)的氣候和環(huán)境正在發(fā)展變化。例如,在上個(gè)世紀(jì),已經(jīng)目睹了地表平均溫度明顯的增加,但降水并未改變太多,其年代變化和區(qū)域差距已經(jīng)很大。在過(guò)去50年中,在極端天氣和氣候事件的頻率和強(qiáng)度上也出現(xiàn)了重大變化(中國(guó)國(guó)家評(píng)估報(bào)告氣候變化的編輯委員會(huì),2007)。政府間氣候變化專門委員會(huì)(2007年A,B,C,D)的綜合評(píng)估顯示,自1750年以來(lái),人類活動(dòng)是全球變暖的主要原因,而在過(guò)去50年中,全球氣候變暖的大部分是與人類活動(dòng)的后果,超過(guò)90%,在特定的溫室氣體(GHG)因·人類使用化石燃料排放的概率。據(jù)預(yù)測(cè),二十一世紀(jì)結(jié)束之前,全球變暖將繼續(xù),氣溫將上升多少取決于什么將采取行動(dòng)的人。根據(jù)IPCC第四次評(píng)估(“監(jiān)理會(huì)”,2007年A,B,C,D),人類的行動(dòng),以減輕氣候變化是可行的,既有經(jīng)濟(jì)上和技術(shù)上的第三個(gè)工作組的報(bào)告。行動(dòng)部署在各個(gè)領(lǐng)域的關(guān)鍵減緩技術(shù),采取的政策和行政干預(yù),轉(zhuǎn)移的發(fā)展途徑,都可以大大有助于減緩氣候變化。隨著中國(guó)成為世界上最大的二氧化碳排放國(guó),中國(guó)正面臨著越來(lái)越大的壓力,以減少其排放量。作為一個(gè)負(fù)責(zé)任的大國(guó),中國(guó)將采取行動(dòng)應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化。當(dāng)發(fā)展中國(guó)家的減排目標(biāo),中國(guó)將考慮這樣的發(fā)展水平,技術(shù)訣竅,社會(huì)影響力,國(guó)際形象和新的國(guó)際氣候制度的公平性和有效性的基礎(chǔ)因素。中國(guó)將成為一個(gè)雙贏的發(fā)展道路,實(shí)現(xiàn)氣候保護(hù),經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展質(zhì)量和其他相關(guān)政策目標(biāo)。要制低碳會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)--背景、機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn)如上所述,系統(tǒng)化的解決方案都需要應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化,因全球氣候系統(tǒng)的復(fù)雜性,以及其廣泛的社會(huì)覆蓋面和經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題。經(jīng)過(guò)近二十年的探索,人類社會(huì)已經(jīng)意識(shí)到,為了有效地減輕和適應(yīng)氣候變化,我們必須從根本上減少我們對(duì)化石燃料的依賴,這意味著我們必須要通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)變?nèi)蛸Y產(chǎn)的分配(包括行業(yè),技術(shù),資金和資源)以及它們的轉(zhuǎn)移的生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)的方式實(shí)現(xiàn)低碳的未來(lái)。GHGs作為一項(xiàng)全球公益事業(yè),既是高層次人類智慧和一個(gè)新的國(guó)際氣候制度,以應(yīng)對(duì)市場(chǎng)失靈的需要,這也要求所有利益相關(guān)者的參與他們將被授予新的低碳發(fā)展途徑。人類社會(huì)已經(jīng)付出經(jīng)濟(jì)的代價(jià),以解決氣候變暖。因此,三個(gè)靈活的“機(jī)制”,在“京都議定書(shū)”(聯(lián)合履行,排放貿(mào)易和清潔發(fā)展機(jī)制)示范為附件一國(guó)家的有意義的實(shí)驗(yàn),以降低其減排成本。我們需要的是更加深入的探索,比我們現(xiàn)在的探索更為普遍適用的機(jī)制,主要負(fù)責(zé)利益相關(guān)者之間的資源有效地分配。立法的發(fā)展道路,體現(xiàn)了一個(gè)綜合的解決方案戰(zhàn)略。它旨在通過(guò)低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展建立一個(gè)低碳社會(huì),試圖實(shí)現(xiàn)上面討論的所有關(guān)鍵要素的重組,并為人類社會(huì)通過(guò)合作應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化提供了新的機(jī)遇。作為協(xié)調(diào)經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展的一個(gè)基本的領(lǐng)域,保證低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的能源安全和應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化,逐漸成為越來(lái)越多的國(guó)家所需要的共識(shí)。雖然沒(méi)有一個(gè)固定的學(xué)術(shù)定義,一個(gè)低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的核心是建立具有高能源效率,低能耗,低排放的發(fā)展途徑。一個(gè)公平和有效的國(guó)際氣候制度下,能源勘探,發(fā)電,輸電,改造和使用效率將會(huì)大大提高,能耗大大降低,因此,在為經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)而使用的碳能源供應(yīng)強(qiáng)度大大降低,從而能碳排放量也大大降低。通過(guò)增加碳匯和使用碳捕獲和儲(chǔ)存(CCS)技術(shù),努力減少化石燃料的溫室氣體排放量。在此同時(shí),通過(guò)建立合理和公平的技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)變和資金支持機(jī)制,發(fā)展中國(guó)家可以以國(guó)際貿(mào)易結(jié)構(gòu)中的價(jià)值鏈的最低端的成本采取向低碳模式轉(zhuǎn)變。需要改變以促進(jìn)消費(fèi)的過(guò)渡,實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展和低碳未來(lái)的發(fā)展價(jià)值的角度。需要澄清的是,由于各國(guó)社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)背景的差異,對(duì)一個(gè)低碳未來(lái)的出發(fā)點(diǎn)或者追求的目標(biāo)可能有所不同。對(duì)于發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家,帶頭承諾減排目標(biāo),他們低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的首要目標(biāo)是減少溫室氣體排放。對(duì)于發(fā)展中國(guó)家,其經(jīng)濟(jì)仍然在快速增長(zhǎng)的階段,他們的首要任務(wù)是發(fā)展,所以他們的人均能源消費(fèi)量預(yù)計(jì)將繼續(xù)增長(zhǎng)。目標(biāo)應(yīng)是??多方面的。在目前階段,對(duì)于主流氣候變化的國(guó)內(nèi)政策它是很難的。怎樣才能減少能源強(qiáng)度和提高碳生產(chǎn)率,從而逐步脫鉤的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)和碳排放量。同樣重要的是,低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中存在許多不確定因素,特別是對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家。在此過(guò)程中需要克服巨大的困難和障礙。在國(guó)際層面上,低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的不確定因素包括:成本和市場(chǎng)——在這一刻,我們也難以真正能夠估計(jì)一個(gè)低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展所必需的全部費(fèi)用。只計(jì)算低碳技術(shù)的直接成本太過(guò)于簡(jiǎn)單了。它也需要時(shí)間來(lái)建立低碳技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng),尤其是現(xiàn)在,當(dāng)全球金融危機(jī)已經(jīng)觸及每個(gè)人努力時(shí),沒(méi)有人能預(yù)計(jì)世界經(jīng)濟(jì)能否扭轉(zhuǎn)和恢復(fù)良好,雖然許多專家和學(xué)者舉行長(zhǎng)期氣候變化的響應(yīng),可以帶來(lái)新的機(jī)遇,以經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇(stiglitz,2009;wang,2008b)。是什么使局勢(shì)更加復(fù)雜,現(xiàn)在是美國(guó),中國(guó),印度和其他主要國(guó)家將如何參與建立一個(gè)低碳市場(chǎng)。建立一個(gè)公平的國(guó)際氣候制度和中期長(zhǎng)期的目標(biāo),以應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化——低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,也取決于在國(guó)際氣候談判進(jìn)程及其結(jié)果,其中最關(guān)鍵的因素是,它是否會(huì)產(chǎn)生具有法律約束力的全球減排目標(biāo)和相應(yīng)的機(jī)制,技術(shù)和資金支持,即使沒(méi)有在哥本哈根上建立。迄今為止,盡管一些歐盟國(guó)家已經(jīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)了經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)和碳排放的脫鉤,低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)也不會(huì)產(chǎn)生普遍適用的,成功的經(jīng)驗(yàn),這些經(jīng)驗(yàn)對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家而言意味著什么仍需要揣摩和測(cè)試。對(duì)于發(fā)展中國(guó)家來(lái)說(shuō),開(kāi)發(fā)一個(gè)低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)的困難和障礙是顯而易見(jiàn)的,包括目前的發(fā)展階段,國(guó)際貿(mào)易結(jié)構(gòu),經(jīng)濟(jì)成本,市場(chǎng)不足,技術(shù)擴(kuò)散體系,制度安排,激勵(lì)政策和管理制度。從工業(yè)化國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)和碳排放之間的關(guān)系的歷史演變中,大多數(shù)國(guó)家先后經(jīng)歷碳排放強(qiáng)度,人均碳排放量,碳排放總量倒U形曲線。但不同國(guó)家或地區(qū)在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平或人均國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值(GDP)的相對(duì)碳排放峰值相差很大。這表明,不存在一個(gè)單一的,確切的轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)之間的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)和碳排放。如果檢查已經(jīng)通過(guò)這些國(guó)家或地區(qū)的碳排放量的高峰期,需要大約24-91年,平均55年之間的碳排放強(qiáng)度高峰和人均碳排放量。,達(dá)到不同的峰值的一些驅(qū)動(dòng)力已在顯示過(guò)去經(jīng)歷和未來(lái)情景的分析圖1中表示出來(lái)了。重點(diǎn)是,沒(méi)有強(qiáng)大的強(qiáng)制性減排措施和外部支持,發(fā)展中國(guó)家將需要相對(duì)較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間,以達(dá)到碳排放量的增長(zhǎng)高峰,然后穩(wěn)定和減少。戰(zhàn)略措施上述分析的基礎(chǔ)上,具有中國(guó)特色的低碳路徑也應(yīng)逐步建立“資源節(jié)約型,環(huán)境友好型和低碳為本的社會(huì)”的重點(diǎn)。在低碳發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略和目標(biāo)的指導(dǎo)下,應(yīng)努力制定相關(guān)的制度安排,完善管理制度,規(guī)定發(fā)展計(jì)劃,從示范和試點(diǎn)積累經(jīng)驗(yàn),并有條不紊地推進(jìn)低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,塑造一個(gè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展和低碳的中國(guó)的未來(lái)。構(gòu)建一個(gè)低碳社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的主要出發(fā)點(diǎn)有四個(gè)方面:(1)建立一個(gè)法律和監(jiān)管框架以應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化和改善宏觀管理體制?!坝梅山鉀Q氣候變化”的立法的可行性和法律模式應(yīng)進(jìn)行辯論和闡述。此外,在其他法律法規(guī)的立法進(jìn)程里,應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化相關(guān)的條款應(yīng)被列入。例如,戰(zhàn)略環(huán)境評(píng)價(jià)的技術(shù)指標(biāo)應(yīng)包括有關(guān)氣候變化影響評(píng)估的文章。一個(gè)應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化的法律和監(jiān)管框架將逐漸浮出水面。中國(guó)的氣候變化主管行政機(jī)關(guān)仍然薄弱,缺乏能力,首先

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