分詞、動(dòng)名詞.ppt

1、,Participle Gerund,II. Participle 1. Simple participle Functions: (1) Attribute Note: Generally, the single participle is in front of the word it modifies, while the participle phrase is after the word it modifies.,Non-finite verbs, Wind is moving air. 風(fēng)是運(yùn)動(dòng)的空氣。 Fig. 6 is a photograph of a freely fal

2、ling body. 圖6顯示了一個(gè)自由落體的照片。,Note 1: Sometimes, a single participle may act as a post-modifier (most for stress of the action) e.g. the voltage applied外加電源 the current flowing流動(dòng)的電流 the force acting作用的力,Note 2: Some attributes of participles are not translated as attributes, but in the order of their p

3、osition in a clause . Voltage is equal to current multiplied by resistance. 電壓等于電流乘以電阻。 Speed is equal to distance divided by time. 速度等于距離除以時(shí)間。 An increased bandwidth will also contain additional noise. 增加帶寬，也會(huì)增加噪聲。,(2) Adverbial a. Before the subject, it functions as condition, time, reason, conces

4、sion or further explanation of the subject. Often called a chain hoist（鏈?zhǔn)狡鹬貦C(jī)）, this device is used to lift heavy objects in factories. 這種設(shè)備通常稱為鏈?zhǔn)狡鹬貦C(jī)，在工廠用它來提起重物。,b. Between the subject and the predicate Heat, being energy, can be measured in foot-pounds or joules or ergs. 由于熱是能量，所以可以用英尺-磅或用焦耳或爾格來度量。

5、c. At the end of a sentence, it functions as further statement, result, condition, manner, or reason Silver is the best conductor, followed by copper. 銀是最好的導(dǎo)體，其次是銅。,(3) Predicative The surface of the water becomes covered with waves. 水的表面布滿水波。 The iron bar has become magnetized. 這個(gè)鐵棒已經(jīng)磁化。,(4) Comple

6、ment The drivers object is to keep the automobile travelling in the center of a chosen lane on the road. 司機(jī)的目標(biāo)是使汽車保持行駛在道路上所選車道的中央。 This machine has its program stored in the computers memory. 該機(jī)器把它的程序存儲(chǔ)在計(jì)算機(jī)的存儲(chǔ)器里。,2. Absolute structure of a participle Structure: n. (pron.) (functions as a logical sub

7、ject) + participle / participle phrase Function: adverbial (1) Before the main clause This (having been) done, the function becomes much simpler. 這樣處理了以后，該函數(shù)變得簡(jiǎn)單多了。,(2) At the end of the clause There are several basic laws governing these interactions, all of them discovered in the 19th century. 支配這

8、些相互作用的基本定律有幾個(gè)，它們都發(fā)現(xiàn)于19世紀(jì)。,3. “with” construction You may answer my questions with your books open. Who is the person with glasses on? Let us draw a circle of radius R, with the origin as its center.,(1) Formation: with (without) + n.(pron.) + participle / prepositional phrase/ adj./adv. /n. /infinit

9、ive,(2) Functions a. adverbial More and more “with” constructions have taken the place of the absolute structure of participles. Before the subject (as “condition / time / reason / concession”) With friction present, a part of power has been lost as heat. 由于存在著摩擦，部分能量作為熱量消耗掉。,At the end of a sentenc

10、e (as “further statement / condition / manner / result) All present states are stable with no inputs present. 在沒有輸入的情況下，目前所有的狀態(tài)均穩(wěn)定。 b. attribute The earth is perhaps the only planet with life on it. 地球也許是存在著生命的唯一行星。,III. Gerund 1. The simple gerund (1) after some verbs, a gerund must be used: sugges

11、t, consider, resist, finish, involve, require, avoid, complete, admit, mind, practice, postpone, etc.,Non-finite verbs,(2) by doing = through +n.+of On doing =as soon as; soon after In doing=in the course of / during the time of In erecting a receiving aerial (接收天線), attention must be paid to the fa

12、ctors affecting reception. 在安裝接收天線時(shí)，必須要注意到影響接收的那些因素。,(3) In a few cases a gerund may act as a complement, only with the verb “call”. The process is called discharging the charged body. 這一過程稱為使帶電體放電。 2. Complex gerund Formation: its, their, nouns, noun in common case + ing We know of the earths actin

13、g as a big magnet. 我們知道地球的作用像一塊大磁鐵。,練習(xí)七 1. We may find this factor appearing in Eq. (2-17). 2. The cat skin, having lost some electrons, is now positively charged. 3. In this special case, all of the energy supplied is converted to heat. 4. Both positive and negative ions（離子）move, thus maintaining e

14、lectrical neutrality (電中性). 5. A certain amount of force is required to keep a wheel rolling.,6. Given the weight and the specific gravity of a body, we can calculate its volume. 7. The air in the bell jar (鐘罩) having been withdrawn, the sound of the bell almost disappears. 8. An electron is about a

15、s large as a nucleus（原子核）, its diameter being about 10-12 cm. 9. The suns rays falling upon photoelectric cells, the whole apparatus will automatically go into operation. 10. This formula possesses a variety of forms, all of them being equivalent, provided that the proper units are used for waveleng

16、th and frequency.,Passage: Let us begin our study of electricity by examining the results of a few basic experiments. The first experiment consists of stroking （摩擦）a rubber rod with some fur（毛皮）, and then in turn touching two small pith balls （木髓球）suspended from strings（細(xì)繩） with the rod. The pith balls then swing（擺動(dòng)） apart, indicating that a repulsive（排斥的） force now acts between them.,Next, we stroke a glass rod with a silk cloth and touch two different suspended pith balls in turn（依次） wi