高考英語閱讀理解意義猜測(cè)題的解題技巧.ppt

1、第二篇閱讀 第二節(jié)意義猜測(cè)題的解題技巧,根據(jù)語境猜測(cè)生詞或短語的意思，或者推斷熟詞生義，是考生必須掌握的一項(xiàng)重要閱讀技能，因此，意義猜測(cè)題是高考閱讀理解的必考題型。這類題包括猜測(cè)單詞、短語、句子的意思和判斷指代內(nèi)容。題干中通常含有mean，refer to 或者 be replaced by 等。,1The word “ABC”in the passage probably means _ 2The underlined word “ABC” in the passage refers to/means _ 3Which of the following is closest/nearest

2、in meaning to the underlined word in the second paragraph? 4The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means _ 5The word “it/them” in the first paragraph refers to _,一、常見的設(shè)問形式,1根據(jù)近義詞關(guān)系推測(cè)。 作者可能會(huì)用一個(gè)近義詞或者同義詞去解釋另一個(gè)更難的詞，以便使它的文字意思更清楚。我們可以通過尋找近義詞來推測(cè)生詞的意思：一要看由and或or連接的同義詞詞組；二要看在進(jìn)一步解釋的過程中使用的同義詞。近義詞往往出現(xiàn)在同一

3、句或者同一段落中。如： At the beginning they did not have enough capital to start a business，nor were they able to borrow the amount of money they needed from the bank.,二、解題技巧,根據(jù) nor結(jié)構(gòu)后的money，bank 可以推測(cè)capital 在這里不是指“首都”而是指“資金”。 2根據(jù)反義詞關(guān)系推測(cè)。 作者常常通過使用反義詞來使文章更具表現(xiàn)力，我們可以利用反義詞作為線索去推測(cè)句中出現(xiàn)的生詞的意思：一看表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連詞或副詞，如but，whil

4、e，however等；二看與not搭配的或表示否定意義的詞語。如：,(1)He is so homely，not at all as handsome as his brother. 根據(jù)not at all.handsome我們不難推測(cè)出homely即“不英俊的、不漂亮的”意思。 (2)Metal expands when heated and contracts when cooled. 從句子結(jié)構(gòu)看，expand與contract相對(duì)應(yīng)，when heated與when cooled相對(duì)應(yīng)。因?yàn)椤凹訜帷迸c“使冷卻”是相反的動(dòng)作，那么contract就應(yīng)是“收縮”的意思。,3根據(jù)同位或解釋

5、關(guān)系推測(cè)。 當(dāng)作者不能肯定讀者能夠理解他的意思時(shí)，他會(huì)用另外一種方式陳述自己的觀點(diǎn)。我們可以通過生詞后的定語(定語從句或分詞短語等)、表語、同位語、逗號(hào)、括號(hào)、破折號(hào)等的解釋說明來推測(cè)生詞的意思。常見的用來表示同位或解釋關(guān)系的詞或短語有：is，means，or.；that is，that is to say；in other words，to put it another way；be called，.is/are known as (被稱為)，.can be defined as等。如：,(1)But sometimes，no rain falls for a long，long time.

6、Then there is a dry period，or drought 由or可知a dry period和drought是同義語。故drought的意思為“久旱，旱災(zāi)”。 (2)It will be very hard but also very brittlethat is，it will break easily. 從后面的“that is，it will break easily”可知brittle 是“脆的”的意思。,4根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系推測(cè)。 由上下句之間的表示轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系的連詞或副詞，如but，however等來推斷。如： She is usually prompt for

7、 all her class，but today she arrived in the middle of her first class. 由but后面“第一節(jié)課上了一半才來”反向推理，可得出她平時(shí)一向“準(zhǔn)時(shí)”的結(jié)論。,5根據(jù)因果關(guān)系推測(cè)。 通過因果關(guān)系猜詞，首先是找出生詞與上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系，然后才能猜詞，既可由因推果，也可由果推因。有時(shí)文章借助關(guān)聯(lián)詞，如because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，of course，therefore等表示因果關(guān)系。如： (1)You shouldnt have blamed him for that，for it

8、 wasnt his fault. 通過for引出的句子所表示的原因(那不是他的錯(cuò))，可猜出blame的詞義是“責(zé)備”。,(2)The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken.Sometimes the weakness was permanentSo the player could never play the sport again. 從so后面的結(jié)果“永遠(yuǎn)不能再運(yùn)動(dòng)”中，可以推測(cè) permanent的意思為“永遠(yuǎn)的，永久的”。 6根據(jù)列舉的實(shí)例推測(cè)。 根據(jù)such as，for example等后列舉的實(shí)例可推測(cè)出前面某個(gè)詞語的意思。

9、如：,Cars must have certain safety devices such as seat belt，headlights，and good brakes. 根據(jù)such as后面列舉的內(nèi)容可知devices應(yīng)該為“裝置”的意思。 7根據(jù)并列同類關(guān)系推測(cè)。 一般來說，并列的幾個(gè)事物應(yīng)屬同類事物，由此可推測(cè)其中一個(gè)的大概意思。如：,Bananas，oranges，pineapples，coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas. 從句子中不難看出pineapples，coconuts和bananas，orang

10、es是同類關(guān)系，同屬fruit類，因此它們是兩樣水果，準(zhǔn)確地說，是“菠蘿”和“椰子”。 8根據(jù)描述推測(cè)。 描述即作者為幫助讀者更深入感性地了解某人或某物而對(duì)該人或該物作出的外在相貌或內(nèi)在特征的描寫。如：,The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole.It is fat and walks in a funny way.Although it cannot fly，it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish. 從描述中可以得知penguin是一種生活在南極的鳥類，后面更詳盡的

11、描述則讓我們推測(cè)出它其實(shí)是“企鵝”。,例1 Can dogs and cats live in perfect harmony in the same home? People who are thinking about adopting a dog as a friend for their cats are worried that they will fight.A recent research has found a new recipe of success. According to the study，if the cat is adopted before the dog，

12、and if they are introduced when still young (less than 6 months for cats，a year for dogs)，it is highly probable that the two pets will get along swimminglyTwothirds of the homes interviewed reported a positive relationship between their cat and dog.,三、典例精析,The underlined word “swimmingly” in Paragra

13、ph 2 is closest in meaning to_ Aearly Bsweetly Cquickly Dsmoothly,意義猜測(cè)題。第一句提出問題“貓狗能否同屋和諧相處？”，第二句講人們“擔(dān)心貓狗打架”，第三句說最新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)成功解決貓狗打架的“新秘方(a new recipe of success)”，接下來就應(yīng)是“秘方”了，swimmingly所在句便是講發(fā)現(xiàn)的“秘方”。本句前面是條件，有了這些條件(即“秘方”)，兩者就會(huì)“相處好”了；再由本句后面一句中的“a positive relationship between their cat and dog”可以進(jìn)一步確定貓狗“相

14、處得好”，故選D。,D,例2 “Have a nice day.Next！” This version of the expression is spoken by a salesgirl at the supermarket who is rushing me and my groceries out the door.The words come out in the same tone (腔調(diào))with a fixed procedure.They_are_spoken_at_me，not_to_me. Obviously，the concern for my day and every

15、one elses is the managements attempt to increase business. What does the underlined sentence in the Paragraph mean?,AThe salesgirl is rude. BThe salesgirl is bored. CThe salesgirl cares about me. DThe salesgirl says the words as a routine.,意義猜測(cè)題。由該段最后一句“Obviously，the concern for my day and everyone

16、elses is the managements attempt to increase business.”可知。此題也可以通過分析其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)得出答案，A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)文中均未提及，屬于無中生有。,D,例3 Well，at last we have copperbottomed research that supports demand feeding and points out the weaknesses of strictly timed feeding.The research finds out that babies who are fed on demand do bet

17、ter at school at age 5，7，11 and 14，than babies fed according to the clock.By the age of 8，their IQ(智商)scores are four to five percent higher than babies fed by a rigid timetable.This research comes from Oxford and Essex University using a sample (樣本)of 10，419 children born in the early 1990s，taking

18、account of,parental education，family income，a childs sex and age，the mothers health and feeding style.These results dont surprise me.Feeding according to schedule runs the risk of harming the rapidly growing brain by taking no account of sinking blood sugar levels. I hope this research will put an e

19、nd to advocating strictly timed baby feeding practices. The word “copperbottomed” in the passage is closest in meaning to _,Abasic Breliable Csurprising Dinteresting,意義猜測(cè)題。由試驗(yàn)結(jié)果的具體描述可知選B。解答本題，也可代入四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的意思，A為“基本的”，B為“可靠的”，C為“令人驚訝的”，D為“有趣的”，只有B最適合。,B,例4 Using a web camera equipped in Jennifers Los Ange

20、les apartment，the monitor in Phoenix tracked how frequently her eyes moved from the computer screen and listened for the secret sounds of a possible helper in the room.Her Internet access was locked remotely to prevent Internet searches，and her typing style was analyzed to make sure she was who she

21、said she was.Did she enter her student number at the same speed as she had in the past? Or was she slowing down?,In the battle against cheating，this is the cutting_edge and a key to encourage honesty in the booming field of online education. The underlined expression “cutting edge” in Paragraph 2 is

22、 closest in meaning to_ Aadvanced technique Bsharpening tool Ceffective rule Ddividing line,意義猜測(cè)題。由第一段的具體描述來看，這是防止作弊的先進(jìn)技術(shù)，選A。其他選項(xiàng)“磨銳刀具”“有效的規(guī)則”和“分界線”都不合語境。,A,例5 Here lies the problem for travel writer and food critic (評(píng)論家)Edie Jarolim.“I always loved traveling and always liked to eat，but it never occ

23、urred to me that I could make money doing_both of those things.” The underlined word “both” refers to_ Atraveling and working Bwriting and shopping Ctraveling and eating Dwriting and eating,意義猜測(cè)題，判斷both指代的內(nèi)容，由前一分句“I always loved traveling and always liked to eat”可知。,C,例6 However，to succeed in life，o

24、ne first needs to set a goal and then gradually make it more practical.And，in addition to that，in order to generally good at something，one needs to spend at least 10，000 hours studying and practicing.To become great at certain things，itll require even more time，time that most people wont put in. The

25、 underlined word “that” refers to_ Abeing good at something Bsetting a practical goal Cputting in more time Dsucceeding in life,意義猜測(cè)題。判斷代詞that指代的內(nèi)容。代詞是意義銜接的手段之一，此處的代詞that替代前句中的“set a goal and then gradually make it more practical”，故選B。,B,(一)閱讀下列文段，從題后所給的A、B、C和D項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。 1We studied the board critica

26、lly.Some of us looked with one eye and held up certain colors against the blackboard，rocking the sheets to the right or left while we conjured_up our designs.Others twisted their hair around their fingers or chewed their erasers while deep in thought.We had plans for that tendollar grand prize，each

27、and every one of us.,即學(xué)即練,Im going to spend mine on candies, one hopeful would announce, while another practiced looking serious, wise and rich. The underlined phrase probably means_. Aformed an idea for Bmade an outline for Cmade some space for Dchose some colors for,意義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)對(duì)比關(guān)系和近義推測(cè)，上下句是Some.Othe

28、rs.句式，“while we conjured up our designs”的對(duì)應(yīng)部分是“while deep in thought”，可見conjured up的意思是“思考，想象”，故選A。,A,2Parents and kids today dress alike，listen to the same music，and are friends.Sometimes，when Mr.Ballmer and his 16yearold daughter，Elizabeth，listen to rock music together and talk about interests bot

29、h enjoy，such as pop culture，he remembers his more distant relationship with his parents when he was a teenager. “I would never have said to my mom，Hey，the new Weezer album (威瑟樂團(tuán)的專輯)is really great.How do you like it？” says Ballmer.“There was just a complete gap in taste.”,Music was not the only gulf

30、From clothing and hairstyles to activities and expectations，earlier generations of parents and children often appeared to move in separate orbits.Today，the generation gap has not disappeared，but it is getting narrow in many families. The underlined word “gulf” in Paragraph 3 most probably means_ Ain

31、terest Bdistance Cdifference Dseparation,意義猜測(cè)題。因 “Music was not the only gulf.”與上段末句是遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，可見gulf與gap是近義關(guān)系；這里是回憶過去與現(xiàn)在(文章首段)的對(duì)比，可見這里的gulf與文章首段首句中的alike和same是反義關(guān)系，因此，gulf的意思是“差異(difference)”。,C,3Family researchers offer a variety of reasons for these evolving roles and attitudes.They see the 1960s as a

32、 turning point.Great cultural changes led to more open communication and a more democratic process that encourages everyone to have a say (有發(fā)言權(quán)) “My parents were on the before side of that change，but todays_parents，the_40yearolds，were_on_the_after_side，” explains Mr.Ballmer.,By saying “todays parent

33、s，the 40yearolds，were on the after side.” Mr.Ballmer means that todays parents_ Afollow the trend of the change Bcan set a limit to the change Cfail to take the change seriously Dhave little difficulty adjusting to the change,意義猜測(cè)題。結(jié)合上一段可知，todays parents就是60年代后的父母，他們與孩子有更多的交流，更加民主，他們應(yīng)當(dāng)是“順應(yīng)這種變化趨勢(shì)”的，故

34、選A。,A,4My most vivid memory is being woken and brought down to sit on my fathers knee，his arm in a bandage. He was judged unfit to return to sea and took a shore job in Glasgow for the rest of the war.For as long as I can remember，he had a weak heart.Mother said it was caused by the torpedoes.He sai

35、d_it_was because of the cigarettes.Whichever，he died suddenly in his early 50s. The underlined word “it” refers to the fathers_,Aweak heart Btaking a shore job Cfailure to return to sea Dinjury caused by a torpedo,意義猜測(cè)題。判斷代詞it指代的內(nèi)容。由本段中的“he had a weak heart”可知，it指weak heart。,A,5The researchers studi

36、ed cultural differences in the recognition of facial expressions by recording the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people while they observed pictures of expressive faces. It turned out that Easterners focused much greater attention on the eyes and made significantly more erro

37、rs than did Westerners.,“The cultural difference in eye movements that they show is probably a reflection of cultural difference in facial expressions，” Jack said，“Our data suggest that whereas Westerners use the whole face to convey emotion，Easterners use the eyes more and mouth less.” What does th

38、e underlined word “they” refer to? AThe participants in the study. BThe researchers of the study. CThe errors made during the study. DThe data collected from the study.,意義猜測(cè)題。判斷they指代的內(nèi)容。前一段說到研究人員選取了13個(gè)西方白種人和13個(gè)東方亞洲人，通過觀察他們的眼部運(yùn)動(dòng)來研究文化差異；此處“that they show”是修飾“eye movement”的定語從句，意為“他們表現(xiàn)出來的眼部運(yùn)動(dòng)”，這個(gè)“他們”，

39、自然就是指在這項(xiàng)研究中參加測(cè)試的那26個(gè)人，故選A。,A,(二)閱讀下列短文，從題后所給的A、B、C和D項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。 For five days，Edmontons Downtown Park is changed into one huge stage where artists are able to share their talents，and where people are able to celebrate and enjoy themselves.Since its beginning in 1980，the Edmonton Folk Music Festival ha

40、s been commemorating the true feeling of what folk music is all about and thats the traditional belongingness that is felt when people gather to share stories and feelings through songs.,This year will be the sixth year when volunteer Riedel will be offering up her time to the festival.“People comin

41、g_off a busy spring and summer can have a moment of relaxation，” Riedel said.“Its really easy to relax，and its great seeing family and friends have fun together.” These families and friends come from all different kinds of musical tastes.People who take pleasure in Blues are there，so are people who love Bluegrass.This festival does its best to develop everyones musical interests.,With so many years of exper