外文翻譯物流管理論文.doc

1.TheDefinitionofLogistics物流的定義Aftercompletingacommercialtransaction,logisticswillexecutethetransferofgoodsfromthesupplier(seller)tothecustomer(buyer)inthemostcost-effectivemanner.Thisisthedefinitionoflogistics.Duringthetransferprocess,hardwaresuchaslogisticsfacilitiesandequipment(logisticscarriers)areneeded,aswellasinformationcontrolandstandardization.Inaddition,supportsfromthegovernmentandlogisticsassociationshouldbeinplace.在完成商業(yè)交易之后,物流將以最低成本和最高效益的方式執(zhí)行將商品從供應(yīng)商(賣方)流轉(zhuǎn)到顧客(買方)的過程。這就是物流的定義。在物流過程中,既需要諸如物流設(shè)施和設(shè)備(物流運(yùn)輸工具等)的硬件,也需要對物流實(shí)施信息化管理進(jìn)行物流標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。此外,政府和物流組織的支持也不可或缺。Threemajorfunctionsoflogistics物流的三大主要功能(1)Creatingtimevalue:samegoodscanbevalueddifferentatdifferenttimes.Goodsoftenstopduringthetransferprocess,whichisprofessionallycalledthestorageoflogistics.Itcreatesthetimevalueforgoods.(1)創(chuàng)造時(shí)間價(jià)值:同種商品因所處時(shí)間的不同而有著不同的價(jià)值。在商品流轉(zhuǎn)過程中,往往會(huì)處于某種停滯的狀態(tài),物流的專業(yè)術(shù)語就稱之為儲(chǔ)存。儲(chǔ)存創(chuàng)造了商品的時(shí)間價(jià)值。(2)Creatinglocationvalue:samegoodscanbevalueddifferentlyatdifferentlocations.Thevalueaddedduringthetransferprocessisthelocationvalueoflogistics.(2)創(chuàng)造場所價(jià)值:同種商品因所處位置的不同而有著不同的價(jià)值。這種因商品流轉(zhuǎn)過程中而產(chǎn)生的附加增值稱之為物流的場所價(jià)值。(3)Distributionprocessingvalue:sometimeslogisticscreatedistributionprocessingvalue,whichchangesthelength,thicknessandpackagesofthegoods.Likepopularsaying,“cuttingintosmallerparts”isthemostcommonlyseendistributionprocessingwithinlogisticscreateaddedvalueforgoods.(3)同配送加工價(jià)值:有時(shí),物流活動(dòng)也能創(chuàng)造配送加工價(jià)值,這種物流加工主要改變商品的長度、厚度和包裝形態(tài)。物流中經(jīng)常提到的“分割成更小的部分”就是配送加工中最為常見的形式。大多數(shù)物流加工都能創(chuàng)造商品的附加價(jià)值。2.Logisticsisanewcommercialarea,developingfromthetraditionalstagetoamodernone.Themaindifferencesbetweenthesetwostageinclude:物流作為新興的商務(wù)領(lǐng)域,經(jīng)歷了從傳統(tǒng)物流向現(xiàn)代物流發(fā)展的兩個(gè)階段。這兩個(gè)階段的不同主要體現(xiàn)在以下兩個(gè)方面:(1)Modernlogisticsadoptscontainerizationtechniques.Thegoodstransferprocessstartswithpackaging,followedbytransportation,storageanddistribution.Thewholeprocessisoperatedunderlogisticsstandards.Basedonthelogisticsbasemoduleof600400mm,fromthelogisticsmoduleof1,2001,000mm,andenlargetothesizeof2,5912,438mm-thesizeofhighwideofthecontainer.Itcanbeadjustedtothestandardsizesofcontainersfortrains,trucksandships.(1)現(xiàn)代物流采用了集裝技術(shù)。商品物流往往從包裝開始,而后經(jīng)歷運(yùn)輸、儲(chǔ)存和配送等過程。整個(gè)過程始終在物流標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的前提下運(yùn)行。以物流基礎(chǔ)模數(shù)尺寸600400MM為基礎(chǔ),制定出物流模數(shù)尺寸12001000MM,并將其放大至25912438MM,即形成集裝箱的高度與寬度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)尺寸。并能調(diào)整成適合鐵運(yùn)、汽運(yùn)和船運(yùn)的集裝箱標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)格尺寸。(2)Informationtechnologiesaremostimportantformodernlogistics.BarCode,POS,EDIandGPSsystemsdramaticallyimprovetheefficiencyandaccuracyofthelogisticsactivities.Internetfurtherassiststhemarketdevelopment,operationandmanagementofthelogisticsindustry.(2)信息技術(shù)在現(xiàn)代物流中尤其重要。條形碼、銷售時(shí)點(diǎn)系統(tǒng)、電子數(shù)據(jù)傳輸系統(tǒng)、全球衛(wèi)星定位系統(tǒng)的使用,極大地提高了物流活動(dòng)的效率和精確程度。而互聯(lián)網(wǎng)更加有助于物流管理的市場開發(fā)、運(yùn)營和管理。3.InternationalLogistics國際物流Anincreasingnumberofcompaniesareinvolvingininternationalmarketsthroughexporting,licensing,joinsventures,andownership.Thistrendshouldcontinue.Withsuchexpansionthereisaneedtodevelopworldwidelogisticsnetworks.Integratedlogisticsmanagementandcostanalysiswillbemorecomplexanddifficulttomanage.很多企業(yè)正通過出口、許可、合營或跨國經(jīng)營涉足國際市場。這種趨勢仍將持續(xù)。隨著這種趨勢的發(fā)展，開發(fā)國際物流網(wǎng)絡(luò)成為必須。整合物流管理和成本分析將更加復(fù)雜和困難。Therearesomefuturetrendsininternationalization:國際化將呈現(xiàn)出以下未來趨勢：(1)Morelogisticsexecutiveswithinternationalresponsibilities(1)物流將更多地承擔(dān)起國際義務(wù)(2)Expansionofthenumberandsizeofforeigntradezones.(2)對外貿(mào)易區(qū)的數(shù)量和規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大(3)Reductionintheamountofinternationalpaperworkanddocumentation(3)國際有紙作業(yè)和單據(jù)制作的數(shù)量的減少(4)Moreforeignwarehousingisownedandcontrolledbytheexportingfirm(4)更多的涉外倉儲(chǔ)業(yè)務(wù)由出口企業(yè)經(jīng)營和控制(5)Increasingnumberofsmallerfirm(5)小企業(yè)的數(shù)量增長(6)Foreignownershipoflogisticsservicefirms,e.g.,publicwarehousingandtransportationcarriers.(6)物流服務(wù)企業(yè)的涉外經(jīng)營，如公營倉儲(chǔ)業(yè)務(wù)和國際運(yùn)輸商(7)Increasingmultipledistributionchannels(7)增加多配送渠道Theinternationaltransportandtheinternationallogisticsaresamethingsinsomeway.So,whentheinternationaltradinginvolved,thefirmmustestablishinternationallogisticssystemstoprovidetheproductsandservicedemanded.Themostsignificantdevelopmentininternationallogisticswillbetheincreasingsophisticationinformationsystemadoptedandindependentdepartmentstooperate.從某些方面講，國際運(yùn)輸?shù)韧趪H物流。因此，當(dāng)涉足國際貿(mào)易領(lǐng)域時(shí)，企業(yè)必須建立國際物流系統(tǒng)以提供需要的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)。國際物流的更重要的發(fā)展在于大力采用先進(jìn)的信息系統(tǒng)和實(shí)行獨(dú)立的部門運(yùn)作。4.Packaging.Packagingperformstwobasicfunctionsmarketingandlogistics.Inmarketingthepackagingactspromotionandadvertising.Itssize,weight,color,andprintedinformationattractcustomersandconveyknowledgeoftheproduct.Whenfirmsareinvolvedininternationalmarketing,packagingbecomesevenmoreimportant.Productssoldtoforeigncountriestravelgreaterdistancesandundergomorehandlingoperations.Thelogisticspackageistoprotecttheproductsduringtheprocessoflogistics.包裝。包裝執(zhí)行兩個(gè)基本的功能營銷和物流。就市場營銷而言，包裝承擔(dān)促銷和廣告的功能。其尺寸、重量、顏色和印制的信息會(huì)對顧客產(chǎn)生吸引力并將產(chǎn)品信息傳達(dá)給顧客。當(dāng)企業(yè)涉足國際市場營銷時(shí)，包裝就顯得更為重要。出口到國外的產(chǎn)品需要運(yùn)輸更長的距離，經(jīng)歷更多的裝卸搬運(yùn)。而物流包裝在物流過程中起到了保護(hù)產(chǎn)品的作用。Scrapdisposal.Thelogisticsprocessmusteffectivelyandquicklyhandle,transport,andstorewasteproducts.Iftheycanbereusedorrecycled,logisticscompanyshouldarrangeandmovethemtothereproductionandreprocessinglocations.廢棄物處理。物流過程中的活動(dòng)也應(yīng)當(dāng)包括高效快速地對廢棄物進(jìn)行裝卸、運(yùn)輸和倉儲(chǔ)。如若廢棄物能夠重新利用或回收，物流企業(yè)應(yīng)當(dāng)合理安排并將其運(yùn)送到再生產(chǎn)或再加工地點(diǎn)。Returngoodshandling.Thehandlingofreturngoodsisoftencalledreversedistribution.Buyersmayreturnitemstothesellerforanumberofreasons.Mostlogisticssystemsarenotgoodenoughtohandlesuchcases.Inmanyindustries,consumersreturnproductsforwarrantyrepair,replacement,orrecycling,reversedistributioncostsmaybeveryhigh.Reversedistributionwillbecomemoreimportantascustomersdemandmoreflexibleandfavorablereturnpolicies.退貨處理。退貨處理通常叫做反向配送。買方可能因各種原因?qū)a(chǎn)品退回賣方。多數(shù)物流系統(tǒng)未能對此類事件作出足夠妥善的處理。在很多行業(yè)，消費(fèi)者因維修保證、更換或回收而退回產(chǎn)品，因而反向配送的成本可能會(huì)很高。由于顧客對退貨政策的要求更加靈活、更加實(shí)惠，反向配送將更加重要。5.ThirdPartLogistics(TPL)第三方物流ThirdPartLogisticsprovidesallthelogisticsservices.Theyactasabridgeorfacilitatorbetweenthefirstpart(supplierorproducer)andthesecondpart(buyerorcustomer).Theprimaryobjectivesofthirdpartlogisticsprovidersaretolowerthetotalcostoflogisticsforthesupplierandimprovetheserviceleveltothecustomer.第三方物流提供了所有的物流活動(dòng)。他們在第一方（供應(yīng)商或生產(chǎn)商）和第二方（買方或顧客）之間扮演著橋梁或設(shè)施供應(yīng)商的角色。第三方物流提供商的基本目標(biāo)是降低供應(yīng)商的整體物流成本，提高顧客服務(wù)水平。ThirdPartLogisticshavebeengrowingrapidly.Costreductionanddemandsforbatterandcheaperservicesarethemaindrivesbehindthegrowth.Athirdpartlogisticsproviderwillbeinapositiontoconsolidatebusinessfromseveralcompaniesandofferfrequentpickupsanddeliveries,whereasinhousetransportationcannot.Otherreasonsareasfollows:第三方物流增長十分迅速。成本降低和對更好更便宜的服務(wù)的需求是增長背后的動(dòng)力。第三方物流提供商能夠?qū)碜詭准移髽I(yè)的業(yè)務(wù)進(jìn)行整合，并能提供頻繁的提貨和交貨，而企業(yè)內(nèi)部運(yùn)輸無法做到。（第三方物流發(fā)展的）其它原因如下：*Thecompanydoesnotspecializeinlogistics；*企業(yè)并不專長于物流*Thecompanydoesnothavesufficientresources；*企業(yè)自身沒有足夠的物流資源*Eagertoimplementbetterlogisticsoperationordoesnothavetimetodeveloptherequiredcapabilitiesinhouse；*對實(shí)施更好的物流運(yùn)作的期盼，或沒有時(shí)間開發(fā)內(nèi)部物流所需要的能力*Thecompanyisventuringintoanewbusinesswithtotallydifferentlogisticsrequirements；*企業(yè)正投資一項(xiàng)新領(lǐng)域，該領(lǐng)域有著不同的物流需求*Mergeroracquisitionmaymakeoutsourcinglogisticsoperationsmoreattractivethantointegratelogisticsoperations.*外包物流運(yùn)營可能比整合物流運(yùn)營更加有吸引力6.GlobalLogistics全球物流Developedcountriesoftendealwithglobalizationintwoways:tobemorecostcompetitivewiththirdworldcountries,andtolookfornewpartnersinothercountriestomanufacturecomponents,subassembliesandeventhefinalproducts.Thesecondapproachforcesmostdevelopedcountriestogetintoanewareacalled“globallogistics”.發(fā)達(dá)國家常在兩個(gè)方面實(shí)施全球化:在第三世界國家謀求更大的成本優(yōu)勢,以及在其他國家尋找新的合作伙伴生產(chǎn)零配件、半成品甚至制成品。這第二個(gè)方面迫使發(fā)達(dá)國家不得