實用英語語法教程-第十八章-狀語從句.ppt

1、第十八章 狀語從句,1. 時間狀語從句 2. 地點(diǎn)狀語從句 3. 原因狀語從句 4. 目的狀語從句 5. 條件狀語從句 6. 讓步狀語從句,7. 比較狀語從句 8. 方式狀語從句 9. 結(jié)果狀語從句 10. 對比狀語從句 11. 狀語從句中的省略,現(xiàn)將各種狀語從句常用的從屬連詞和詞組列表如下：,狀語從句同狀語一樣，在句中位置比較靈活，可位于句首、句末或偶爾句中。例如： When I have time, I read modern poems. 我有時間就讀現(xiàn)代詩。. She looked both ways when she crossed the street. 她兩邊看了一下，然后才過街

2、。 I come here every month since I was a child to see my grandfather. 我從小就每月來看我的祖父。,1 時間狀語從句,引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的連詞主要有after（在之后）, as（當(dāng)，一邊一邊）, before（在之前）, once（一旦）, since（自從）, when（當(dāng)時）, whenever（不論何時）, while（在期間）, now (that)（既然）, as long as（長達(dá)，達(dá)之久）, as soon as（一就）, till/ until (直到)，the minute（一就）, the moment（一就

3、）, directly（一就）, immediately（一就）, each (every) time（每次）等。,1.1 when, while和 as等連詞的用法,Ill let you know when it is arranged. 安排好了我會告訴你的。 While/As I was walking home, it began to rain.當(dāng)我往家走時，天開始下雨了。 She was walking alone when a boy ran up behind her and tried to snatch her purse. 正當(dāng)她一個人走路時，突然一個男孩從身后上來企圖

4、搶她的手提包。 I was reading a book while he was watching TV. 我看書時他在看電視。 You will grow wiser as you grow older.隨著年齡的增長，你會變得更聰明。 As time went on, their hopes began to wane. 隨著時間的消逝，他們的希望開始變得渺茫。 It was another five minutes before Doris heard him coming down the stairs. 又過了5分鐘多麗絲才聽到他從樓上下來。 Once (=When) we hav

5、e decorated the house, we can move in. 一旦我們把房子裝飾好就能搬進(jìn)去。,1.2 the moment, the instant, immediately, every time等的用法,A thunder of applause broke out the moment he finished his speech. 他發(fā)言一結(jié)束，立刻響起雷鳴般的掌聲。 The instant I saw him, I know he was my old schoolmate. 我一看見他，就認(rèn)出他是我的老同學(xué)。 Immediately he earns any mo

6、ney he spends it. 他一掙錢就花了（掙多少就花多少）。 Every time he comes, he brings me a new issue of some monthly magazine. 每次他來總給我?guī)碌囊黄谠驴瘉怼?By the time she entered college, she had been exposed to English for six years. 她上大學(xué)時已學(xué)了6年的英語。,1.3 no soonerthan和hardlywhen的用法,這種結(jié)構(gòu)當(dāng)no sooner, hardly等放在句前時，需要倒裝。例如： He had no

7、sooner drunk the coffee than he began to feel drowsy. （= No sooner had he drunk the coffee than he began to feel drowsy.）他一喝咖啡就犯困。 The performance had hardly begun when the lights went out. （= Hardly had the performance begun when the lights went out.）演出一開始，燈就熄滅了。 【注】時間狀語從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時；用現(xiàn)在完成時代替將來

8、完成時。例如： Ill phone you when I get home from work 下班一到家我就打電話給你。 You will get to like the subject after you have studied it for some time.這門課學(xué)過一段時間后，你就會喜歡的。,2 地點(diǎn)狀語從句,引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語從句的連詞有：where（在地方）, wherever（無論什么地方）, everywhere（到處）以及anywhere（無論何處）等。例如： Where there is oppression, there is struggle. 哪里有壓迫，哪里就有反抗

9、。 Sit wherever/ anywhere/ everywhere you like. 你想坐在哪里就坐在哪里。 Everywhere Jenny goes shes mistaken for Princess Diana. 無論詹妮走到哪里，她都會被誤認(rèn)為是黛安娜公主。 Wherever you work, you must always serve the people heart and soul. 不論你在哪里工作，你都必須始終全心全意地為人民服務(wù)。,【注】where引導(dǎo)的狀語從句有時表示條件的意義。例如： Where there is love, there is faith.

10、 只要有愛情，就會有真誠。 Where theres marriage without love, there will be love without marriage. 只要有無愛的婚姻，就會有婚外情。 Where there is a will, theres a way. 有志者事竟成。 Socrates said that there is no happiness where there is no wisdom. 蘇格拉底說，沒有智慧就沒有快樂。,3 原因狀語從句,引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句的連詞主要有：because（因為，由于）, as（因為，由于，鑒于）, since（既然，因為）,

11、 in that （因為）,now (that)（由于，因為，既然）, seeing (that)（因為,鑒于）, considering (that)（由于，考慮到）等。,3.1 because, since 和as的用法,because的語氣最強(qiáng)，回答why提出的問題，since的語氣次之，as 又次之。since 和as引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句所說明的原因往往是已知的。because引導(dǎo)的從句一般放在主句之后，特別強(qiáng)調(diào)原因時，也可放在主句之前。 Since you say so, I suppose it is true. 你既然這么說，我想這是真的。 As I am about to sta

12、rt a journey, I shall not be able to begin the work before I return. 由于我將出去旅行，回來之前我不能開始那項工作。 I cant open the door because Ive brought the wrong key. 因為拿錯了鑰匙，我開不了門。 Because the meeting was taking too long, Mr. Green decided to leave at once. 會議拖得太久，格林先生決定馬上離開。,3.2 seeing (that), now (that), consideri

13、ng (that) 和in that的用法,這幾個連詞同since/as意義相近，都有“鑒于某個事實，原因是”的意思。通常用于書面語中。例如： Seeing (that) they are just beginners, they are doing quite a good job. 由于他們剛開始學(xué)做，他們干得算是很不錯的了。 Considering that I have told you three times, you must know it. 既然我已告訴你三次，你應(yīng)該懂了吧。 Now ( that) I have visited the exhibition, I feel m

14、ore proud than ever of our great country. 看了這個展覽會我比過去更為我們偉大的祖國而感到驕傲。 A gas differs from a solid in that it has no definite shape. 氣體不同于固體是因為它沒有一定的形狀。,4 目的狀語從句,引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句的連詞主要有so that（為了，以便，使），in order that（為了，以便），that（為了，以便），so（為了），lest（免得，以防，以免）, for fear (that)（以防，以免）等。,4.1 so that和in order that的用法,

15、They climbed higher so that/in order that they might/ could/ should/ might/ would get a better view of the city. 他們爬到更高處以便更好地欣賞城市美景。 Ive arrived early so that/ in order that I may/ can/ will get a good view of the procession. 我到得很早，以便能好好看看那行進(jìn)的隊伍。 He walked quickly, so much so that no could follow hi

16、m. 他走的很快，沒有人能跟上他。 She pampered him so that he would feel thoroughly contented. 她非常嬌慣他，目的是使他感到完全滿足。,4.2 in case, lest 和for fear (that) 的用法,由in case, for fear that, lest引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中一般用虛擬語氣，由should加動詞原形表示，表示”免得，以防，以免”等意思；但也可用陳述語氣。 Children played quietly in the room lest they (should) wake up their mothe

17、r. 孩子們在房間里靜靜地玩耍，惟恐吵醒他們的媽媽。 I checked all the results time and again for fear that there should be any mistakes. 我再三核對了所有的結(jié)果，惟恐有差錯。 Weve installed an extinguisher next to the cooker in case there is ever (there should/ might ever be) a fire. 我們在爐灶旁邊安裝了一個滅火器以防著火。 Youd better leave the key at home in c

18、ase one of us (should) think of coming back. 你最好把鑰匙留在家里以防有人想要回來。,5 條件狀語從句,引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的連詞主要有：if（如果）, unless（除非，若不）， as (so) long as（只要就）， as far as (只要就,就而言)，provided/ providing (that)（假如）， suppose/supposing (that)（假如），in case（如果，萬一），once（一旦）等。,5.1 unless和if的用法比較,這兩者都表示“除非，若不”的意思。if表示正面條件，意為“如果”；unless

19、表示反面條件，意為“除非，若不”，在意義上相當(dāng)于“ifnot”，但語氣較強(qiáng)。 Unless you work hard, you will fail to pass the exam. 除非你努力學(xué)習(xí)，否則考試不及格。 If you dont work hard, you will fail to pass the exam. 如果你不努力學(xué)習(xí)，你考試就不及格。 I wont get lost if I take a map. 如果我?guī)埖貓D，就不會迷路了。 Unless you oil the motor regularly, it wont run smoothly. 如果不給發(fā)動機(jī)經(jīng)常加

20、潤滑油，它就不會順利運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。,5.2 其他連詞的用法,Providing/Provided that it snows tomorrow, we shall play snowballs. 明天要是下雪的話，我們就堆雪人。 Supposing/Suppose that I dont have a day off, what shall we do? 假如我沒有休假，那該怎么辦？ So/As long as you keep on trying, you will surely succeed.只要你繼續(xù)努力，你就會成功。 In case (that) Tom comes, please tell

21、 him to wait. 假如湯姆來，請讓他等一下。,5.3 only if和if only 的區(qū)別,Only if 引導(dǎo)的從句用陳述語氣，意為“只要”；if only引導(dǎo)的從句多為感嘆句，要用虛擬語氣，意為“但愿， 要是就好了”。例如： Only if we persist in carrying out the open-door policy, we will achieve greater success in every field. 只要我們堅持改革開放，我們就能在各個方面取得更大的成就。 If only the committee would approve the regul

22、ation and put it into effect. 要是委員會批準(zhǔn)并實施這一規(guī)定那該多好?。?6 讓步狀語從句,引導(dǎo)讓步從句的連詞主要有：though (although)（盡管，雖然）, even though/if（即使，雖然，盡管）, however（雖然，盡管）,while(盡管）, whether or(不論還是), no matter (how, what, where, which, when, who)（無論怎樣/什么/什么時候/哪一個/誰/什么地方）, whatever（無論怎樣/什么）, whoever（無論哪一個/誰）, as（盡管，雖然）等。,6.1 thoug

23、h, although, even if, even though的用法,這四個連詞都表示“盡管，雖然”之意，但是even if 和even though所表示的讓步語氣最強(qiáng)，although次之，though最弱。though有時可用在倒裝句中，although則不可以。例如： Though he studied very hard, he didnt get good marks. 雖然他學(xué)習(xí)刻苦，但成績并不好。 Although (Though) they had many difficulties, the dockers were determined to unload the s

24、hip ahead of schedule. 盡管有很多困難，搬運(yùn)工人決心提前卸完船上的貨物。 Even if he is inexperienced, he is at any rate eager to learn. 盡管他沒有經(jīng)驗，他還是千方百計地學(xué)。 Honest though he was, Tom was not much liked by people. 盡管誠實，湯姆卻不為大家喜愛。,6.2 while和as 的用法,（1） while除了用來引導(dǎo)時間狀語外，還可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，其意義相當(dāng)于although，但只能放在主句之前。例如： While David loves h

25、is daughter, he is strict with her. 盡管戴維愛他的女兒，但他對她很嚴(yán)格。 While he is young, he is experienced and knowledgeable. 盡管他很年輕，但很有經(jīng)驗，知識淵博。,（2）as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時，從句應(yīng)放在主句之前，并用倒裝語序。例如： Child as he is, he can read and write quite well. 他雖然還是個孩子，但他能說會寫。 (= Although he is a child, he can read and write.) Hard as he works

26、, he can not pass the exam. 盡管他很努力，但沒能通過考試。 (= Although he works hard, he can not pass the exam.) 【注】上述結(jié)構(gòu)的從句在某些場合也可表示原因，例如： Tired as he was, he went to bed as soon as he came back. 因為他很累，所以一回來就上床睡覺了。 Teacher as he was, he explained it very clearly. 因為他是教師，所以解釋得很清楚。,6.3 whether or not, whatever, whoe

27、ver, however等的用法,Whether or not he finds a job, hes getting married next month. 不論他是否找到工作，他已定于下月結(jié)婚。 Whatever you think/ may think, Im going ahead with my plans. 不管你怎么想，我都要實行我的計劃。 Whoever/No matter who telephones, tell them Im out. 無論誰來電話，都說我不在。 However/No matter how hard I tried, I couldnt catch up

28、with them. 無論我多么努力，我都趕不上他們。 No matter where you go (may go), I will be with you. 無論你到哪里，我都要和你在一起。,6.4 be引導(dǎo)狀語從句的用法,be有時也可用來引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，但必須倒裝。例如： Be he friend or enemy, the law regards him as a criminal. 無論他是敵是友，法律認(rèn)為他是罪犯。 As my eyesight dims, I think of the joys of reading, be it a letter, or a book, or

29、some subject for deep thought. 隨著視力的減退，我想起了閱讀的快樂，不論它是一封信、一本書、或某個讓人深思的話題。,7 比較狀語從句,引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句的連詞有：than（比）, as.as（和一樣）, not so.as（不及，不如）, the .the（越越）等。 She makes more money in a week than I do in a fortnight. 她一周比我兩周賺的錢還多。 Silver conducts electricity better than other metals. 銀比其他金屬容易導(dǎo)電。 The universe i

30、s much more complicated than you think. 宇宙要比你想象的復(fù)雜得多。 The warmer water is, the faster it evaporates. 水愈熱，揮發(fā)得就愈快。 Actions speak louder than words. 行動勝過言論。 To paint in oil is harder than to paint in water colors. 畫油畫比畫水彩畫難。,8 方式狀語從句,引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句的連詞主要有：as（像，如同），(just) as（正如，正像），as if（好像，仿佛） 和as though（好像，仿

31、佛）等。 8.1 as if/ though的用法 as if 和as though引導(dǎo)的從句可以用陳述語氣，表示（可能）符合事實的情況；也可以用虛擬語氣，表示不符合事實或與事實相反的情況。 It looks as if/though it is going to rain. 看起來好像要下雨了。 He treats me as if/though I were a stranger.他待我如陌生人。 It sounds as if/ though the situation will get worse. 聽起來好像情況會更糟似的。 She acted as if she were mad.

32、 她的舉動像瘋了一樣。,8.2 as和just as的用法,Please do as I told you. 請按照我所講的去做。 While in Rome we must do as the Romans (do). 入鄉(xiāng)隨俗。 Just as water is the most important of liquid, (so) air is the most important of gases. 空氣是氣體中最重要的一種，正如水是液體中最重要的一種一樣。 【注】what有時也可引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句，?？捎?as代替。例如： An individual is to a country wh

33、at/as a screw is to a machine. 一個人對于國家的作用，就如同螺絲釘對于機(jī)器一樣。 Reading is to the mind what food is to the body. 讀書利于思想就好比食物利于身體。,9 結(jié)果狀語從句 (the Adverbial Clause of Result),引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句的連詞主要有：that(因而,所以,結(jié)果),so that(因而，以致于), so.that(如此.以致于), such.that(這樣.以致于)等。,9.1 sothat , such.that 和so that的用法,The wind was so s

34、trong that we could hardly move forward. 風(fēng)刮的那么大,我們簡直寸步難行。 He is such a marvelous joker (that) you cant help laughing. 他是一個如此奇妙的詼諧人物，（以致）弄得你不得不笑。 His progress was such that it surprised his teacher. 他的進(jìn)步如此之大,老師都感到驚訝。 I was caught in a shower, so that all my clothes got wet. 我遇上陣雨，結(jié)果全身上下被淋得濕透。 【注】當(dāng)so或

35、such放在句首時,主句主語和謂語要倒裝,表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。例如： So terrible was the storm that the whole roofs were ripped off.那場風(fēng)暴真可怕,整個屋頂都被掀掉了. Such an inspiring speech did he made that everyone present got excited.他的演講那么鼓舞,在場的人都非常激動。,9.2 目的從句和結(jié)果從句的比較,（1）在目的從句中，任何時候都可以用in order that來代替so that;而在結(jié)果從句中則不可以。例如： We arrived early so th

36、at (或in order that) we could/ would/ should/ might get good seats. 我們來得早，以便有好的座位。 We arrived early, so that we got good seats. 我們來得早，所以有了好座位。 （2）結(jié)果從句總跟在主句之后，而目的從句卻可以置于主句之前。例如： So that everyone could hear the news, she turned the radio up. 為了大家都能聽到新聞，她把收音機(jī)的音量調(diào)大。,10 對比狀語從句,引導(dǎo)對比狀語從句的連詞主要有：while（而）和wher

37、eas（而）。例如： Nick is already eighty while his wife is only eighteen. 尼克已經(jīng)80歲了，但他的妻子只有18歲。 He is talkative while/whereas his wife is speechless. 他很健談，而他的太太卻沉默寡言。 Wise men seek after truth while/ whereas fools despite knowledge. 智者求真理，愚人貶知識。 I prefer working late into the night, while/whereas he would r

38、ather work early before dawn. 我喜歡工作到深夜，而他寧愿凌晨起來工作 Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 虛心使人進(jìn)步，驕傲使人落后。,11 狀語從句中的省略,狀語從句與主句的主語一致或是代詞it，且謂語動詞又是be時，則從句的主語和be都可以略去。 11.1 時間從句： While (she was) at college, Delia wrote a novel. 上大學(xué)時，達(dá)莉婭寫了一部小說。 When still a boy of six, Bob w

39、as sent away from home. 鮑勃6歲時就被送出家門。 Metals expand when heated and contract when cooled. 金屬熱脹冷縮。 While trying to open the can, I cut my hand. 在試圖打開罐頭時，我劃破了手。 When (they are) ripe, these apples are sweet. 等到成熟，這些蘋果就甜了。,11.2 地點(diǎn)從句： Where (it is) necessary, improvements will be made. 哪兒需要，就加以改進(jìn)。 Avoid s

40、tructures of this kind wherever possible. 這種結(jié)構(gòu)隨處都要避免。 Fill in the blanks with articles where necessary. 在需要的地方填上冠詞。 11.3 條件從句： If (it is) necessary, I will ask you for help. 如果有必要，我會請你幫忙。 Once imprisoned, they will not be able to escape. 一旦被關(guān)進(jìn)監(jiān)獄，他們將不可能逃脫。 If accepted for this post, you will be informed by May, 1st. 如果同意擔(dān)任此職，到5月1日你將接到通知。,11.4 讓步從句： Though (he was) exhausted, he went to bed very late. 盡管他已筋疲力盡，但還是很晚才上床。 Her opinion, whether right or wrong, should be considered. 她的觀點(diǎn)，不管是對是錯，應(yīng)該考慮。 11.5 方式從句： The girl looks as if (she is) afraid