浙江專用2024高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)專題一第二部分題型應(yīng)對策略第三講理解主旨要義-主旨大意題教案

PAGE1-第三講理解主旨要義——主旨大意題主旨大意題是閱讀理解中難度較大的一類題目，是拉開分?jǐn)?shù)差距的一個重要考查點。因為該類試題不僅考查考生略讀文章、領(lǐng)悟大意的實力，也對考生的歸納、概括實力提出了較高的要求。文章中沒有明顯的解題依據(jù)，須要考生從文章中提煉、抽取一些關(guān)鍵詞、主干句進行加工概括，才能歸納出文章的主旨。此類題目可分為三大類：標(biāo)題歸納題、文章大意題和段落大意題。高考主旨大意題題量統(tǒng)計考綱解讀年份浙江卷(1)主旨大意題考查的是考生對文章內(nèi)容的深層次理解，它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下，對整篇文章的主旨大意有一個較為清晰的印象。(2)它既考查細微環(huán)節(jié)理解實力，又考查深層次的推理、概括實力，難度較大。(3)有時從文章的第一個段落，甚至第一個句子即可得出文章的主旨要義；有時，文章的主旨要義則需從文章的字里行間進行推斷。2024.62(標(biāo)題歸納題；段落大意題)2024.111(標(biāo)題歸納題)2024.61(標(biāo)題歸納題)2024.111(文章大意題)2024.61(文章大意題)【考查特點】Ⅰ.把握主旨大意題常見的命題方式：(1)Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext？/Whatisthetopicofthetext?(2)Themainidea/Thegeneralidea/Themainthemeofthispassageis________．(3)Thelastparagraphendsthepassagewithanemphasison________．(4)Whatismainlydiscussedinthetext?(5)What’sthemainpointthewriteristryingtomakeinthelastparagraph?(6)Whichofthefollowingstatementsisbestsupportedbythetext?(7)Thepassagemainlyfocuseson________．Ⅱ.駕馭主旨大意題的考查角度：(1)標(biāo)題類，要求考生選出文章的最佳標(biāo)題。(2)主題類(內(nèi)容)，考查文章或段落的主旨大意。eq\a\vs4\al([考向1])標(biāo)題歸納題——概括凝練選標(biāo)題該類題目要求考生在理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合文章的體裁和結(jié)構(gòu)，從所給選項中選出適合文章的標(biāo)題。留意最佳標(biāo)題的特點：精準(zhǔn)性強(不變更原文的意義和感情色調(diào))；覆蓋性強(能概括全文并體現(xiàn)文章的主旨)。常見的設(shè)問方式：◆Thebesttitleofthepassageis________．◆Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?◆Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?◆Themostappropriatetitleofthepassageis________．[典例](2024·全國卷Ⅲ·B)ForWesterndesigners,ChinaanditsrichculturehavelongbeenaninspirationforWesterncreative.“It’snosecretthatChinahasalwaysbeenasource(來源)ofinspirationfordesigners，”saysAmandaHill,chiefcreativeofficeratA＋ENetworks,aglobalmediacompanyandhometosomeofthebiggestfashion(時尚)shows.Earlierthisyear,theChinaThroughALookingGlassexhibitioninNewYorkexhibited140piecesofChina-inspiredfashionableclothingalongsideChineseworksofart,withtheaimofexploringtheinfluenceofChineseaesthetics(美學(xué))onWesternfashionandhowChinahasfueledthefashionableimaginationforcenturies.Theexhibitionhadrecordattendance,showingthatthereishugeinterestinChineseinfluences.“Chinaisimpossibletooverlook，”saysHill.“Chinesemodelsarethefacesofbeautyandfashioncampaignsthatselldreamstowomenallovertheworld,whichmeansChinesewomenarenotjustconsumersoffashion—theyarecentraltoitsmovement.”O(jiān)fcourse,notonlyaretoday’stopWesterndesignersbeinginfluencedbyChina—someofthebestdesignersofcontemporaryfashionarethemselvesChinese.“VeraWang,AlexanderWang,JasonWuaretakingonGalliano,Albaz,MarcJacobs—andbeatingthemhandsdownindesignandsales，”addsHill.ForHill,itisimpossiblenottotalkaboutChinaastheleadingplayerwhendiscussingfashion.“ThemostfamousdesignersareChinese,soarethemodels,andsoaretheconsumers，”shesays.“Chinaisnolongerjustanothermarket;inmanysensesithasbecomethemarket.Ifyoutalkaboutfashiontoday,youaretalkingaboutChina—itsinfluences,itsdirection,itsbreathtakingclothes,andhowyoungdesignersandmodelsarefinallyacknowledgingthatinmanyways.”7．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．YoungModelsSellingDreamstotheWorldB．AChineseArtExhibitionHeldinNewYorkC．DifferencesBetweenEasternandWesternAestheticsD．ChineseCultureFuelingInternationalFashionTrendseq\a\vs4\al([解題思路])第一步讀文章，概括文意文章以國外視角報道中國文化及中國美學(xué)對國際時尚的影響，呈現(xiàn)了中國對國際時尚和設(shè)計發(fā)展的引領(lǐng)作用。其次步析選項，斟酌推斷A向世界推銷幻想的年輕模特與文章內(nèi)容不符無中生有，曲解文意B在紐約舉辦的一次中國藝術(shù)展本文提到了在紐約舉辦的一次中國藝術(shù)展，但這不是文章主要表達的內(nèi)容以偏概全，主次不分C東西方美學(xué)的差異本文主要講解并描述的是中國引領(lǐng)國際時尚和設(shè)計發(fā)展，C項范圍過大主題過大，范圍太廣D中國美學(xué)影響國際時尚的發(fā)展趨勢此標(biāo)題全面、精練地概括了文章內(nèi)容涵蓋性強，覆蓋全文第三步對比選項，確定答案自主解答：Deq\a\vs4\al()理解標(biāo)題的三大特點，巧用三大方法確定文章標(biāo)題一個好的標(biāo)題應(yīng)具備三大特點：1．概括——精確而又簡短。2．針對性——標(biāo)題外延正好與文章內(nèi)容相符。3．醒目——能引發(fā)讀者的閱讀欲望。因此有必要駕馭以下三大方法：1．正面確定法：在理解文章主旨的基礎(chǔ)上，揣摩哪個選項能精確概括主旨。2．反面否定法：撇開原文，拿各個備選項去設(shè)想用它們寫出來的“文章”將是什么內(nèi)容，然后和原文比照，一一解除不符選項。3．研讀備選項本身：研讀備選項里面的中心詞、修飾詞的變更、結(jié)構(gòu)、概括性等。eq\a\vs4\al([考向2])文章大意題——明確中心定選項主旨大意是作者在文章中所要表達的主要內(nèi)容，是全文的核心思想，也是作者在文章中通過行文邏輯和各種細微環(huán)節(jié)來闡明的中心話題。常見的設(shè)問方式：◆What’sthemainidea/pointofthepassage?◆Thepassageismainlyabout________．◆Whatisthetextmainlyabout?◆Thegeneral/mainideaofthepassageisabout________．[典例](2024·全國卷Ⅲ·B)Citiesusuallyhaveagoodreasonforbeingwheretheyare,likeanearbyportorriver.Peoplesettleintheseplacesbecausetheyareeasytogettoandnaturallysuitedtocommunicationsandtrade.NewYorkCity,forexample,isnearalargeharbouratthemouthoftheHudsonRiver.Over300yearsitspopulationgrewgraduallyfrom800peopleto8million.Butnotallcitiesdevelopslowlyoveralongperiodoftime.Boomtownsgrowfromnothingalmostovernight.In1896,Dawson,Canada,wasunmappedwilderness(荒野)．Butgoldwasdiscoveredtherein1897,andtwoyearslater,itwasoneofthelargestcitiesintheWest,withapopulationof30，000.DawsondidnothaveanyofthenaturalconveniencesofcitieslikeLondonorParis.Peoplewentthereforgold.Theytravelledoversnow-coveredmountainsandsailedhundredsofmilesupicyrivers.ThepathtoDawsonwascoveredwiththirtyfeetofwetsnowthatcouldfallwithoutwarning.Anavalanche(雪崩)onceclosedthepath,killing63people.FormanywhomadeittoDawson,however,therewardswereworththedifficulttrip.Ofthefirst20，000peoplewhodugforgold,4，000gotrich.About100ofthesestayedrichmenfortherestoftheirlives.Butnomatterhowrichtheywere,Dawsonwasnevercomfortable.Necessitieslikefoodandwoodwereveryexpensive.Butsoon,thegoldthatDawsondependedonhadallbeenfound.Thecitywascrowdedwithdisappointedpeoplewithnointerestinsettlingdown,andwhentheyheardtherewerenewgolddiscoveriesinAlaska,theyleftDawsonCityasquicklyastheyhadcome.Today,peoplestillcomeandgo—toseewheretheCanadiangoldrushhappened.TourismisnowthechiefindustryofDawsonCity—itspresentpopulationis762.27．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Theriseandfallofacity.B．ThegoldrushinCanada.C．Journeysintothewilderness.D．TourisminDawson.eq\a\vs4\al([解題思路])第一步讀文章，概括文意本文主要介紹了加拿大道森的歷史、發(fā)展與現(xiàn)狀。其次步析選項，斟酌推斷A一個城市的興衰本文主要以道森為例，講解并描述了城市的興衰涵蓋性強，覆蓋全文B加拿大淘金熱本文只在其次段提到了淘金熱以偏概全，主次不分C荒野之旅本文沒提到荒野之旅無中生有，曲解文意D道森的旅游業(yè)范圍太小，不能涵蓋道森的過去以偏概全，主次不分第三步對比選項，確定答案自主解答：Aeq\a\vs4\al()在找尋和歸納一篇文章的主題句時，應(yīng)做到以下幾點：1．關(guān)注文章的首段和符合主題句特點的句子，留意下文是否對其有說明和支撐作用；2．快速通讀文章主體部分的每一段，結(jié)合每一段的主題句，推斷各個段落是否與文章開頭和結(jié)尾的主題句形成呼應(yīng)關(guān)系；3．留意文章的末尾，看此處出現(xiàn)的主題句和文章開頭的主題句是否呼應(yīng)。假如文章的首句語言精練，且在中間被從多角度來說明或論證，又與尾段的句子相呼應(yīng)，則這個句子是全文的主題句。此處，假如文章中出現(xiàn)了兩種及以上的不同觀點，則文章最終作者的觀點為文章的主要觀點。此時要留意表示轉(zhuǎn)折含義的詞語如but,yet,however,although,inspiteof,bycontrast,onthecontrary等，因為這些詞語之后的內(nèi)容往往是作者的觀點，也是文章的主旨大意。此外，利用逆向法也可以很快地解除錯誤選項，選出正確答案。eq\a\vs4\al([考向3])段落大意題——分析結(jié)構(gòu)細揣摩每一個文段都要圍繞一個特定的主題依據(jù)確定的邏輯依次綻開，所以，段落的結(jié)構(gòu)也有確定的規(guī)律性。一般有如下四種結(jié)構(gòu)：1．總分式。作者在段落開頭概括主題，然后再依據(jù)確定的邏輯依次綻開段落；有時候，作者也會在開頭先用一個引子導(dǎo)入主題，從而使主題句出現(xiàn)在其次句，但從整體上看，段落仍舊是總分式結(jié)構(gòu)。2．分總式。除了總分式外，還有很多段落在開頭通過舉例子或論述層層推動，直到最終才得出段落的主題句，這種結(jié)構(gòu)叫分總式。分總式也是很常見的一種段落結(jié)構(gòu)。3．分總分式。一個段落也可以采納分總分的模式，往往在開頭講解并描述一個詳細的事例，通過事例得出一個結(jié)論，也就是這個段落的主題句，然后接著例證或拓展這個觀點所包含的內(nèi)容。4．無主題句式。英語中也有少量的段落并沒有主題句，如同漢語中的散文一樣，講究用一個主題將表面互不相連的一些事例或者表述連接起來。段落雖然沒有主題句，但讀完整個段落，你仍能發(fā)覺，這些表面不相連的內(nèi)容卻都指向了同一個主題，這些不明顯的主題通過一些關(guān)鍵詞或者相像結(jié)構(gòu)表現(xiàn)出來。常見的設(shè)問方式：◆Whatdoestheauthortellusinparagraph...?◆Themainideaofthesecondparagraphprobablyis________．◆Thefirstparagraphismainlyabout________．◆Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizepara.1?[典例](2024·全國卷Ⅰ·D片段)Popularityisawell-exploredsubjectinsocialpsychology.MitchPrinstein,aprofessorofclinicalpsychologysortsthepopularintotwocategories:thelikableandthestatusseekers.Thelikables’plays-well-with-othersqualitiesstrengthenschoolyardfriendships,jump-startinterpersonalskillsand,whentappedearly,areemployedeverafterinlifeandwork.Thenthere’sthekindofpopularitythatappearsinadolescence:statusbornofpowerandevendishonorablebehavior.33．Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?A．Theclassificationofthepopular.B．Thecharacteristicsofadolescents.C．Theimportanceofinterpersonalskills.D．Thecausesofdishonorablebehavior.eq\a\vs4\al([解題思路])第一步讀文章，概括段意本段介紹了受歡迎的兩類人：討人喜愛的人和追求地位的人。其次步析選項，斟酌推斷A受歡迎人的分類A項是對本段內(nèi)容的精練總結(jié)和概括涵蓋性強，覆蓋全文B青少年的特征本文沒有涉及青少年的特征，純屬無中生有無中生有，曲解文意C交際技能的重要性涉及交際技能，但是以偏概全，不是本段的主題以偏概全，主次不分D不光彩行為的緣由涉及不光彩行為，但沒有介紹其緣由，不是本段的主題以偏概全，主次不分第三步對比選項，確定答案自主解答：Aeq\a\vs4\al()方法1：概括段落大意要精確概括某段的大意，務(wù)必要知道該段的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。如該段是按總分依次組織，首句做總的說明，其他句子對其進行詳細論述，這種結(jié)構(gòu)的主題句就在段首；假如按分總依次組織，主題句就在段尾；假如按分總分的依次組織，則主題句就在這段話的中間；假如對比各事物，那么它們的共同點或不同點就是該段大意。方法2：揣摩段落大意有時，作者可能不干脆寫出主題句，而是通過各種方法示意給讀者，這就須要充分發(fā)揮讀者的想象力與推斷力，揣摩段落大意。(2024·浙江卷6月·C)Californiahaslosthalfitsbigtreessincethe1930s,accordingtoastudytobepublishedTuesdayandclimatechangeseemstobeamajorfactor(因素)．Thenumberoftreeslargerthantwofeetacrosshasdeclinedby50percentonmorethan46,000squaremilesofCaliforniaforests,thenewstudyfinds.Noareawassparedorunaffected,fromthefoggynortherncoasttotheSierraNevadaMountainstotheSanGabrielsaboveLosAngeles.IntheSierrahighcountry,thenumberofbigtreeshasfallenbymorethan55percent;inpartsofsouthernCaliforniathedeclinewasnearly75percent.Manyfactorscontributedtothedecline,saidPatrickMcIntyre,anecologistwhowastheleadauthorofthestudy.Woodcutterstargetedbigtrees.Housingdevelopmentpushedintothewoods.AggressivewildfirecontrolhasleftCaliforniaforestscrowdedwithsmalltreesthatcompetewithbigtreesforresources(資源)．ButincomparingastudyofCaliforniaforestsdoneinthe1920sand1930swithanotheronebetween2001and2010,McIntyreandhiscolleaguesdocumentedawidespreaddeathofbigtreesthatwasevidenteveninwildlandsprotectedfromwoodcuttingordevelopment.Thelossofbigtreeswasgreatestinareaswheretreeshadsufferedthegreatestwatershortage.Theresearchersfiguredoutwaterstresswithacomputermodelthatcalculatedhowmuchwatertreesweregettingincomparisonwithhowmuchtheyneeded,takingintoaccountsuchthingsasrainfall,airtemperature,dampnessofsoil,andthetimingofsnowmelt(融雪)．Sincethe1930s,McIntyresaid,thebiggestfactorsdrivingupwaterstressinthestatehavebeenrisingtemperatures,whichcausetreestolosemorewatertotheair,andearliersnowmelt,whichreducesthewatersupplyavailabletotreesduringthedryseason.【解題導(dǎo)語】文章主要講解并描述了美國加利福尼亞州的森林中大樹急劇削減的現(xiàn)象，并分析了其緣由。27．Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?A．Theseriousnessofbig-treelossinCalifornia.B．TheincreasingvarietyofCaliforniabigtrees.C．ThedistributionofbigtreesinCaliforniaforests.D．TheinfluenceoffarmingonbigtreesinCalifornia.A解析：段落大意題。依據(jù)文章其次段中“Thenumberoftrees...declinedby50percent...morethan55percent...75percent”提到的數(shù)字可知，該段主要描述了加州森林中大樹急劇削減的嚴(yán)峻性，故選A項。28．Whichofthefollowingiswell-intentionedbutmaybebadforbigtrees?A．Ecologicalstudiesofforests.B．Banningwoodcutting.C．Limitinghousingdevelopment.D．Firecontrolmeasures.D解析：推理推斷題。依據(jù)第三段中的“Aggressivewildfirecontrol..petewithbigtreesforresources(資源)”可知，大張旗鼓的森林防火措施雖然確定程度上愛護了森林，但同時也導(dǎo)致小樹泛濫，與大樹爭搶資源，從而導(dǎo)致大樹數(shù)量削減，故選D項。29．WhatisamajorcauseofthewatershortageaccordingtoMcIntyre?A．Inadequatesnowmelt. B．Alongerdryseason.C．Awarmerclimate. D．Dampnessoftheair.C解析：細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)最終一段中的“Sincethe1930s，McIntyresaid...havebeenrisingtemperatures...reducesthewatersupply”可知，McIntyre認為水資源短缺的主要緣由是漸漸上升的氣溫，故選C項。30．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．California’sForests:WhereHaveAlltheBigTreesGone?B．CuttingofBigTreestoBeProhibitedinCaliforniaSoonC．WhyAretheBigTreesImportanttoCaliforniaForests?D．PatrickMcIntyre:GrowMoreBigTreesinCaliforniaA解析：標(biāo)題推斷題。依據(jù)全文可知，文章主要講解并描述了美國加州森林中大樹數(shù)量急劇下降的現(xiàn)象，并分析了其緣由。因此A項能很好地概括全文。eq\a\vs4\al()找主題句的五個小竅門1．段落中出現(xiàn)表轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(如however,but,infact,actually,while,onthecontrary,incontrast等)時，其后的句子很可能是主題句。2．首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時，對該問題的回答很可能就是主題句。3．作者有意識地反復(fù)強調(diào)的觀點，通常是主旨；反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。4．首段出現(xiàn)詳細例子或假設(shè)時，例子或假設(shè)后面的內(nèi)容可能是主題句。5．表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的詞語常有therefore,inshort等。A(2024·寧波十校聯(lián)考)Asparents,wewalkafinelinebetweencaringforourchildrenandteachingthemhowtocareforthemselves.Whenthey’relittle,theyneedourhelpwitheverything.Overtime,kidsusuallytaketheleadonthingslikefeedinganddressingthemselves,butitcanbedifficulttoknowwhenit’stimeforthemtostartdoingsomebasicthings,suchaspackingtheirownlunchesforschoolorsolvingproblemswithteacherswithoutaparent’shelp.BloggerAmyCarneyrecentlysharedapostaboutthethingsparentsshouldstopdoingfortheirteens.Init,Carneysharedthebasicskillsthatsheexpectsherkidstomasterbythetimetheyhit13,suchaswakingthemselvesupinthemorning,makingtheirownbreakfastandlunch,andfinishingtheirownhomework.BarbHarvey,achildhoodbehaviorexpert,gavemeheranswer：Theageatwhichchildrenlearntomastercertainskillswillbedifferentdependinguponthematurity(成熟)andinterestlevelofthechild.Iaskedthesamequestionamongmyfriends.Theygaveallkindsofanswers,whichcanexplainHarvey’sopinion.Therefore,there’sonlyoneexpertwhocandeterminewhenyourkidshavetheabilitytodealwithcertainskills,andthat’syou.Ifyourkidsaren’treadytopacktheirownlunches—don’tsweatit.Helpthemlearntheskillsthey’rereadytodealwithandkeepworkingtowardstheendgoalofraisingresponsibleandableadults.Becauseifthere’sonethingthatwecanallagreeonasparents,it’sthattimemovesquicklywhenyou’reraisingkids.Onedayyouwillwishtheycouldjustdothingswithoutyouandthenextday,youwillfeelupsetthattheydo.【解題導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文，主要介紹了父母和孩子成長的關(guān)系。1．WhatisAmyCarney’sexpectationwhenherchildrenare13?A．Tobeaskillfulcook.B．TofollowHarvey’sopinion.C．Tobeanexpert.D．Tohavebasicskills.D解析：細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)其次段其次句“Init,Carneysharedthebasicskillsthatsheexpectsherkidstomasterbythetimetheyhit13,suchaswakingthemselvesupinthemorning,makingtheirownbreakfastandlunch,andfinishingtheirownhomework.”可知，AmyCarney期望自己的孩子們在13歲時可以駕馭一些基本技能。故選D。2．Whocandecidewhenthechildrenwilllearntocareforthemselves?A．AmyCarney. B．BarbHarvey.C．Thechildren. D．Theparents.D解析：細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)最終一段第一句“Therefore,there’sonlyoneexpertwhocandeterminewhenyourkidshavetheabilitytodealwithcertainskills,andthat’syou.”可知，孩子們什么時候可以照看自己取決于父母。故選D。3．Whywillparentsfeelupsetwhentheirchildrengrowup?A．Theirkidscandonothing.B．Theyfeellessimportant.C．Theirchildrenbecomeableadults.D．Theirkidsdisagreeonanything.B解析：推理推斷題。依據(jù)最終一段最終一句“Onedayyouwillwishtheycouldjustdothingswithoutyouandthenextday,youwillfeelupsetthattheydo.”和對第一段的整體理解可推知，當(dāng)孩子們長大了，真的可以自己做自己的事情時，父母會覺得失落是因為父母覺得孩子們不再須要自己了，自己對他們來講沒有那么重要了。故選B。4．Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?A．Walkingafineline.B．BloggerAmyCarney.C．Parentsandtheirchildren’sgrowth.D．Achildhoodbehaviorexpert.C解析：主旨大意題。依據(jù)第一段第一句“Asparents,wewalkafinelinebetweencaringforourchildrenandteachingthemhowtocareforthemselves.”點題，并結(jié)合對全文的整體理解可知，本文主要講解并描述的是父母和孩子成長的關(guān)系。故選C。[長難句分析]Init,Carneysharedthebasicskillsthatsheexpectsherkidstomasterbythetimetheyhit13,suchaswakingthemselvesupinthemorning,makingtheirownbreakfastandlunch,andfinishingtheirownhomework.(其次段其次句)分析：本句是一個復(fù)合句。句中thatsheexpectsherkidstomaster是that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾先行詞thebasicskills。譯文：在這篇文章里，Carney共享了一些她期望她的孩子們到他們13歲時應(yīng)當(dāng)駕馭的一些基本技能，譬如早上自己醒來，自己做早餐和午餐，自己完成家庭作業(yè)。B(2024·紹興診斷性考試)Irecentlyspentadayclearingoutmylatemother’swardrobe.Ithasbeentwoyearssinceshediedsoitwastimetomoveon.Therewerefourwardrobesandtwochestsofdrawers—10blackbagsfullofclothesforcharity,andsevenlargeboxesofotherpiecesthatIwillwearmyself,givetofamilyandfriendsandselltoraisemoneyforKidneyResearch.WhatstruckmeasIsortedthroughtherailswasfirst,whatconsistenttastemymotherhad—lotsofblack,lotsoflayers—andsecond,howsheneverthrewanythingaway.Shedidn’tbuyclothesexcessively,ratheraccumulatedthemoveralifetime.Andeverypieceshebought,whetheritwasfromStMichael(aluxurybrand),H&MorHelmutLang(fast-fashionbrands),shetreatedasequals.Avintagekimono,acoatshemadeinthe80sfromaKenzoVoguedressmakingpattern,thesmartblackjacketorderedfromAsos(anonlineshop),orthe40-year-oldoversizedT-shirtfromMissSelfridgewasallperfectlykept,carefullyhunguporfolded,buttonsallinonepiece,notastitchoutofplace.Shedidnotdifferentiatebetweenhigh-streetbargainsandSundaybest.Shecherishedallherclothes,whateverthepricetag.So,whenDr.MarkSumner,alecturerinfashionandsustainabilityattheUniversityofLeeds,toldMPsattheenvironmentalauditcommittee’sinvestigationintothesustainabilityofthefact-fashionindustrythathigh-streetclothescanbemoredurablethanfast-fashionones,itrangtruetome.“There’snocorrelationtosaythatpricewillgiveyouanindicationtosaywhichproductwillwearout，”hesaid.Somefastfashionischeapandnastyandwillfallapartafterafewwashes.Thesamecanbetrueofdesignerclothing.Itisamisconceptionthatexpensiveinanywayequatestosustainable,or,asDr.Sumnersays,durable(thoughit’sworthrememberingthatcheapclothesoftenmeanlaborexploitation).Asmymother’swardrobetestifies,ifyouhaveagoodeyeforclothesthatarestylishratherthanfashionable,choosecarefully:lookforthebest-qualityfabricsyoucanafford,andtreattheclothesyoubuywiththeutmostrespect,careandlove.Yourclothes—whateverthepricetag—willrepayyouwithyearsofservice.【解題導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇夾敘夾議文。作者在整理已故母親的衣服時，發(fā)覺母親的衣服保存得特別好，很耐穿，但這些衣服并不是時尚的衣服，后來作者想要通過Dr.MarkSumner的話和自己的感悟告知大家：昂貴的衣服不等于耐穿的衣服。5．Whatdoweknowaboutthewriter’slatemother?A．Shewasonlyfondofdesignerclothes.B．Shelikedcollectingfashionableclothes.C．Shehadpreferenceforblack.D．Sheoftenboughtclothesonline.C解析：細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)其次段第一句中的“whatconsistenttastemymotherhad—lotsofblack”可知，作者的母親喜愛黑色。故選C。6．Howwillthewritertreatherlatemother’sclothes?A．Shewilldonatethemalltoacharity.B．Shewillkeepsomeforherownuse.C．Shewillsellthemtofundresearch.D．Shewillgivethemalltoherfriends.B解析：細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)第一段中的“andsevenlargeboxesofotherpiecesthatIwillwearmyself,givetofamilyandfriendsandselltoraisemoneyforKidneyResearch”可知，作者會留一些自己穿。故選B。7．Whatdoestheauthorintendtoproveinthelasttwoparagraphs?A．Expensiveclothesdon’tmeanlong-lastingclothes.B．Expensiveclothesaren’teasilyworn-outclothes.C．Expensiveclothesdon’tinvolvelaborexploitation.D．Expensiveclothesmeanagoodeyeforfashion.A解析：推理推斷題。依據(jù)最終兩段內(nèi)容尤其是最終一段第三句“Itisamisconceptionthatexpensiveinanywayequatestosustainable,or,asDr.Sumnersays,durable(thoughit’sworthrememberingthatcheapclothesoftenmeanlaborexploitation)．”可推知，作者想要證明的是昂貴的衣服不確定耐穿。故選A。8．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．CanCheapClothesBeStylish?B．CanPriceTagIndicateFashion?C．CanFastFashionBeSustainable?D．CanDesignerClothingSellMore?C解析：標(biāo)題歸納題。通讀全文可知，作者在整理已故母親的衣服時，發(fā)覺母親的衣服保存得特別好，很耐穿，但這些衣服并不是時尚的衣服，然后作者通過Dr.MarkSumner的話和自己的感悟想要告知大家：昂貴的衣服不等于耐穿的衣服。故選C。[長難句分析]“There’snocorrelationtosaythatpricewillgiveyouanindicationtosaywhichproductwillwearout，”hesaid.(第三段最終一句)分析：本句是一個主從復(fù)合句。主句是therebe句型，動詞不定式作后置定語；that引導(dǎo)賓語從句；which引導(dǎo)賓語從句。譯文：他說：“這并不是說價格會告知你哪種產(chǎn)品會簡單磨損?！敝髦即笠忸}——標(biāo)題歸納題(建議用時：25分鐘)A(2024·浙江五校聯(lián)考)RecentlywheneverIturnedonmycomputerormymobilephone,newsaboutthegreateffectofHurricaneHarveyonthousandsofpeoplecaughtmyeye.Isawmanyunfortunateevents.However,therewasalsothebrightnewsthatconfirmedthegoodnessofmankind.Asajournalist,Iwrotemanyhuman-intereststoriesduringmycareer.That’swhythestoryabouttheguysinthebakerycaughtmyeye.WhenthestaffataMexicanbakerychaininHoustonweretrappedinsidethebuildingfortwodays,theydidn’tsittherefeelingsorryforthemselves.TheyusedtheirtimewiselyafterfloodingcausedbyHurricaneHarvey.WhiletheywerewaitingfortheeventualrescuethatcameonMondaymorning,fourdecidedtomakeasmanyloavesofbreadaspossiblefortheircommunity.Thefloodwaterroseinthestreetoutside.Theytookadvantageoftheiremergencypowersupplytobakebread.Theyusedmorethan4，200poundsofflourtocreatehundredsofloavesandsheetsofsweetbread.Althoughthewaterkeptrising,theycontinuedbakingtohelpmorepeople.Bythetimetheownermanagedtogettothem,theyhadmadesomuchbreadthattheytooktheloavestoloadsofemergencycentersacrossthecityforpeopleaffectedbythefloods.Thestoremanager,BrianAlvarado,toldTheIndependent,“Wheneveradisasteroccurs,nobodyshouldjustfeelforlorn.Instead,weshouldtakepositiveactiontosaveourselvesandhelpothers.Ouractsofkindnesswillmakeabigdifference.”【解題導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇記敘文。一家連鎖面包店的員工們在面對哈維颶風(fēng)帶來的洪水、斷電時，在等待救援的同時實行主動的行動，利用應(yīng)急電源烤面包去幫助社區(qū)受洪水影響的居民。1．WhatdidthebakerystoreworkersdoafterfloodingcausedbyHurricaneHarvey?A．Theyvolunteeredtomakebreadfortheircommunity.B．Theymanagedtolivebysellingmorebreadinthestore.C．Theyfeltsorrythattheycouldn’tescapefromthestore.D．Theyatenothingbuttowaitfortheircommunitytorescuethem.A解析：細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)其次段最終一句“WhiletheywerewaitingfortheeventualrescuethatcameonMondaymorning,fourdecidedtomakeasmanyloavesofbreadaspossiblefortheircommunity.”可知，當(dāng)這家面包房的員工們在等待周一上午的最終救援時，四人確定為他們的社區(qū)烤盡可能多的面包。故選A項。2．Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“forlorn”underlinedinthelastparagraph?A．Fortunate. B．Hopeful.C．Shallow. D．Desperate.D解析：詞義揣測題。依據(jù)最終一段中的“Instead,weshouldtakepositiveactiontosaveourselvesandhelpothers.”可知，相反，我們應(yīng)當(dāng)實行主動的行動來挽救自己和幫助他人。由Instead可知，forlorn的意思與positive相反，故forlorn與desperate(無望的)意思相近。故選D項。3．Whatcanweinferfromthetext?A．Alvaradoorganizedhisworkerstobakemuchbread.B．HurricaneHarveycausedapowerfailureinHouston.C．Thestaffinthebakerysentenoughflourtoemergencycenters.D．Theauthorpreferredtowritestoriesaboutpeoplefacingdisasters.B解析：細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)倒數(shù)其次段中的“Theytookadvantageoftheiremergencypowersupplytobakebread.”可知，他們利用應(yīng)急電源烤面包。由此可推知，哈維颶風(fēng)造成休斯敦停電。故選B項。4．Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．APopularMexicanBakeryChaininHoustonB．WaitfortheEventualRescueinaBigDisasterC．AllKindsofDisastersCausedbyHurricaneHarveyinHoustonD．BakeBreadtoMakeaDifferenceintheFaceofHurricaneHarveyD解析：標(biāo)題歸納題。依據(jù)其次三段的內(nèi)容和最終一段中的“Ouractsofkindnesswillmakeabigdifference.”可知，D項(在面對哈維颶風(fēng)時，烤面包起了很大作用)作為標(biāo)題最能概括全文內(nèi)容。故選D項。BEveryyearbetweenMayandSeptember,all54employeesofBasecamp,aChicago-basedwebapplicationcompany,haveashortworkweek:justfourdays—atotalof32hours.Also,theyusuallyworkfivedaysaweekfortherestoftheyear.“That’splentyoftimetogetgreatworkdone.Thisisallweexpectandallwewantfrompeople，”saysJasonFried,aco-founder.“Working50-，60-，or70-plushoursisunnecessary.Infact,ifyouhavetowork50-，60-，or70-plushoursaweek,there’samanagementproblem.”Thecompany’ssummerworkloadmustfitreducedhours,Mr.Friedinsists,otherwisethebenefitsofashorterweek—torecoverfromwork,enjoytimewithfamilyandpursue(追求)outsideinterests—wouldbeundone.Hisnewresearchfindsthatitisnotjustlonghoursthatareharmfultoemployees’physicalandmentalhealth.Itisalsotheintensity(強度)ofwork.Moreover,itsuggeststhatintenseworkharmscareerprospects.Thatisbecauseunbearablehoursandintensityareintheoppositedirection,reducingthequalityofthework.Theresearchconcludesthatthelevelofintensityweapplytotheworkwedoisgenerally“astrongerpredictorofunfavorableoutcomesthanovertimework”．Theresearchcomparedpeopleofsimilarjobsandeducationlevels,andfoundtheyweremorelikelytosufferpoorerhappinessandworsecareerprospects,includingsatisfaction,securityandpromotion,whentheyworkedatanintenselevelforlongperiods.【解題導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。本文以一家總部位于芝加哥的網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用公司Basecamp的54名員工將近半年時間每周只工作4天，共32小時的狀況為例說明白較短的工作周有益于人們的身心健康，并以一項探討來證明。5．WhatdoweknowaboutBasecamp’sfour-dayworkweek?A．Itlastsnearlyhalfayear.B．Theworkpressureistoohigh.C．Therearesomemanagementproblems.D．Employeesworkmorethan8hoursaday.A解析：細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)第一段可知，一家總部位于芝加哥的網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用公司Basecamp的54名員工在每年5月到9月期間每周的工作時間都很短：只有四天，共32小時，持續(xù)5個月，也許半年時間。故選A項。6．WhatdoesMr.Friedintendtosayinparagraph2?A．Givenplentyoftime,peoplecandomore.B．Togetworkdonewellneedsplentyoftime.C．Peoplecandoajobverywellinashortworkweek.D．Alongworkweekisappropriateforreducedworkload.C解析：推理推斷題。依據(jù)其次段中的“Working50-，60-，or70-plushoursisunnecessary.Infact,ifyouhavetowork50-，60-，or70-plushoursaweek,there’samanagementproblem.”可知，弗里德先生認為一周工作五六十個小時，甚至七十幾個小時是沒有必要的。假如真這么做了，反而會出現(xiàn)管理上的問題，由此推知，弗里德先生認為人們可以在短時間內(nèi)把工作做好，故選C項。7．Whatdoestheresearchmentionedinthetextwanttotellus?A．Gettingmuchmorerest.B．Improvingworkquality.C．Refusingafive-dayworkweek.D．Avoidingworkingtoointensely.D解析：推理推斷題。依據(jù)題干中的theresearch可定位到第四至六段。通讀這幾段，尤其是第四段可知，這個新探討發(fā)覺長時間工作不只對員工的身心健康有害，工作的強度也會影響員工的職業(yè)前景。這是因犯難以忍受的工作時長和工作強度會降低工作質(zhì)量。第五六段進一步說明白長時間高強度工作的壞處。由此可以推知，該探討是建議人們要避開高強度工作，故選D項。8．Whatcanbethebesttitleforthispassage?A．MoreWork,MoreProfitsB．LessWork,LessBenefitsC．ShorterWeek,BetterRewardD．LongerHours,HigherIntensityC解析：標(biāo)題歸納題。本文以一家總部位于芝加哥的網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用公司Basecamp為例，說明白較短的工作周的好處。除此之外，還介紹了一項有關(guān)工作時長和工作強度對人的影響的探討，由此更進一步印證了較短工作周對人身心方面的好處。因此C項最能概括全文內(nèi)容。CIt’scommonknowledgethatsomecountrieshavehigherlifeexpectanciesthanothers,butthecityyouliveincanalsoaffectyourhealth.Somecitiesarehardontheirresidents.Inplaceswithpoorcityplanning,forexampleLagos,whichwascalledoutrecentlybytheEconomistIntelligenceUnit,publicspacesarefew,makingoutdooractivitieshard.Lackofinfrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)blocksthestreetswithcarsandtheairwithpollutants,andresidentsworklonghoursforlittlemoney.ThesearejustsomeofthefactorsaddedupbySpotahome,arentalagency.They’veanalyzeddatafromarangeofsources,includingtheWorldHealthOrganization,TripAdvisorandtheCIAWorldFactbooktoscoreeachcityonhealth,gymavailabilityandquality,lifeexpectancies,obesity,greenspaceandotherelementstomakealisttoworkoutwhicharetheworld’shealthiestcities.ThelistiscertainlyEurocentricandsunshineisseenasapositivefactor.Itdoesgosomewaytowardsuggestingwhichcitiesaregettingitrightinprovidingagoodlifefortheirresidents.ItmaynotbesurprisingtolearnthatmostofthehealthiestcitiesareinnorthernEurope,knownforitspeople-firstapproacht