《計算機專業(yè)英語》教學設(shè)計范例.ppt

1、計算機專業(yè)英語,第1篇,計算機專業(yè)英語,本課程知識結(jié)構(gòu),第2篇,第3篇,第4篇,第1篇 基礎(chǔ)篇,Chapter 1Architecture of Computer Systems,Text Any discussion of computer architectures，of how computers and computer systems are organized，designed，and implemented，will inevitably make reference to the “von Neumann architecture” as a basis for compari

2、son，because virtually every electronic computer ever built has been rooted in this architecture.1,第1篇 基礎(chǔ)篇,We have strong intuitive feelings about the “von Neumann architecture”， because this is what we have always used.This is “the way computers work”.To comprehend how computer designers conceive，or

3、 to appreciate what new choices must be found，it is necessary to have a definitive understanding of what the von Neumann architecture is and is not and what its implications are. The von Neumann architecture based on three ideas：four subsystems，stored program concept and sequential execution of inst

4、ructions.2,第1篇 基礎(chǔ)篇,Four Subsystems According to Von Neumanns preliminary discussion，the generalpurpose computing machine contains four main “organs”.These are identified as relating to arithmetic，memory，control，and connection with the human operator.In other words，they are the arithmetic logic unit，

5、the control unit， the memory，and the inputoutput devices that we see in the classical model of what a computer “l(fā)ooks like”. The control unit（CU），arithmetic logic unit（ALU） and register constitute the central processing unit（CPU）,第1篇 基礎(chǔ)篇,Four Subsystems According to Von Neumanns preliminary discussi

6、on，the generalpurpose computing machine contains four main “organs”.These are identified as relating to arithmetic，memory，control，and connection with the human operator.In other words，they are the arithmetic logic unit，the control unit， the memory，and the inputoutput devices that we see in the class

7、ical model of what a computer “l(fā)ooks like”. The control unit（CU），arithmetic logic unit（ALU） and register constitute the central processing unit（CPU）,第1篇 基礎(chǔ)篇,Stored Program Concept To Von Neumann，the key to building a generalpurpose device lies in its ability to store not only its data and the interm

8、ediate results of computation，but also to store the instructions，or orders， which bring about the computation.3In a generalpurpose one, the instructions must be as changeable as the numbers they acted upon. Therefore， why not encode the instructions into numeric form and store instructions and data

9、in the same memory? Von Neumann proposes that programs and data should be stored in the same binarynumber format in the memory device.4,第1篇 基礎(chǔ)篇,Usually，this is viewed as the principal contribution provided by Von Neumanns insight into the nature of what a computer should be，which brings the signific

10、ant breakthrough in the development of the generalpurpose electronic computer used today. That is what we all knowthe concept of a stored program.,第1篇 基礎(chǔ)篇, Sequential Execution of Instructions Based on the stored program concept， computers store programs and data in a slowtoaccess storage medium（suc

11、h as a hard disk） and work on them in a fastaccess， volatile storage medium （RAM）.5However， this concept has a perceived bottleneck：it is designed to process instructions one after another instead of using faster parallel processing.6When the program executes，the message seems to appear all at once，

12、but the speed of the computer has deceived you. In fact， one instruction executes in sequence，that is at a time：fetching one instruction from memory，interpreting （decoding） it and executing it. The computer does not go on to the next instruction until the one it is working on is completed.,according

13、 to 依照 architecture 體系結(jié)構(gòu) breakthrough 突破 constitute 組成 decode 譯碼，解碼 encode 編碼 fetch 獲取 implication 含義 instruction 指令 intuitive 直覺 in sequence 順次，依次 parallel processing 并行處理 preliminary 初步的，最初的 stored program concept 存儲程序概念 sequential 順序的 subsystem 子系統(tǒng),第1篇 基礎(chǔ)篇,Key Words the use of digital technology;

14、 the interaction it demands of the user; and the integration of sound，images，text and data into seamless applications. A multimedia application is often designed to support the learning process.Multimedia offers the experience of listening，looking and doing in a computermediated setting.4 It can be

15、interesting，motivating，exciting and help students achieve understanding in new ways.,Ambient 周圍的，環(huán)境 Animation 動畫 Applause 鼓掌 Archaeological 考古學的 Blur 污點，涂污 Boredom 厭倦 Capture 捕獲 Commonplace 平凡的事 Excavation 挖掘 Font 字體 Frame 幀 Motivating 激發(fā)的 Multimedia 多媒體 Render 呈現(xiàn)，表演 ,第3篇 軟件篇,Key Words & Terms,CD（Co

16、mpact Disc）只讀光盤，光盤 DVD（Digital Video Disc）數(shù)字視頻光盤,第3篇 軟件篇,Abbreviations,第3篇 軟件篇,Chapter 13Software,Text Software is the general term for information thats recorded onto some kinds of medium.1For example，when you go to the video store and rent or buy a tape or DVD，what youre really getting is the soft

17、ware thats stored on that tape or disk.Your VCR or DVD player are hardware devices that are capable of reading the software from a tape or disk and projecting it onto your TV screen，in the form of a movie.,第3篇 軟件篇,Your computer is a hardware device that reads software too.Most of the software on you

18、r computer comes in the form of programs. A program consists of “instructions” that tell the computer what to do，how to behave.Just as there are thousands of albums you can buy on CD for your stereo，and thousands of movies you can buy to play on your VCR or DVD player，there are thousands of programs

19、 that you can buy to run on your computer.2,When you buy a computer，you dont automatically get every program produced by every software company in the world. You usually get some programs. For example， when you buy a computer it will probably have an operating system（like Windows XP） already install

20、ed on it.,第3篇 軟件篇,Your computer is a hardware device that reads software too.Most of the software on your computer comes in the form of programs. A program consists of “instructions” that tell the computer what to do，how to behave.Just as there are thousands of albums you can buy on CD for your ster

21、eo，and thousands of movies you can buy to play on your VCR or DVD player，there are thousands of programs that you can buy to run on your computer.2,When you buy a computer，you dont automatically get every program produced by every software company in the world. You usually get some programs. For exa

22、mple， when you buy a computer it will probably have an operating system（like Windows XP） already installed on it.,第3篇 軟件篇,If you do purchase a specific program，it would be to perform some specific task. For example，you might use a graphics program to handle photos， or you might use a word processing

23、 program to write text.Just as there are different brands of toothpaste，there are different brands of word processing programs， graphics programs，and Web browsers. For example，all graphics programs are designed to help you work with pictures.But there are many brands of graphics programs out there，

24、such as Adobe Photoshop，CorelDRAW，and so on. As to Web browsers， popular brands include Microsoft Internet Explorer，Netscape Navigator，Google Firefox，and a few others.,第3篇 軟件篇,Software is often divided into application software（programs that do work users are directly interested in） and system softw

25、are（which includes operating systems and any program that supports application software）.The term middleware is sometimes used to describe programming that mediates between application and system software or between two different kinds of application software（for example， sending a remote work reque

26、st from an application in a computer that has one kind of operating system to an application in a computer with a different operating system）.,第3篇 軟件篇,Some general kinds of application software include： Productivity software，which includes word processors， spreadsheets， and tools for use by most com

27、puter users. Presentation software，such as Microsoft PowerPoint. Graphics software for graphic designers. CAD/CAM software. Specialized scientific applications. vertical market or industryspecific software（for example，for banking， insurance，retail，and manufacturing environments）.,第3篇 軟件篇,There are t

28、housands of programs available for your PC，and no two people have exactly the same programs on their computers.The programs that are installed on your computer can all be found，and started from the All Programs menu（or some program group thats accessible from All Programs menu）.3 When you click on t

29、he icon for a program，the program opens. This means the program appears on the screen，so you can use it. Each program will appear in its own program window on the Windows desktop.,Mediate 作為的媒介 Medium 媒介 Middleware 中間件 Project 投影 Spreadsheet 電子數(shù)據(jù)表 Tape 磁帶 Retail 零售 Vertical 垂直的 ,第3篇 軟件篇,Key Words &

30、Terms,CAD（ComputerAided Design） 計算機輔助設(shè)計 CAM（ComputerAided Manufacturing） 計算機輔助制造，計算機輔助制造技術(shù) VCR（Video Cassette Recorder） 盒式錄像機,第3篇 軟件篇,Abbreviations,第4篇 網(wǎng)絡(luò)篇,Chapter 14The Internet,Text Computers can be connected together on networks.A computer on a network can communicate with other computers on the

31、same network by exchanging data and files or by sending and receiving messages.,The Internet is a massive network of networks，a networking infrastructure.1Information that travels over the Internet communicates with each other via a variety of languages known as protocols. ,第4篇 網(wǎng)絡(luò)篇,There are elabora

32、te protocols for communication over the Internet. A protocol is simply a detailed specification of how communication is to proceed.2For two computers to communicate at all，they must both be using the same protoco.,The most basic protocols on the Internet are the Internet Protocol（IP） and the Transmi

33、ssion Control Protocol（TCP）. These two protocols，which are referred to collectively as TCP/IP， provide a foundation for communication.3Other protocols use TCP/IP to send specific types of information.The Internet provides a number of services to the computers connected to it. These services use TCP/

34、IP to send various types of data over the net.Among the most popular services are file sharing，email， and the World Wide Web. ,第4篇 網(wǎng)絡(luò)篇,WWW WWW，also known as “Web” or “3W”，stands for World Wide Web. The World Wide Web refers to all the resources and users on the Internet that are using the Hypertext

35、Transfer Protocol （HTTP）.It is a way of sharing resources with many people over the medium of the Internet.The Web is just a portion of the Internet， and is the key technology that popularized the Internet around the world.4,第4篇 網(wǎng)絡(luò)篇,FTP FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol.It is a method to transfe

36、r files（documents， images） over the Internet from one computer to another.It provides you an easy way to upload and download files between computers that are connected to the Internet.As with the Hypertext Transfer Protocol（HTTP），which transfers displayable Web pages and related files，F(xiàn)TP uses the I

37、nternets TCP/IP protocols. FTP is commonly used to transfer Web page files from their creator to the computer that acts as their server for everyone on the Internet.,第4篇 網(wǎng)絡(luò)篇,You can use a web browser to connect to FTP addresses exactly as you would connect to HTTP addresses，or you can use a commerci

38、al program that offers a graphical user interface to connect to FTP addresses. Using a Web browser makes it easy for you to browse large directories and read and retrieve files.7While this method is convenient，web browsers are often slower and less reliable and have fewer features than dedicated FTP

39、 clients. Using graphical FTP clients simplifies file transfers by allowing you to drag and drop file icons between windows.When you open the program，enter the name of the FTP host and your username and password. If you are logging into an anonymous FTP server， you may not have to enter anything.,第4

40、篇 網(wǎng)絡(luò)篇,E-mail E-mail is one of the most widely used forms of communication today.It has many advantages over other forms of communication：it is easy to use，free of charge， fast，and delivers information in a digital format.Email can be used to send any kind of computer file，including pictures，sounds，p

41、rograms and movies.,第4篇 網(wǎng)絡(luò)篇,Each Internet domain has a corresponding email server that manages all email addresses at that domain. Email servers exchange email over the Internet using the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol（SMTP）.Client applications log into the servers to send and receive email using one

42、 of several protocols， such as POP3 or IMAP. When you send an email，your client application first sends it to your email server， which then contacts the addressees email server and carries out a conversation over the Internet according to the rules defined by SMTP. Your email server asks the other e

43、mail server if the user name is valid，and，if it is，transfers the email， where the receiving email server stores it until the addressee logs on and downloads it. Each Internet domain has an associated email server that manages all email addresses at that domain.,anonymous 匿名的 collectively 全體地，共同地 con

44、versation 會話，交談 corresponding 相應(yīng)的 directory 目錄 download 下載 foundation 基礎(chǔ)，地基 hypermedia 超媒體 hypertext 超文本 infrastructure 基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施 interface 接口 massive 寬大的，大而重的 ,第4篇 網(wǎng)絡(luò)篇,Key Words & Terms,medium 媒體，媒介 proceed 發(fā)生，繼續(xù)進行 protocol 協(xié)議 specification 規(guī)范，說明書 request 請求 response 響應(yīng) retrieve 檢索 upload 上傳 ,第4篇 網(wǎng)

45、絡(luò)篇,Key Words & Terms,FTP（File Transfer Protocol） 文件傳送協(xié)議 HTTP（Hyper Text Transfer Protocol） 超文本傳輸協(xié)議 IMAP（Internet Message Access Protocol）互聯(lián)網(wǎng)信息訪問協(xié)議 POP3（Post Office Protocol 3） 郵局協(xié)議第3版 SMTP（Simple Mail Transfer Protocol） 簡單郵件傳輸協(xié)議 WWW（World Wide Web） 萬維網(wǎng)（環(huán)球信息網(wǎng),第4篇 網(wǎng)絡(luò)篇,Abbreviations,第4篇 網(wǎng)絡(luò)篇,Chapter 15S

46、earch Engine,Text Search Engine is a program that searches documents for specified keywords and returns a list of the documents where the keywords are found.1 However，the term search engine is often used to specifically describe systems like Baidu and Google that enable users to search for documents

47、 on the World Wide Web.,Search engines are the key to finding specific information on the vast expanse of the World Wide Web.2Without sophisticated search engines，it would be virtually impossible to locate anything on the Web without knowing a specific URL.,第4篇 軟件篇,Typically，a search engine works by

48、 sending out a spider to fetch as many documents as possible. Another program，called an indexer，then reads these documents and creates an index based on the words contained in each document. Each search engine uses a proprietary algorithm to create its index so that only meaningful results are retur

49、ned for each query. The algorithm is what the search engines use to determine the relevance of the information in the index to what the user is searching for.3,第4篇 軟件篇,When you query a search engine to locate information，youre actually searching through the index that the search engine has createdyo

50、u are not actually searching the Web. These indices are giant databases of information that is collected and stored and subsequently searched.Different search engines produce different results because not all indices are going to be exactly the same. And the search results are based on the index，so

51、if the index hasnt been updated since a Web page became invalid，the search engine will return dead links.4,Algorithm 運算法則 Engine 引擎 indices（.pl） 索引 Invalid 失效的，無效的 Proprietary 私人所有的 Sophisticated 精細的，復(fù)雜的 Subsequent 隨后的，后來的 Typically 典型地，獨特地 ,第4篇 網(wǎng)絡(luò)篇,Key Words & Terms,第4篇 網(wǎng)絡(luò)篇,Chapter 16Electronic Com

52、merce,Text Electronic commerce or ecommerce is a term for any type of business or commercial transaction that involves the transfer of information across the Internet.1It covers a range of different types of businesses，from consumer based retail sites，through auction or music sites，to business excha

53、nges trading goods and services between corporations. It is currently one of the most important aspects of the Internet to emerge.,第4篇 網(wǎng)絡(luò)篇,E-commerce allows consumers to electronically exchange goods and services with no barriers of time or distance. Electronic commerce has expanded rapidly over the

54、 past five years and is predicted to continue at this rate， or even accelerate. In the near future，the boundaries between “conventional” and “electronic” commerce will become increasingly blurred as more and more businesses move sections of their operations onto the Internet.2 Business to Business o

55、r B2B refers to electronic commerce between businesses rather than between a business and a consumer.B2B businesses often deal with hundreds or even thousands of other businesses，either as customers or suppliers. Carrying out these transactions electronically provides vast competitive advantages ove

56、r traditional methods. When implemented properly，ecommerce is often faster， cheaper and more convenient than the traditional methods of bartering goods and services.,第4篇 網(wǎng)絡(luò)篇,Electronic transactions have been around for quite some time in the form of Electronic Data Interchange or EDI.3EDI requires e

57、ach supplier and customer to set up a dedicated data link （between them），where ecommerce provides a costeffective method for companies to set up multiple，adhoc links. Electronic commerce has also led to the development of electronic marketplaces where suppliers and potential customers are brought to

58、gether to conduct mutually beneficial trade. The road to creating a successful online store can be difficult if unaware of ecommerce principles.4Researching and understanding the guidelines required to properly implement an ebusiness plan is a crucial part to becoming successful with online store building. ,第4篇 網(wǎng)絡(luò)篇,Shopping cart software is an operating system used to allow consumers to purchase goods and or services， track customers， and tie together all aspects of ecommerce into one cohesive whole. While there are many types